洪特堡《语言论》英文导读本
语言学名著导读

语言学名著导读
(原创实用版)
目录
1.语言学名著导读的背景和意义
2.语言学名著的具体内容
3.语言学名著的研究方法和观点
4.语言学名著的影响和启示
正文
语言学名著导读是一种针对经典语言学著作的阅读指导,旨在帮助读者更好地理解和掌握语言学的基本理论和方法。
语言学名著导读的背景和意义在于,语言学是一门涉及众多领域和层面的学科,其研究内容和方法十分丰富。
对于初学者来说,阅读名著不仅可以提高语言学素养,还可以更好地理解语言的本质和规律。
在众多的语言学名著中,包括了诸如《语言论》、《语法讲义》、《音韵学教程》等经典之作。
这些著作涵盖了语言学的各个领域,如语音、语法、语义、语用等,并提出了一系列重要的理论和观点。
例如,瑞典学者斯瓦迪士的《语言论》详细阐述了语言的结构和功能,强调了语言作为一种符号系统的独特性。
而洪堡特的《语法讲义》则从比较语法的角度出发,探讨了语言之间的相似性和差异性。
除了具体的理论内容,语言学名著导读还涉及研究方法和观点。
这些方法和观点包括结构主义、功能主义、生成语法等,它们为语言学研究提供了不同的途径和视角。
例如,结构主义强调语言的内在结构和规律,功能主义则关注语言在交际中的功能和意义,而生成语法则试图通过规则和模型来描述和解释语言现象。
语言学名著导读的影响和启示在于,通过阅读这些名著,读者可以更好地理解语言的本质和规律,拓展自己的学术视野。
同时,阅读名著也有
助于培养读者的批判性思维和独立思考能力,提高其在学术研究中的素养和能力。
总之,语言学名著导读对于提高读者的语言学素养和研究能力具有重要意义。
洪特堡《语言论》英文导读本

姚小平:洪堡特《论语言》英文本导读(2010-05-13 00:20:37)转载标签:洪堡特论语言教育分类:语言研究“第一部阐述普通语言学的巨作,是威廉·冯·洪堡特所撰的一本关于人类语言多样性的论著,出版于1836年。
”——布龙菲尔德《语言论》(1933)第一章一本书译自德国语言学家威廉·冯·洪堡特(Wilhelm von Humboldt 1767—1835)的遗著Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts(《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》,中译本1997年第一版,商务印书馆,下简称《论语言》),原为其三卷本《论爪哇岛上的卡维语》(1836—1840)的导论部分。
洪堡特在世时,亲自编成第一卷并送交排印,但未及见书便因病辞世,后由其弟亚历山大·冯·洪堡特(Alexander von Humboldt 1769—1859)委托友人编辑、梓行全书,至1840年出齐三卷。
亚历山大在前言中详述了成书的经过,并且代其兄长向多位学界朋友致谢。
《论语言》这一长篇导论含于1836年发表的第一卷,因其内容相对完整,同年又另作一册单独出版。
后来此书便多以单卷本行世,包括俄、法、英、日、汉诸语译本。
彼得·希思所译的英文本首版于1988年,为《德国哲学系列丛书》之一种;现在读者看到的是1999年新版,收入《剑桥哲学史丛书》。
洪堡特的这本书,是怎样性质的一部作品呢?若按今天的学科划分法或者图书分类法,我们不易判定它的归属。
剑桥出版社两度把它编入哲学书系,或许是考虑到洪堡特与同时代德意志精神哲学的联系:他像康德、费希特、黑格尔一样喜好思辨,行文表达往往也像他们一样倾向于抽象而晦涩。
第04章-普通语言学的奠基人――洪堡特

第四章普通语言学的奠基人――洪堡特[教学目的]理解并掌握洪堡特的普通语言学理论。
[教学重点]洪堡特的普通语言学理论中的语言创造活动及语言类型分类理论,洪堡特的汉语观。
[教学难点]洪堡特的语言相关性原理。
[教学方法]教师讲授结合学生讨论。
[课时安排]三课时4.1. 洪堡特的生平威廉·洪堡特,德国杰出的政治家和语言学家,1767年6月22日出生于波茨坦,1835年4月8日逝世。
对作为语言学家的洪堡特来说中,他一生最重要的三个时段为:①1797-1801在巴黎学习逗留的两年,他最终决定了研究语言的志向,并获得了进行语言研究的具体方向和基本原则;②1802-1808在梵帝冈的六年,作为普鲁士常驻罗马教廷的代表,职务本身对他并没有什么吸引力,但却十分清闲,使他有充分的时间用来研究他的弟弟A·洪堡特考察美洲时带回来的大量珍贵的语言材料,同时也使他有机会仔细查阅了梵帝冈图书馆保存的丰富资料,这些对他后来的语言研究工作有十分重要的意义;③1819-1835一生的最后十五年,他辞去了一切官职潜心从事语文研究工作,这十五年对他来说,当然是最重要的。
在这段时间里,他集中精力整理所获得的语言材料,思考了一系列语言理论问题,写下了大量的笔记和书稿。
洪堡特的学术研究活动涉及政治学、美学、人类学和语言学等好几个领域,大致可以1800年为界分为前后两个阶段。
①前一阶段,他的兴趣主要在政治学和美学方面;②1800年左右,也就是在巴黎的时候,他的兴趣完全转到语言学方面来了。
然而他的主要语言学论著都是在1820年后写成的。
跟同时代的语言学家相比,洪堡特的视野更为开阔。
他极重视活语言的调查和分析,不局限于印欧语系语言,相反特别注意非印欧系语言的特点。
他是欧洲最早开始对世界各地的语言进行深入研究的语言学家之一。
除了欧洲古典语言之外,他还熟悉梵语、匈牙利语、巴斯克语、塔塔尔语、好些印第安语、汉语、日语、卡维语、缅甸语等等,这为他进行普通语言学理论的研究准备了较好的条件。
语言学经典文献书目

语言学经典文献书目
1.《普通语言学教程》(中译本),[瑞士]索绪尔著,商务印书馆,1980年版。
2.《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》(中译本),[德]洪堡特著,商务印书馆,1997年版。
3.《语言论》(中译本),[美]萨丕尔著,商务印书馆。
1985年版。
4.《语言论》(中译本),[美]布龙菲尔德著,商务印书馆,1980年版
5.《句法结构》(中译本),[美]乔姆斯基著,社会科学出版社,1979年版
6.《语言学史概要》,岑麒祥编著,岑运强评注,世界图书出版公司,2008年版。
7.《中国理论语言学史》,邵敬敏、方经民著,华东师范大学出版社,1991年版。
8.《语言学纲要》(修订版),叶蜚声、徐通锵著,王洪君、李娟修订,北京大学出版社,2010年版
9.《西方语言学名著选读》,胡明扬主编,中国人民大学出版社,1999年版。
10.《应用语言学纲要》,齐沪扬、陈昌来主编,复旦大学出版社,2004年版。
英语专业导读书目doc

济南大学泉城学院英语专业导读书目目录一、专业培养目标 (2)二、专业基础知识 (3)三、专业设置 (3)专业基础课 (3)专业课 (3)四、导读书目 (4)《英语口语》导读书目 (4)《英语写作入门》导读书目 (6)《英语语法》导读书目 (8)《英语语音》导读书目 (10)《希腊罗马神话》导读书目 (13)《英语国家社会与文化》导读书目 (15)《跨文化交际》导读书目 (17)《英语词汇学》导读书目 (19)《英语口译》导读书目 (21)《英语教学法》导读书目 (23)《英语文体学》导读书目 (26)《英语翻译》《汉英翻译》导读书目 (28)《英语语言学概论》导读书目 (31)一、专业培养目标本专业培养德、智、体、美全面发展,具备人文素质与科学素养,基础扎实、实践能力强、具有创新精神的高素质应用型专门人才。
毕业生可胜任外经、外贸、外事、旅游、教育等部门以及其它各类企事业单位中翻译、管理、教学等工作。
二、专业基础知识了解英语语言规律,掌握英语语音、词汇和语法等的基本理论和知识;有扎实的英语语言基本功和较强的英语语言交际能力;了解英美文学基本知识,并具备一定的文学鉴赏能力;掌握英汉、汉英翻译基本理论,并有较强的口译和笔译能力;了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、社会、经济和文化诸方面的基本情况;掌握中外文资料查询、文献检索以及运用现代信息技术获得相关信息的基本方法,具有初步的科学研究能力;有基本的第二外语应用能力;有较高的人文素养,掌握一定的科技基本知识、计算机基本原理和基本应用技能。
三、专业设置专业基础课必修课:专业导论、基础英语1 2 3 4、高级英语1 2、英语口语1 2 3 4、英语听力1 2 3 4、英语写作入门、英语语法、英语语音1 2、英语泛读1 2 3 4选修课:希腊罗马神话、英语国家社会与文化、跨文化交际、实用英语写作专业课英语语言文学方向(必修):英语高级视听说、英语词汇学、英语口译、经典文学作品赏析英语应用方向(必修):教育心理学、教育学、英语教学法、教育技术学、教师职业技能专业任选课:英语文学体、英语高级写作、英汉翻译、汉英翻译、英语语言学概论、高级英语语言学、英国文学史及选读、美国文学史及选读、20世纪美国小说选读、20世纪美国文学、日语(二外)3、法语(二外)3、英文报刊选读四、导读书目《英语口语》导读书目英语口语课的目的是通过大量的口语练习和实践,逐步培养和提高学生用英语进行口头交际的能力,使学生能利用已掌握的英语,比较清楚地表达自己的思想;能就所听到的语段进行问答和复述,能就日常生活话题进行交谈,做到正确表达思想,语音、语调自然、无重大语法错误,语言基本得体;能运用交际策略绕过难点达到交际的目的;能准确掌握诸如询问、请求、建议、忠告等交际功能;能在不同的场合,对不同的人用恰当、得体的语言形式去体现不同的交际功能;逐步达到在英语口头表达方面准确与流利的结合。
Bloomfield的语言学理论

IC Analysis
Endocentric Construction 向心结构
Exocentric Construction 离心结构
Achievemeຫໍສະໝຸດ t and influence Leading the development of structuralist linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. In the history of American linguistics, these years between 1933 - 1950 is called “Bloomfieldian Age”. Making significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics, Sanskrit study and the description of Austronesia language, and the Algonquian linguistics One of the founding members of the Linguistic Society of America The representative of American structuralist linguistics
Bloomfield’s Principle
When one individual is stimulated, his speech can make other individual react accordingly. 一个人受到某种刺激时,他可以用他的言语让另一个人做出相 应的反应。 The division of labor and all human activities based on the division of labor are dependent on language. 劳动分工以及基于劳动分工之上的一切人类活动都依赖于语言。 The distance between the speaker and hearer, two separate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves. 说话人和听话人——两个不同的神经系统——之间的距离由声 波连接在一起。
语言学教程(第五版)英文版 读书笔记

《语言学教程》(第五版)英文版读书笔记《语言学教程》是一本全面介绍语言学基本概念、理论和方法的英文教材,涵盖了语音、音系、形态、句法、语义、语用、社会语言学和语言变化等领域的内容。
本书采用了丰富的实例和分析方法,让读者能够深入了解语言学的细节和精髓。
本次读书笔记将从整体结构、核心概念、具体章节和思考题四个方面进行总结。
一、整体结构本书共分为18章,按照语言学的各个分支领域进行组织。
每章都以一个具体的主题为核心,通过讲解、举例、分析等方式,向读者呈现该领域的基本概念、理论和研究方法。
每章末尾还提供了关键词和思考题,便于读者巩固所学内容和进行深入思考。
全书结构清晰,内容丰富,具有很强的系统性。
二、核心概念本书涉及的核心概念包括语言的性质、语言的分类、语言的演变、语言的交际功能、语言的内部结构、语言的习得和第二语言习得等。
这些概念是语言学研究的基础,对于理解语言学的各个分支领域具有重要的意义。
本书在介绍这些概念时,采用了通俗易懂的语言和生动的实例,使读者能够轻松地理解和掌握这些概念。
三、具体章节第一章:语言的性质本章介绍了语言的定义、语言与文化的关系以及语言的多样性。
重点讲解了语言的符号性质和非任意性,强调了语言与文化之间的密切联系以及语言在不同文化中的差异。
此外,本章还介绍了语言在人类生活中的重要性以及语言习得的必要性。
第二章:语言的分类本章介绍了语言的分类方法,包括形态分类法和功能分类法。
形态分类法主要依据语言的词汇和语法特征进行分类,而功能分类法则更注重语言在实际交际中的作用。
本章还详细介绍了世界上各种语言的分布情况以及汉语和英语的分类地位。
第三章:语言的演变本章介绍了语言演变的定义和原因,分析了语言演变的规律和趋势。
重点讲解了语音、语法和词汇方面的演变,并通过实例展示了不同语言在不同历史时期的演变过程。
此外,本章还介绍了语言演变的研究方法和意义。
第四章:语言的交际功能本章介绍了语言的交际功能,包括信息传递、情感表达、社交联系和权力关系等。
英语语言学导论

Course Name:Introduction to LinguisticsSept. 2012, for Grade 2010 Classes 1-6English Undergraduate ProgramDepartment of EnglishSchool of Foreign Language StudiesNanchang University (NCU)Course Instructor: Prof./Dr. JIANGSyllabusCourse Description:This course aims at providing undergraduate juniors of English major with a fundamental and systematic account of the basic knowledge of the studies of linguistics at the modern time with explanations, illustrations, and necessary examples from the course book and also from present English and Chinese language uses, to help develop the students’ interest in this study, to facilitate their understanding of the linguistic terms and theories, and to build a systematic knowledge of the said study.Major Books Used for this Course:1)Hu, Zhuanglin 2006.Linguistics. A Course Book (Third Edition). BeijingUniversity Press, used as students’ course book.2) Robins, R. H. 1967/1997. A Short History of Linguistics (4th edn). London, NewY ork: Longman.4) Yule, George. 2000. The Study of Language.Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press.5) Keith Brown et al. (eds.) 2006. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd edn),Oxford: Elsevier.6) Collinge, N. E. (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopaedia of Language. London, New Y ork:Routledge.7) Strazny, Philipp (ed.) 2005. An Encyclopedia of Linguistics.New Y ork, Oxon:Fitzroy Dearborn.8) Wikipedia. /9) Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2007. the electronic edition can be accessible on theinternet.Course Requirements:1)Attentive listening, active participation, quick note-taking and understanding,nice presentation in class and all the related activities2)Complete preview, in-class and after-class assignments3)Pass the final examinationCourse Schedule:1)General Introduction2)Chapter 1—Design features, origin, and functions of language3)Chapter 1 — Main branches, macro-linguistics, and important distinctionsin linguistics4)Chapter 2—Phonetic studies5)Chapter 2—Phonological studies6)Chapter 3—W ord and Formation7)Chapter 3—W ord/lexical changes8)Chapter 4—Syntactic relation, construction, and function9)Chapter 4—Grammatical categories, phrasing and beyond10)Chapter 5—Meaning and sense relation11)Chapter 5—Meaning analyses12)Chapter 8—Pragmatics (1)13)Chapter 8—Pragmatics (2) --Post-Gricean developments14)Chapter 11—Linguistics and foreign language teaching15)SummaryLecture 1General Introduction:Modern Linguistics and Earlier Linguistic StudiesIn this lecture, we shall make a general introduction to the development of modern linguistics and the linguistic studies before that. The students will get a general view/picture of the developments, the main linguistic schools, and their studies through attending this lecture.0.Leading in: What does your mind do most of the time? Or what do you do most ofthe time in your life including the dreaming time when you sleep? What is your major? What is English? Language is what you use most of the time in your life and is also your major. Since you are language majors, very likely you will use it for your future work. Why not learn about it then? What is language? What does it cover? …These are the questions for linguistics.1.The beginning of MODERN linguistics: 1916—(Q1. When did modern linguistics begin?)1) The first modern linguistic approacha. The ―father of modern linguistics‖-- Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔(1857-1913)(Q2. Who was the father of modern linguistics?)b. The first modern linguistic book ―A Course on General Linguistics‖(1916).《普通语言学教程》Saussure’s two students pieced their notes takenfrom attending their teacher’s lectures and got it published in 1916/Englishversion in 1959.(Q3. What was the first modern linguistic book?)(Q4. Who published it?)2) Why is it ―modern‖?Because of the scientific views and the researchmethods introduced in this book. Eg. Language is a system of signs.Language has a sound system and a meaning system. Language has associative relation and paradigmatic relation.(Q5. In what sense is it called a ―modern‖ linguistic book?)2.What happened before Saussure?Some traditional approaches to language—there are three successive phases before Saussure’s time(Q6. Who were the earliest scholars of language? What did they study?)1) The Greek researchers and their studies--―Traditional Grammar‖ wasinstituted;Based on logic;Aiming solely at providing rules;Distinguishing correct from incorrect forms;Classic study, philosophical, logical, meaning.(Q7. What were studied about language during the Middle Ages?)2) The researches during the Middle Ages--PhilosophyAlexandria, the ―philosophical‖ school, religious, literary, linguistic;Linguistic structure is not the central concern, but meaning is;Seeking primarily to establish, interpret and comment upon texts;Applying the method of criticism;Comparison of texts of different periods and of different writers;Data—written language, exclusively Greek & Roman antiquityPrescriptive grammar;Paved the way for historical linguistics.(Q8. What were the two establishments in the 19th century?)3) Linguistic researches during 1800-1900--―Comparative grammar‖a. The establishment of linguistic family trees—The Indo-European Family Tree印欧语系The Sino-Tibetan Family Tree 汉藏语系, etc*In 1816, ―The Sanskrit Conjugation(动词变位) System‖ by Franz Bopp was a study of the connections between Sanskrit(梵文), Germanic, Greek, Latin, andother European languages. The primitive elements that Sanskrit maintained are vital for the purposes of reconstruction of Indo-European language family.b. The establishment of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标and the publication in 1888, based on French teachers’ practice of teachingLatin and some other related languages.Later representatives—Max Müller, G. Curtius, A. Schleicher;Historical and comparative, etymological (语源学的);Comparativist school was the dominating study of the time.3. What does modern linguistics cover?1) Saussure and his study: the first structuralist approach2) Prague School布拉格学派The leading figure—V. Mathesius马泰休斯(1882-1946);Flourished during 1920s-30s;Mainstream structuralism; synchronic;Approach language structurally and functionally —form-functionalapproach;Followed both Polish B. de Courtenay (库尔特内) and Swiss F. de Saussure;First functionalist;Founded the International Functional Linguistic Association 1976;Distinguished contributions:a) Established the theory of phonology; distinguished between phoneticsand phonology; developed phonology as an independent study in 1939;b) Mathesius’ functional analysis of sentence components—very close tothe present division of given/new or theme/rheme, functional syntacticanalysis.3) American Structuralism/ Also called descriptive linguistics 美国结构主义/美国描写语言学Developed independently from the anthropological studies by Americanscholars such as Boas, Sapir, etc.;The representative figure—Leonard Bloomfield布龙菲尔德(1887-1946),his Language《语言论》(1933);Flourished during 1930s-1950s;Structural and behavioral;Major focus—syntactic analysis;Contribution—IC analysis (immediate constituent analysis)4) The Chomskian approachThe leading figure—Noam Chomsky乔姆斯基(1928--);Influential during 1960s-1980s;Formal approach, deep structure/surface structure; NP VP;Psychological; we were born with LAD (language acquisition device);Innateness;Major focus—syntax;Contributions— a. Phrase Structure Theory;b. Transformational-Generative Grammar.5) London School 伦敦学派Leading figures:a. Malinowsky马林诺夫斯基(1884-1942) — anthropologist;b. Firth 弗斯(1890-1960) the 1st professor of General Linguistics in GreatBritain;c. M. A. K. Halliday韩礼德(1925-- ) Systemic-Functional Grammar;Influential from the 1980s;Functional approach and anthropological;Major focus—meaning in society and functional grammar;Contribution — functional analysis6) Cognitive Linguistics: a new perspective on how language is used; how weview the world and express it in language; how language tells different cognition of the same world in which human beings live.Leading figures: R. Langacker兰盖克; G. Lakoff 拉可夫;M. A. K. Halliday (partly);N. Chomsky (partly)7) Computational Linguistics: a branch of linguistics about how to teachcomputer to receive, comprehend, produce and translate natural languages. It reflects human ambition.4. Homework:1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Preview 1.1--1.5 of Chapter 1.3) What is language defined by different people? What is linguistics? How does asound come to have meaning?Lecture 2Design Features, Origin and Functions of LanguageIn this section, we shall mainly discuss some important features and functions of language. As widely discussed, there are four features and seven main functions.(Q9. What is linguistics? p14.What is language?p3.)0.Check students’ homework orally in class; ask them to give some presentation;offer them some different definitions (cf. Essentials of Linguistics pp.1 & 14);underline the key words in the definitions; explain them one by one with examples from English and Chinese to facilitate their understanding and memorizing.1) ―Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication. ---It is a system since linguistic elements are arranged systematically rather than randomly. It is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the object it refers to. It is symbolic because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention. It is vocal because sound or speech is the primary medium for a human language. It is human in that no other animals possess such language.‖2) ―Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language. ---It studies the rules and principles whereupon human languages are constructed and operated as systems of communication. ‖(Q10. What is a design feature of language?)(Q11. How many design features are there and what are they?)1. 4 Design features of languageThe features that define human languages are called design features. (p3) (Q12. What is arbitrariness?)1)Arbitrariness 任意性There is no natural relationship between meaningand form, as well as meaning and sound of a language.Eg 1. fish (in English)le poisson (in French)鱼(in Chinese)*The above words and sounds all mean the same and all refer to the same kind of animal living in water, yet they take different forms.Eg 2. eat (in English)manger (in French)吃(in Chinese)(Q13. What is duality?)2)Duality 双重性Word is a combination of sound and meaning. Language has alevel of sounds/ a sound system and a level of meaning/ meaning system.Or: language has two systems—sound system and meaning system.(Q14. What is creativity?)3)Creativity 创造性(productivity 能产性in other linguistic books)a.W e can create new words;b.W e can create endless new sentences with limited number of words.(Q15. What is displacement?)4)Displacement 不受时空限制性a.One can refer to someone/sth. in the past, at the present or in thefuture;b.One can refer to someone/sth in another place or in another world,real or imagined.(Q16. What is convention?)*Convention 约定俗成is a community’s or society’s acceptance, use, and carrying on of a certain sound or form for a meaning.2. Origin of Language(Q17. How did language possibly begin?)1) Language is the very thing that makes us human.2) William C. Stokoe’s interpretation of language origin: language may have begunwith gestural expressions.Instrumental manual actions may have been transformed into symbolic gestures, and vision would have been the key of language evolution.(Q18. What is the possible relationship between language and gesture?)3) The relationship between language and gesture—whether it is one of unity orduality. Should we consider gesture and language as different and independent phenomena?A unity for language and gesture is a more reasonable understanding (Adam Kendon, in McNeill 2000).*Our knowledge and understanding of the nature of language and other related types of communication is limited and calls for ceaseless exploratory endeavor.(Q19. How many functions are there of human language? What are they?)(Q20. What is informative function?)3. 7 Functions of language1) Informative function: 信息功能(also understood as ideational function)Language is used to note down, to carry, and to pass information.(Q21. What is interpersonal function?)2) Interpersonal function: 人际功能Language is used for human communication/for communication amongpeople. It is used to establish and maintain people’s status in society/ orestablish and maintain social rules.(Q22. What is performative function?)3) Performative function: 行事功能W e can use language/words to do things.a. W e can use it to make others do something;b. W e do something ourselves at the time when we are saying something.(Q23. What is emotive function?)4) Emotive function: 情感功能(expressive function in other books)Language can be used to express feelings or emotions.Egs. ―My God.‖―Alas!‖―Ouch!‖―Damn it!‖―Wow.‖(Q24. What is phatic function?)5)Phatic [\feitik] function: 酬应功能Language can be used to indicate or to maintain relationship.This function originated fro m Malinowski’s study of the functions oflanguage.Egs. ―Good morning.‖―God bless you.‖―I’m sorry to hear it.‖―Good day.‖ ―Hello!‖ ―Good-bye.‖(Q25. What is recreational function?)6)Recreational function: 娱乐功能Language can be used for joy, fun, amusement, or recreation.Egs. Jokes,Chinese cross talk,songs and lyrics,poetry in general(Q26. What is metalingual function?)7)Metalingual function: 元语言功能Language can be used to talk about itself.Eg. ―book‖ is a word that we use to refer to something that we read…*What teachers do in class is mainly the use of language of this function--touse language to explain language.4. Homework:1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Preview sections 1.7 -- 1.9 of Chapter 1. Write about differences andsimilarities between phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and hand in this homework next time.Lecture 3Main Branches, Interdisciplinary Branches and Important Distinctions0.Collect homeworkAn oral check of the questions discussed last time.(Q27. How many main branches of linguistics are there? What are they?)(Q28. What is phonetics?)1. 6 Main branches of linguistics1)Phonetics: 语音学The study of speech sounds. It studies and describes any speech sound whether it distinguishes meaning or not.Eg. three ―p‖sound s are noted in ―speak‖(un-aspirated不送气, as [p=]), ―peak‖(aspirated送气, as indicated by the diacritic h in [p h]), and ―deep‖(the neutral one [p]).(Q29. What is phonology?)2)Phonology: 音位学/音系学The study of the sound system of language--of the minimal/smallest meaningful sounds.--of the minimal sounds that distinguish meaning.Eg. the three ―p‖s in 1) above don’t distinguish meaning. They are of one meaningful phoneme.*Y et, in ―tip‖ and ―sip‖, or ―tip‖ ―dip‖ the change of ―t‖ to ―s‖ or ―t‖ to ―d‖ brings about another word. T herefore, ―t‖ and ―s‖ are two independent phonemes.(Q30. What is morphology?)3)Morphology:形态学The study of the internal structure of words or of the formation of words.Prefix, suffix, root all help to form words.Eg. ab | norm | alfriend | lyglob | al | iz | ationdialogue, monologue, onomatopoeicinternationalism, localization(Q31. What is syntax?)4)Syntax:句法学The study of the structure/formation of sentence.Eg. I speak French.traditional analysis: Chomsky’s analysis:S Pr O SNP VPV NP(Q32. What is semantics?)5)Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning.a.meaning of words and their relations;b.meaning of sentences/ or: sentence meaning.Eg1. flower ( a super-ordinate word)rose lily tulip daffodil (hyperboles)Eg2. buy/purchase; begin/commenceEg3. in/out; give/take(Q33. What is pragmatics?)6)Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context, or meaning in use.How can people understand the following utterances correctly? Pragmatics tries to explain how and why people get the inference/implied meaning ofutterances other than the superficial/literal meaning expressed by the words.Eg1. A: How do you think of my new dress?B: The one you wore last week is really beautiful.2. A: Shall we go to the cinema?B: I have to complete the homework.3. Butterflies in one’s stomach.4. Apple in one’s eye.5. John is a lion. Queen Victoria was made of iron.(Q34. What is macrolinguistics or interdisciplinary linguistics?)2.Macrolinguistics宏观语言学It is the interdisciplinary(跨学科/跨专业) studies of linguistics, the study of language involving other fields.(Q35. What is psycholinguistics?)1)Psycholinguistics心理语言学: it is the study of the interrelation betweenlanguage and mind(语言与心智), about how language is produced, understood, and acquired/learned.(Q36. What is sociolinguistics?)2)Sociolinguistics社会语言学: it is the study of the characteristics oflanguage varieties, language functions and language speakers within a speech community/society.(Q37. What is anthropological linguistics?)3)Anthropological linguistics人类语言学:it is the study of the unwrittenlanguage, the emergence of language and the divergence of languages over thousands of years through human development.(Q38. What is computational linguistics?)4)Computational linguistics计算(机)语言学: it studies the use of computersto process or produce human language, including machine translation, computer-aided teaching, corpus(语料库), information retrieval(信息提取), and artificial intelligence, etc.3. 4 Important distinctions in linguistics(Q39. What is the distinction between descriptive and prescriptive?)1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive study: 描写性/规定性The former describes how things are; the latter prescribes how thingsought to be.*The 18th century grammar books are mainly prescriptive and the modern onesare mainly descriptive.(Q40. What is the distinction between synchronic and diachronic?)2)Synchronic vs. diachronic: 共时性/历时性The former describes phenomenon of language of a certain/single period;the latter describes language by analyzing its development throughdifferent period of time.Egs: 1) the study of the development of the Chinese ―ba-construction‖;2) the development of the sound“阿”from ―[e]‖ to ―[a]‖;3) meaning changes of words (“小姐”,“老板”, ―girl‖, ―bird‖ etc).(Q41. What is the distinction between langue and parole?)3)Langue & parole: 语言/言语The former refers to the abstract innate system of language; thelatter—the outcome (words and sentences) or what we actually utter/write.(Q42. What is the distinction between competence and performance?)4)Competence & performance: 语言能力/语言使用(或语言行为)The former refers to one’s knowledge or ability of a language; the latterthe use of it.[*The difference between pairs 3) and 4) above: Langue & parole are a pairof notions distinguishing rules and production by people following the ruleswhile competence & performance are a pair of notions focusing on languageuser’s power and the performing of it.]4.Homework: 1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Preview 2.1 & 2.23) What is ―fanqie‖反切? How to use it? What is 注音字母?Howdid it occur? How to use it? When and how did ―pinyin‖拼音begin?And the significance of its occurrence?Lecture 4PhoneticsIn this section, we shall start a new chapter—discussing speech sounds. The students will learn about 1)the main areas of the study;2)the speech organs;3)the manners and places of sound production; and 4)the description of consonants and vowels of English.0.Check students’ homework in class(Q43. What are the three branches of phonetics?)1.Three main areas of phonetics1) Articulatory Phonetics发声语音学--the study of sound production2) Acoustic Phonetics声学语音学--the study of physical properties of sounds3) Auditory Phonetics听觉语音学--the study of how sounds are perceived and understood(Q44. What organs do we use in producing speech sounds?)2. Vocal organs and sound notation1) Speech organs/ vocal (of voice) organs●Lung, trachea (wind pipe), throat, nose, mouth●Tongue, palate (腭roof of the mouth)●pharynx咽, larynx喉●vocal folds (vocal cords)声带, vocal tract 声道●oral cavity, nasal cavity 口腔,鼻腔(Q45. What is a coronal, a dorsal, a radical sound? p25. What is a voiceless sound, a voiced sound? p27.)*In phonetics, the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root. In phonology, the sound made with the tip and blade is referred to as a coronal sound, with front and back as a dorsal sound, with root as a radical sound.*When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is a voiceless sound. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other the resultant sound is voiced.(Q46. What is sound/phonetic notation/transcription? What’s the principle for establishing the IPA?)2) Phonetic transcription/sound notation语音标示/音标●The use of sets of symbols for transcribing speech sounds or torepresent language sounds.●The main principles were that there should be a separate letter foreach distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be usedfor that sound in any language in which it appears.●International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), developed first by a group ofFrench language teachers based on their teaching experience around1930s.●Danish grammarian Otto Jesperson 叶斯柏生(1860-1943) formallyproposed it in 1886.●The first publication was in 1888.●Revised and corrected several times afterwards, widely used indictionaries and textbooks.●The very recent version came out in 2008.(Q47. What is a pulmonic sound, a non-pulmonic sound? p29)*Pulmonic sounds are produced by pushing air out of the lung, as in mostcircumstances, while non-pulmonic sounds are produced by either suckingair into the mouth or closing the glottis and manipulating the air betweenthe glottis and a place of articulation.(Q48. What are the manners of articulation? )3. Manner and place of sound production1) Manner of articulation● 1. stop/ plosive塞音/爆破音● 2. nasal 鼻音● 3. fricative 摩擦音● 4. approximant 延续音/畅音● 5. lateral 边音● 6. trill颤音●7. tap and flap触音/闪音eg. better, letter, city, pretty, bottom, button●8. affricate 塞擦音*Find examples for them from English.(Q49. What are the places of articulation? Give examples for each.)2) Place of articulation:● 1. Bilabial 双唇[b] [p] [m][w]● 2. Labio-dental唇齿[f] [v]● 3. Dental 齿[θ][δ]● 4. Alveolar 齿龈[t][d][n][s] [z][l][r]● 5. Postal velar后齿龈[∫] [з][t∫] [dз]egs. chew, true, child, tried, choose, truth, joke, drove, jam, drum● 6. Retroflex卷舌[r]●7. Palatal 颚[j]●8. Velar 软颚[k] [g] [η] eg. English, ink●9. Uvular 小舌[r] in French●10. Pharyngeal咽头Glottal 声门[?] egs. fat[f æ?t], pack[p æ? k], beaten[bi:?n], lantern, button[h] egs. glottal fricative: home, hold, hand, hat4. English speech sounds(Q50. How to describe a consonant sound of English?)1) English consonants (24 symbols according to recent revision)2) The description of consonants usually involves the place and the manner and is made with a sequence of a) the place of articulation; b) the manner.Eg 1. bilabial stop—where bilabial is the place and stop is the manner. [p] [b]Eg 2. bilabial nasal [m]Eg 3. bilabial approximant [w]*Notice: whenever there are two members in the same box in the table above,a third distinction –voice-- is needed and is mentioned in the first place:Eg 4. [p] a voiceless bilabial stop[b] a voiced bilabial stopEg 5. a voiceless labial-dental fricative [f]a voiced labial-dental fricative [v]3) English vowels (20 symbols according to recent revision)front central backhigh i: u:I umid-highз: əo:mid-low e٨ Dlow æ α:(Q51. How to describe a vowel sound of English? p37.)4) The description of English vowels is made in terms of 4 aspects:(1) the height of the tongue (high, mid, low)—tongue height(2) the position of the higher part of the tongue (front, central, back)—tongueposition(3) the length or tenseness of the sound (tense vs. lax, or long vs. short)(4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. un-rounded)Egs. [i:] high front tense un-rounded vowel[I] high front lax un-rounded vowel[α:]low back tense un-rounded[æ]low front un-rounded[ə]mid central un-rounded4. Homework:1) Go over the questions discussed.2) Find how many mistakes you make in your pronunciation of the 44 basicsounds of English. What are they and why do they occur?3) Hand in next time: What is Mandarin Chinese? How many dialects has it? Whatis the difference between language branch(语族), language, and dialect? What is a dialectic island and the significance of its existence?Lecture 5Phonological analysis0. Collect homework and check the other two parts of the homework orally inclass by asking individual students.(Q52. What is co-articulation? What is anticipatory co-articulation and perseverative co-articulation? p38.)1. Co-articulation and different transcriptions1) Co-articulation协同发音Simultaneous/overlapping articulation because of the influence of the neighbor sound(s)Eg. ―map‖ where [æ] is influenced by [m], making it a bit nasalized.―lamb‖ where [æ] becomes more like the following sound [m].*If a sound becomes more like the following sound, it is anticipatoryco-articulation. If a sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it isperseverative co-articulation.(Q53. What is nasalization? p38.)* When a non-nasal sound carries some feature of a neighboring nasal sound,this phenomenon is called nasalization.(Q54. What is narrow/broad transcription?)2) Narrow/broad transcription: 严式标音/宽式标音The former intends to symbolize all the possible speech sounds while the latter indicates only those capable of distinguishing one word from another.Egs. 1)[p=] [p h] [p] for variations of sounds in ―speak‖ ―peak‖―deep‖2)[p] for all of them(Q55. What is a phone, a phoneme, and an allophone?)2. Phonology—some basic concepts1) Phone, phoneme, and allophone●Phone 音素—a phonetic unit or segment. Any smallest speech soundwe hear and produce.Eg. [pit] [tip] [spit] we can identify three different /p/s;It is what ―n arrow transcription‖ describes;It may or may not distinguish meaning.●Phoneme音位—a phonological unit. It has distinctive value; anabstract unit in the sound system that has no particular sound;represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.Eg. /p/ is realized differently in [pit] [tip] [spi:k]./æ/is realized by an un-nasalized [æ]and a nasalized [æ].。
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姚小平:洪堡特《论语言》英文本导读(2010-05-13 00:20:37)转载标签:洪堡特论语言教育分类:语言研究“第一部阐述普通语言学的巨作,是威廉·冯·洪堡特所撰的一本关于人类语言多样性的论著,出版于1836年。
”——布龙菲尔德《语言论》(1933)第一章一本书译自德国语言学家威廉·冯·洪堡特(Wilhelm von Humboldt 1767—1835)的遗著Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts(《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》,中译本1997年第一版,商务印书馆,下简称《论语言》),原为其三卷本《论爪哇岛上的卡维语》(1836—1840)的导论部分。
洪堡特在世时,亲自编成第一卷并送交排印,但未及见书便因病辞世,后由其弟亚历山大·冯·洪堡特(Alexander von Humboldt 1769—1859)委托友人编辑、梓行全书,至1840年出齐三卷。
亚历山大在前言中详述了成书的经过,并且代其兄长向多位学界朋友致谢。
《论语言》这一长篇导论含于1836年发表的第一卷,因其内容相对完整,同年又另作一册单独出版。
后来此书便多以单卷本行世,包括俄、法、英、日、汉诸语译本。
彼得·希思所译的英文本首版于1988年,为《德国哲学系列丛书》之一种;现在读者看到的是1999年新版,收入《剑桥哲学史丛书》。
洪堡特的这本书,是怎样性质的一部作品呢?若按今天的学科划分法或者图书分类法,我们不易判定它的归属。
剑桥出版社两度把它编入哲学书系,或许是考虑到洪堡特与同时代德意志精神哲学的联系:他像康德、费希特、黑格尔一样喜好思辨,行文表达往往也像他们一样倾向于抽象而晦涩。
不过,洪堡特本人很难说是一个通常意义的哲学家。
他非常看重具体材料工作,对现象惯于作细致入微的剖析,而不是仅仅停留于纯理思辨的层面。
最多,我们可以把他看作一个语言哲学家,如海德格尔评说的那样,《论语言》一书“在一片赞扬和反对声中……或显或隐地规定了直到今天为止的整个语言科学和语言哲学”。
而现代人类学家、民族学家、文化史家读毕此书,很可能也会把它列入各自领域的必读书目。
或者如英译本的编辑者所说,此书不但值得现代哲学家一读,而且与语言学、心理学、认知科学等也都有一定的关系。
当然,要是这些学科、乃至众多其它人文社科领域的研究者也会被洪堡特的这本书所吸引,那是因为书中探讨的对象正是他们共同关心的。
这个对象就是语言。
语言是本书的主题。
英文本将“语言”一词单提出来,置于书名之首,更加突出了这一主题。
译者是同一人,但两个版本的书名在措辞上略有不同,似乎不是无谓的更改:1988年本:On Language. The Diversity of Human Language-Structure and its Influence on the Mental Development of Mankind.1999年本:On Language. On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species.看来译者颇费了一番斟酌,以寻求原语与目的语的意义匹配和背景对应。
首先,以Construction(建筑、构造)替换Structure(结构),大概是嫌后者的意思过于抽象,与洪堡特所用的Bau(建筑)一词似有出入;而且Structure 这个概念有些超越时代,不像是洪堡特所在年代流行的学术概念,会使人联想到一个世纪以后兴起的结构主义。
其次,以Human Species 取代Mankind,兴许是因为觉得前者是复数形式,更能体现洪堡特关于人类及其语言呈具多样性、其差异趋于无穷的观点。
二洪堡特早年从政,35岁起长期出使罗马、维也纳、伦敦。
1814—1817年间,他以内阁大臣身份代表普鲁士两次出席巴黎和会,以及维也纳会议、德意志邦联会议等。
在国内事务方面,洪堡特最为史家称许的一项业绩,是在短短一年的内政部文教署长任上,策动教育改革,于1810年创建了柏林大学。
这是一座新型的高等学府,奉完美人性的培育为办学宗旨,以教学与科研并进为立校之本,延聘一流学者任教并建设相应的学科,日后成为欧洲各国大学教育效法的范式。
1819年,洪堡特出任普鲁士日常事务部长,因建言革新宪政、保障公民权益而遭到保守派围攻。
失宠次年,他便退隐归乡,从此与书为伴,潜心治学。
青年洪堡特与席勒、歌德交好,对两位文豪崇尚至极,因而立志探究古典文学和文艺美学,此外如伦理、政治、法学、历史等也兼有涉猎。
他在这些领域留下的著作,就总量而言远远超过他的语言学作品,其中的大部分还有待今人译解、阐释和评价。
我们在此不妨略过这些,只来说一说语言学家洪堡特。
在一篇草拟于1795年的短稿《论思维和说话》中,洪堡特初次显露出研究语言的兴趣。
1799年,旧世纪行将结束的那一年,洪堡特兄弟分道奔赴异国,开拓各自领域的疆土:弟弟去了美洲,五年后满载地理、物理、生物、气象诸学的成果而归;哥哥去了比利牛斯山区,考察巴斯克民族及其语言状况。
两年后,他又再度前往该地区,写成长篇学术游记《巴斯克人》,其中述及巴斯克语的语法和词汇。
洪堡特的这项考察,属于“田野勘探”,在现代人类语言学家或民族语言学家眼里是一项基础性的工作。
但是,洪堡特更想创立的是一门“普通语言学”,把人类语言的生存环境、内部构造、相互关系等等都涵盖起来。
在《普通语言学论纲》一文中,他就如何建立这门学科提出了一些设想:一方面,要构筑一个理论框架,以求把握人类语言的总体特征和根本属性;另一方面,要探察各种民族语言的殊性,尽可能穷尽所有的差异。
在生涯有限的研究者个人,这两个方面势必会起冲突,不易两相兼顾,放眼宏观会失之粗泛,深究细节则有可能错过全体。
洪堡特说,这就好比观察一朵云彩——“漂浮在山顶的云朵,只有从远处眺望才有确定的形状,而一旦我们走进其中,便化为一片灰蒙的雾气;与此相仿,各种语言的作用和特性虽然整个说来可以清晰地认识,可是一旦我们着手考察与其特性有关的具体细节,我们的对象便仿佛会从手中溜脱。
”身为语言学家,洪堡特在宏观理论的建设和微观两个方面都做了努力。
今天的读者无不欣赏他的那些深刻而辨证的宏观话语,涉及语言的本质、语言参与认识活动的作用、语言与民族的关系等等,却未必了解他如何下力探索各种类型的具体语言,考察其间可能的亲缘关系,分析比较它们的语法结构。
而洪堡特研究语言,九成的精力便耗费在后一方面。
1820年退出政坛后,洪堡特得以倾注全力于语言研究,先后撰成:(1)《论与语言发展的不同时期有关的比较语言研究》,1820年;(2)《论不同语言的性质及其对文学和精神教养的影响》,1821年;(3)《论语法形式的产生及其对观念发展的影响),1822年;(4)《论语言的民族性),约1823年;(5)《论拼音文字及其与语言结构的联系》,1824年;(6)《普遍语言型式的基本特征》,约1825年;(7)《论汉语的语法结构》,1826年;(8)《致阿贝尔·雷慕沙:论语法形式的通性以及汉语精神的特性》,1826年;(9)《论双数》,1827年;(10)《论南太平洋诸岛屿上的语言》,1828年;(11)《论确认东方语言亲属关系的最佳手段》,1828年;(12)《论某些语言中方位副词与代词的联系》,1829年;(13)《论人类语言结构的差异》,1827—1829年。
这些作品大都着眼于语言的历史比较和类型比较。
前一种比较研究发展迅速,不久便独立为“历史语言学”;后一种比较研究则要等到一个世纪之后,才成长为“语言类型学”。
在这两个领域,洪堡特都是先行者。
(7)和(8)在近代西方汉语研究史上是两篇重要的文献。
对于中国语言文字,洪堡特所学其实很有限。
他并没有接触母语者的机会,只能从汉学家那里展转获得一些语料,然而他对汉语结构特性的认识和描述却远胜过一般的汉学家。
最后,(13)是一篇长文,不但标题与读者现在看到的这本《论语言》相像,而且类似的段落、同样的表述也很多。
这篇长文是洪堡特撰写《论语言》的基础,他的普通语言学理论至此已经定型,此后他只是继续扩大考察和比较的范围。
例如在本书中,他从马来诸语言、美洲印第安语言、欧洲古典及近现代语言、巴斯克语、梵语和巴利语等等,一直谈到蒙古语、满语、汉语、缅甸语。
人类语言如此丰富多样、各具特质,要想探明其构造上的差异,就只有踏踏实实地去深究每一种语言。
“惟有不断地立足经验,并且不断地返回经验,才能最终实现上述目标。
但如果我们不能全面地搜集和筛选所有现存的语言材料,并予以系统的归整和比较,经验便难免会导致偏见误识。
”在实际语言研究中,洪堡特的经验主义取向是很显见的,然而这种取向并不妨碍他超越感性材料,依靠推理和演绎、沉思与顿悟,而达到一种关于人类语言通性的深邃认识。
三英文本On Language分作25章。
有些章篇幅很短,只两三页,有些章则长至数十页;从各章所涵括的内容来看,分断也不尽合理。
这类章节划分以及相应的标题未必都是洪堡特原著就有的,而多半是后人重新编次的结果。
又因所据版本不一,世传《论语言》一书及其译本的分章也就会有不同。
以下简述各章内容时,为便读者参考比较,将附注中译本相应章节的起始页码。
第1章叙述马来诸民族或部族的历史发源、地理分布、文化状况及语言关联。
马来人分布极广,其中心地带在菲律宾、爪哇、苏门答腊、马六甲、婆罗洲,属于狭义马来语区;然后经锡兰(今斯里兰卡)而西至马达加斯加,南抵新西兰,向东远达塔希提、复活节诸岛,印度、太平两大洋上凡有岛国,无处不现马来人的踪迹。
其民大都尚在化外,善于航海,没有自创的文字,但有自己的社会建制、宗教规矩、口头文学。
其语言则明显相近,有些可以互通。
无论文化或语言,均以来自印度的影响最为显著,如马达加斯加、巴布亚等地的语言中就有与梵语相似的词语。
爪哇的卡维语则是印度文化与当地土著文化融混的产物。
这些方面的描述,如今可以称为人类语言学考察,在洪堡特是要为阐明人类精神力量的创造活动服务:“人类划分为民族和部族,人类具有多种多样的语言和方言土语,这两个方面不但直接关联,而且还关系到并且依赖于第三种更高层次的现象,那就是人类精神力量不断更新、频繁升华的创造。
……在语言差异和民族划分这两种现象相互可说明的范围内,考察它们与人类精神力量的创造活动的联系,便是我撰写这部绪论的目的。