张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(英国资产阶级革命)【圣才出品】
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题 (教 育)【圣才出品】
第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. A Brief Introduction to American EducationII. Elementary EducationIII. Secondary EducationIV. Higher Education—College and University1. General Introduction2. Types of Institutions3. Faculty Members4. Part-time Working and Student’s Organization V. Admission, and Academic Levels1. Admission2. Academic Levels and Academic Calendar3. CreditsVI. Graduate StudyVII. Well-known Universities in America1. Ivy League2. Harvard University3. Yale UniversityVIII. LibrariesI. A Brief Introduction to American Education (美国教育的概况)1. Education has been greatly respected throughout the history of the United States.在美国的历史进程中，教育受到了很高的重视。
2. At the turn of the twentieth century, public education developed more rapidly and more people got the opportunity of going to school.20世纪之交，公共教育发展迅速，越来越多的人得到了受教育的机会。
II. Elementary Education (初等教育)1. Many children begin their school education at the age of six and children usually graduate from high school at the age of 18.很多孩子6岁开始上学，18岁高中毕业。
英美概况笔记
英美概况笔记1、英国最高山---本尼维斯山2、英国最大湖----内伊湖-----位于北爱3、苏格兰最重要的河----克莱德河4、威尔士最高山---斯诺多尼亚山5、伊比利来人----英国第一个已知的殖民者，在3000bc-----巨石阵6、英国有记录的历史始于---罗马入侵---凯撒-----55BC-----把基督教带到英国7、罗蒙湖------苏格兰最大的湖泊8、泰晤士河----英国第二大、最重要的河流。
9、英国最高峰-----斯科菲尔峰10、英国移民主要来自-----西印度群岛、印度、巴基斯坦11、英联邦建立于----1931年，1991年已有50个成员国。
12、皮克特人-----苏格兰和威尔士人最早已知的祖先13、南部---英吉利海峡；东部----北海14、英格兰占整个---百分之六十15、凯尔特人最早来自于---德国16、安格鲁萨克逊入侵----5世纪----带来日耳曼宗教17、多佛海峡-----英吉利海峡最窄处18、凯尔特人----盖尔人、布立吞人（不列颠人）、比利其人19、凯尔特人的宗教------德鲁伊德教20、条顿部族----朱特人、撒克逊人、安格鲁人21、英国之父-----埃格伯特22、奠定英国的基础-----安格鲁萨克逊23、北欧海盗和丹麦人-----8世纪末24、诺曼征服----1066年----建立封建制度---英国土地志25、大宪章---1215年英国定的宪法，限制约翰国王的绝对权力---开始迈向君主立宪第一步26、英法百年战争-----导火索是王位继承问题27、1381年---泰勒起义。
原因---反对人头税28、梦福尔---重建大议会-----现代英国议会的雏形29、坎特伯雷故事集----香客朝拜贝克特的坟墓30、英国在罗马人控制下将近-----400年31、玫瑰战争------白玫瑰象征约克家族；红玫瑰象征兰开斯特家族-----封建主义受到打击，贵族消弱32、大英帝国的奠基人-----伊丽莎白33、世界近代史的开端-----1640年----英国内战34、长期议会中，投票赞成初四查理一世的议员-----残余国会35、辉格党-----反对王权、支持新教36、托利党-----支持王权、不愿废除国王，保守党的前身37、辉格党在19世纪组成---自由党38、1900年----英国已经建成日不落帝国，殖民地占世界的-----25%39、一战同盟国----德国和奥匈帝国；协约国-----英法俄；凡尔赛条约40、绥靖政策----张伯伦41、1973年----英国加入欧洲经济共同体----罗马条约-----共同市场42、撒切尔主义---国有工业私有化43、文艺复兴------始于意大利14世纪初，传到英国1485年44、英国三大政党-----工党、保守党、自由党45、在英国1970s0---北海---发现了石油46、英国两种主要的粮食-----大麦、小麦47、罗马人修建了----哈德良长城48、13世纪初-----牛津大学和剑桥大学建立49、玫瑰战争-----导致都铎王朝的建立50、1603年詹姆士一世----开始斯图亚特王朝的统治51、1642-1651------英国内战爆发52、1640年------英国第一次爆发资产阶级革命，革命先驱53、光荣革命----确立君主立宪政体54、1760-1830------英国工业革命55、1775-1783---美国独立战争56、1607----英国在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久居留地57、阿拉斯加----美国第49个州；夏威夷------第50个州58、哈佛大学位于-----马萨诸塞州的剑桥(Cambridge)镇59、Stonehenge ----在英国，是古代城池的遗迹60、密西西比河-----是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线61、最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是---大西洋及其沿岸平原。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题 美国(美国独立战争)【圣才出品】
第2章美国独立战争2.1 复习笔记I. The Sharpening Contradictions between Britain and the Colonies1. The Situation Before 17632. The Stamp Act and the T ownshend Acts3. The Boston Massacre and Committees of Correspondence4. The Boston “Tea Party”and the “Intolerable Acts”II. The Unity of the ColoniesIII. The Fire of Lexington and the Declaration of IndependenceIV. Progress of the WarV. The Significance of the WarVI. The Confederation and the ConstitutionI. The Sharpening Contradictions between Britain and the Colonies (殖民地与英国的尖锐对立)1. The Situation Before 1763 (1763前的状况)Before 1763, the colonial people had to depend much upon England. However, as the colonies grew in population and wealth, they depended less and less on England.1763年前，殖民地人民非常依赖英国。
然而，随着殖民地人口和财富的增长，对英国的依赖度逐渐减少。
2. The Stamp Act and the T ownshend Acts (印花税和唐森德税法)(1) The Stamp Acta. In 1765, Stamp Act was made. According to this act stamped paper must be used for all legal documents and other articles.b. The people of the colonies rose to oppose it. Facing so much opposition both in America and in England, the Parliament had to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.(2) Townshend Actsa. All the goods imported into the country must be taxed.b. In 1770, the T ownshend taxes were all repealed except the tax on tea.(1) 印花税a. 1765年，印花税出台。
张奎武版英美概况 部分 习题集
Part V Political SystemI. Multiple Choice1. The British Monarchy is __C___.A. electiveB. democraticC. hereditary2. The _B____ is used as a symbol of the whole nation and is described as the representative of the people.A. Prime MinisterB. CrownC. Parliament3. The life of Parliament is fixed at _C____ years.A. fourB. sixC. five4. It is the _A____ who organizes the Cabinet and presides over its meetings.A. Prime MinisterB. Lord PresidentC. Speaker5. The following are souces of UK law except _____.A. The Statute LawB. Common LawsC. The European Union LawD. The UK Criminal LawII. Fill in the Blanks1. The present sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II_.2. The vital power lies in the Prime Minister_ and his/her cabinet.3. The British Parliament consists of three elements –the _Crown____, the House of _Lords___, and the House of __Commons___.4. The House of Lords is also called the _Upper____ House, the House of Commons the _Lower____ House.5. The 2 major political parties in the UK are the Conservative_____ party and the Labour party、III. Explain the Following Terms1. The Cabinet2. The Speaker3. Poor LawIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Can you say something about the English Monarchy?2. Which are the major parties in Britain? What are the characteristics of them?美国部分Part I GeographyI. Multiple Choice1. Hawaii is in the ___C__ Ocean.A. AtlanticB. IndianC. Pacific2. The United States today is the _B____ largest country in size in the world.A. thirdB. fifthC. fourth3. Texas, having belonged to _C____, was annexed by the U.S. in 1845.A. FranceB. RussiaC. Mexico4. __A___ of the America’s territory is covered with forests.A. 1/4B. 1/5C. 1/35. There are _B____ river systems in the U.S.A.A. 8B. 3C. 6II. Fill in the blanks1. The United States is situated in the central _part of _North____ America.2. The U.S. is bounded by _Canada____ on the north and by Mexico _____ and the Gulf of Mexico on the south.3. The eastern_____ part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.4. The most important river in the U.S. is the _Mississippi____River Population and states1. About half of the total population is concentrated in the following areas except ___C__.A. Atlantic CoastB. Pacific CoastC. NorthwestD. around the Great LakesE. Gulf of Mexico2. The __B___ were the original inhabitants in America.A. blacksB. IndiansC. Puerto Ricans3. ____B_ part is the most densely populated region in America.A. The southernB. The northeasternC. The western1.Hawaii____ became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.2. New England is located in the __northeastern___ corner of the country.3. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into eight regions.10. The lowest point in the whole of North America is __Death___ _Valley____.11. The world-known __Colorado____ _Valley______ _____ lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River.12. The largest island salt lake in North America is the Great Salt____ Lake.13. The United States includes 50_____ states and a _ federal_____ district, the District of Columbia.14. The Declaration of Independence was first read on July 4th, _1776____.15. The two main tributaries of the __Mississippi_____ River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River.16. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of _Canada____ and the United States.17. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the __50centimetre_Rainfall_Line_.18. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the “_Sunny __South__”.19. The largest state, _Alaska____, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.20. There rises the tendency of shifting the centre of industries from the _south____ to the _west_21. The famous _ Wall____ _Street__is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.22. _ Broadway ____ is the centre of theatres in America.23. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the Iron___ and __Steel_ City.24. _ Chicago_____ is the second largest in population in the U.S.25. The two youngest states are __Alaska_____ in the northeastern part of America and Hawaii_______ in the central Pacific.26. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of ___ European___ origin.27. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the _17th _____ century.28. The Death Valley is 85_____ metres below sea level.29. The population of the United States is about _240/256_____ million.30. The Statue of Liberty Island in ____ New___ __York_ harbour.31. _____Pearl___ _Harbour__ _____ is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.32. __Rhode___ _Island is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A.33. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into __8___ regions.34. The nickname of Houston City is _ Space _City _.35. _ Hawaii_____ became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.36Mississippi___River _ is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf.37. The Library of Congress is in the city of _ Washington ____.38. New England is located in the ___northeastern_____ corner of the country.39. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in ___California_______.40. The Middle Atlantic Region is marked by its industry. It is often called the __ Industrial____ Northeast.III. Explain the Following Terms1. “The backbone of the continent”2. melting potIV. Answer the Following Questions1. Give a brief presentation of the U.S. economy.2. Why is Detroit famous?P art III CultureI. Multiple Choice1 There are over ___A__ universities, colleges and other institutions in the United States.A. 2,000B. 2,500C. 3,000II. Fill in the Blanks1. American children usually begin their school at the age of __6___.2. An elementary school teacher must have a _ bachelor____ degree of arts witha major in education.3. About ___60__ percent of the high school graduates can be admitted by universities or colleges.4. There are four grades in universities. They are freshmen, sophomore_, junior and senior.6. About _1/4____ of all the colleges and universities are private.7. A department consists of faculty members ranging from full professors to __ instructors____.8. The tuition in a _ private______ college is very high.9. VOA Radio Station is in the city of _ Washington ____.10. VOA now sends news to the whole world in __41___ languages day and night.11. Two-year college were or iginally called “_Junior____ colleges”, but now they are called “__ Community___ colleges”.Part IV Social LifeI. Multiple Choice1. The popular kind of family in America is ___A__ family.A. nucleusB. looseC. largeD. blend2. Americans like the following attitudes except B_____.A. informalityB. personal dignityC. equalityD. franknessE. consideration for others3. Thanksgiving Day is originated in _B____.A. EnglandB. AmericaC. ScotlandD. Canada4. The largest Protestant group in America is known as BA. the Latter-day SaintsB. BaptistsC. MethodistsD. Quakers5. Marriage in America is considered __D___.A. more important to the parentsB. a pure religious affairC. rather burdensomeD. a pure individual matter6. ___B__ American young people live independently after marriage.A. HalfB. MostC. Some7. The rate of divorce in America ranks _C____ in the world.A. secondB. thirdC. firstD. fourth8. The black people usually have _C____ family.A. smallB. middle-sizedC. big9. The “senior citizens” in the social centres refer to ___D__.A. high officialsB. professorsC. presidentD. old people10. The popular foods in America include the following except ___D__.A. hamburgersB. hot dogsC. breadD. rice11. People can usually get cheap meals in the following places except _C____.A. snack barsB. cafeteriasC. big restaurantsD. coffee shops12. Dining customs include the following except _D _.A. being polite to ladiesB. not staying too long after dinnerC. being punctualD. using both hands13. Most Americans are _D____ from different countries.A. blacksB. IndiansC. emigrantsD. immigrants14. BLT in America is a kind of _A____.A. sandwichB. sauceC. butterD. vegetable15. Valentine’s Day falls on _C____.A. July 4thB. March 21stC. February 14th16. On Easter Sunday people usually have lamb and ham as their maigogoymbol of ___A__.A. good luckB. the sacrifice of ChristC. the tomb from which Christ rose17. American Independence Day fall on ___A__.A. the 4th of JulyB. October 31stC. March 20th18. Halloween is a __B___.A. summer festivalB. night-time festivalC. sweethearts’ holidayD. pilgrims holiday19. Over _B____ of all American religious people are Protestants.A. halfB. three fifthsC. two thirds20. In Protestantism there are about ____D_ principal groups.A. 40B. 50C. 60D. 3021. There are two major denominations in America which are the result of native developments. They are the following except _C____.A. Christian ScienceB. MormonismC. UnitariansD. both A and B22. The characteristics of the American religion are the following except __D___.A. wide variety of denominationsB. emphasis on social problemsC. separation of church and stateD. unity among the churches23. In the US about ___A__ of all the property is in the possession of one-tenth of the population.A. halfB. one thirdC. two thirds24. Urban Hermits refer to C_____.A. people who live in the remote placesB. people who live in mountains and forestsC. shopping-bag ladies in big cities25. A hamburger is usually made from _A____.A. beefB. porkC. combination of beef and pork26. In America snack bars and coffee shops are usually __A___.A. cheapB. expensiveC. formal27. The outstanding characteristic of American society is the diversity of _C____.A. climateB. industryC. people28. Sometimes two couples go out together. This is known as _C____.A. steady datingB. casual datingC. double datingD. blind dating29. The popular American belief is _B____.A. part-time workingB. self-made manC. manual labour30. White-collar workers _____.A. have higher reputationB. get higher payC. may earn less than blue-collar workersD. both A and C31. The black people usually have a __B___ family and 1/3 of which are controlled by women.A. nucleusB. bigC. looseD. middle-sizedII. Fill in the Blanks1. A person who is employed to take care of children for a specific length of time while the parents are out is called a baby sitter2. The rate of divorce in America ranks first in the world.3. A family composed of a father, a mother and two children is considered the nucleus family.4. In order to solve the problem of the loneliness and uselessness for the aged, many communities and church group sponsor social centres which are called _senior citizens____ centres.5. Today over __40___ percent of all married women are active in community affairs.6. A hamburger is a kind of sandwich made with ground beef that is fried and put into a bun.7. A cheese burger is a hamburger with melted _cheese___.8. The coffee without cream or sugar is called _black____ coffee.9. To any black, the old term “_nigger____” by which he is addressed is considered a great insult.10. Because of the existence of the nucleus family some of the old men and women suffered greatly from __loneliness___.11. In the 1960’s the “_new____ _morality____” appeared among young people,such as living together before marriage.12. _Coffee____ is the most popular American drink.13. The most typical and true national holiday in the US is _Thanksgiving____ _Day____.14. Americans have great admiration for the _self-made____ man.15. American children suffer most for their parents’ _divorce____.16. The American’s favourite meat is steak_____.17. The peculiarity of American history made the American spirit of _do-it-yourself____ come into being. This spirit is reflected in many aspects of American life.18. The fact that many citizens take drugs – heroin makes _New____ York_____ the “City of Heroin”.III. Explain the Following Terms1. Thanksgiving Day2. Halloween3. do-it-yourself4. City of HeroinIV. Answer the Following Questions1. What day in the US is the birthday of the nation?2. Who was Martin Luther King?3. What is the meaning of the saying “trick or treat”?4. What does Easter Sunday celebrate?5. What is the biggest and best-loved holiday in the US?Part V Political SystemI. Multiple Choice1. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. CongressC. President2. The general election in America is held every _____ years.A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 33. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is _____.A. donkeyB. elephantC. eagle4. _____ has the sole right to interpret the Constitution.A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress5. The symbol of the US Republic Party is _____.A. tigerB. elephantx6. The political system of the US is based on the following except _____.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitutionE. the rule of law7. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive8. The number of Congressmen from each state varies depending on _____.A. the size of the areaB. the size of the populationC. the traditionD. the wealth9. The Democratic Party of America was founded in _____.A. 1845B. 1828C. 178710. There are _____ departments in American Government.A. 13B. 14C. 1511. The law-making or the legislative body in the government is _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. the CongressC. the CabinetD. the president’s committee12. All states in America have the legislative branch of two houses except the state _____.A. NebraskaB. NevadaC. Oregon13. In each state there are about _____ counties on average.A. 30B. 50C. 6014. The members in the Senate must be at least _____ years old and those in the Representative _____ years old.A. 40, 30B. 30, 26C. 30, 2515. The tenure of office of federal judges is _____ years long.A. 8B. for lifeC. 516. The Democratic and the Republican Parties gradually lost their differences after _____.A. 1865B. 1860C. 187017. There are _____ presidential electors for all the states.A. 535B. 100C. 538D. 43518. The Federal Government and the states governments are supposed to _____ each other.A. guideB. controlC. keep independence from19. If the president wants to put a treaty into effect, he has to get the approval by two thirds of the _____.A. SenateB. CabinetC. CongressII. Fill in the Blanks1. Only the ___Supreme Court___ has the right to interpret the constitution.2. There are _435____ voting members in the House of Representatives.3. Each of the fifty states of US elects __2___ senators.4. There are __9___ judges in the Supreme Court of America.5. The first ten amendments added to the constitution in 1791 was called the ____Bill of Rights_ _____ _____.6. The Federal Constitution consists of __7_____ articles and ___26__ amendments.7. The balance is always kept among the three branches of the power of the government and this is called the “System of __Checks___ and _Balances____”.8. The __ Constitution____ determines the government and divides the power of the government into three branches.9. The official presidential residence is the ___White__ ___House__.10. ___ Impeachment____ is the only way in which the president can legally beremoved from office.11. In 1974 President ___Nixon____ was impeached and he resigned his office before a trial could take place.12. The parties in the US choose all their candidates for election, except for president, as “____primary election_____”.13. In American history ___4__ presidents have been assassinated.14. The president who was first assassinated in 1865 was _Abraham___ Lincoln_____ _____.15. The American Congress is made up of two houses: the _Senate____ and the House of _Congress____.16. In the US the chief function of _Anti____ is to make laws.17. The Democratic Party grew out of the _Federalism____.18. There are __12___ persons in the Jury.19. There are __100___ members in the Senate.20. The head of he House of Representatives is called the __Speaker___.21. According to the Constitution_____, the president should be a citizen born in the US territory.22. The two main parties are the Democratic and the _Republican____ III. Explain the Following Terms1. FBI2. The President-electIV. Answer the Following Questions1. What is the role of the US congress? What is the criticism of the Congress in the American Press?2. What are the main features of the State government?。
英国资产阶级革命复习笔记
英国资产阶级革命复习笔记一、英国资产阶级革命的背景1、资产阶级革命前英国城乡资本主义兴起和发展的表现是什么？原因是什么？影响如何？（原因和表现通过阅读教材第一——第四自然段分析概括）（1）概述表现：①手工工场的建立②资本主义牧场和农场的建立（2）分析原因（4个）①新航路开辟后，英国处于大西洋航运的中心线的有利地位，积极开拓海外贸易，推动了手工工场的发展②圈地运动促进英国农村出现了资本主义的牧场和农场③海外贸易和掠夺以及圈地运动，为英国资本主义发展积累了资本④16世纪统治英国的都铎王朝削弱旧贵族的势力，加强专制统治，进行宗教改革，建立“英国国教教会”；鼓励工商业和海外掠夺，打败西班牙，建立了海上霸权。
这一切，客观上有利于资本主义的发展。
▲阅读19页“16世纪英国民歌”一段材料，（1）材料描绘了什么历史现象？分析这一现象出现的原因描绘了16世纪资本主义手工工场的情况①规模大，分工细，组织较严密②不仅雇佣男工，还雇佣女工和童工③工人劳动时间长，但工资低④工人只能靠出卖劳动力为生原因①新航路开辟后，英国处于大西洋航运中心线上，海外活动更加便利②英国积极开拓海外贸易，进行殖民掠夺③圈地运动的开展④都铎王朝发展资本主义的有利措施⑤有利的地理条件（2）民歌反映的历史现象对社会发展产生的影响？①充实了资本主义经济力量，奠定了英国资产阶级革命的经济基础②壮大了资产阶级力量，奠定了资产阶级革命的阶级基础③促进了清教运动④推进了圈地运动和农村资本主义的发展等▲圈地运动——英国解决三农问题的重要方式：它源于社会个体行为，后的得到政府支持；实质是英国传统农业资本主义化和现代化、农村劳动力向城市转移的过程。
对英国社会发展产生了重大影响（1）出现的原因：新航路开辟后，英国对外贸易发展迅速；→→羊毛和毛织品的出口量迅速增加，进而使羊毛价格不断上涨，养羊业成为获力丰厚的产业；→→在工商业发达的东南部农村，首先出现了圈地养羊的圈地运动。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(教 育)【圣才出品】
第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. Systems of primary and secondary education1. State school2. Independent or “public” schoolII. Elementary education1. State school system2. Independent school systemIII. Secondary education1. State school system2. Independent school systemIV. Higher educationV. Oxford and Cambridge1. Oxford University2. Cambridge UniversityI. Systems of primary and secondary education (中小学教育制度)1. State school(the majority) (公立学校(大多数))(1) The Department of Education and Science establishes standards to whichschools ought to conform and it sends out one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors to visit and make thorough reports on the work of every school.(2) The central government provides a large part of the money, but there is onlya fairly loose state control over the schools throughout the country.(3) Compulsory education①All children must receive a full time education from 5 to 18.②If a child fails to attend school, a School Attendance Officer will come to his house to find out why.③Parents can educate the child themselves under the approval of an inspector.(4) The head teacher has plenty of autonomy in deciding what is to be taught and how the teaching is to be carried out.(1) 中央教育与科学部为学校设置规范并派督学到学校进行详细检查。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(经济)【圣才出品】
第3章经济3.1 复习笔记I. The Characteristics of the British EconomyII. IndustryIII. AgricultureIV. Trade and Finance1. Trade2. FinanceI. The Characteristics of the British Economy（英国国家经济的特点）1. Britain is one of the world’s most advanced manufacturing and trading nations.2. British agriculture does not produce enough food to meet the country’s basic needs.3. British industry is operated by many different types of firms.4. The British labor force is remarkably homogeneous.1. 英国是世界上最发达的制造业和贸易国家。
2. 英国的农业满足不了国家的基本需求。
3. 英国的工业由很多不同类型的公司操纵。
4. 英国的劳动力是同质的。
II. Industry（工业）1. Most of the industries were concentrated in specialized industrial areas: cotton in eastern Lancashire; wool in the West Riding of Yorkshire; linen in Northern Ireland: ship building on the Clyde, the northeast coast, and Northern Ireland; and iron and steel and chemicals in the north, the Midlands, and South Wales.2. Machine industries were more widely distributed. The specialized manufacturing regions were also the chief coal-mining districts.1. 英国工业较为集中在一些特殊地区：兰开郡东部的棉花区，约克郡西莱丁的羊毛区，北爱尔兰的亚麻区，克莱德河上、东北海岸和北爱尔兰的造船区、英国北部、中部和威尔士南部的钢铁和化学区。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(封建制度的衰落)【圣才出品】
第3章封建制度的衰落3.1 复习笔记I. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ WarII. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising1. The Economic Changes2. Wat Tyler’s RisingIII. The Second Half of the Hundred Years’ WarIV. The Wars of the RosesI. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ War (百年战争的前期)1. T he Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 and ended in 1453. It was a series of wars, with victory now on one side, now on the other.2. T he first half of the Hundred Years’ War saw English loss. Later, black death killed one third of the English people and halted the war.1. 百年战争开始于1337年，结束于1453年。
它指的是一系列的战争，双方都各有输赢。
2. 百年战争的前期，英国处于劣势。
黑死病使人口锐减三分之一，一度中断了战争。
II. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising (经济形势的变化和瓦特·泰勒的起义)1. The Economic Changes (经济形势的变化)(1) Feudalism in England began to decline in the nearly 14th.(2) The vigorous economic progress of the 13th-century petered out early in the 14th century. A natural economy gradually gave way to a money economy.(3) The shortage of labor caused by the Black Death gave a chance for agricultural laborers in villages.(1) 14世纪早期，英国的封建制度开始衰落。
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第12章资产阶级革命12.1 复习笔记I. Political and Social Situation1. Iraq War and a War Against Terrorism2. Tony Blair’s Stepping Down and Gordon Brown’s New GovernmentII. Science and Technology1. Biotechnology & Sciences2. Energy and Environment3. Space & Planetary Science4. Information and Communications Technology5. NanotechnologyIII. GDP and EmploymentI. Political and Social Situation (政治和社会状况)1. Iraq War and a War Against Terrorism (伊拉克战争和反恐战争)(1) After the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001, Blair allied George W. Bush in a global war against terrorism.(2) In early 2003, Britain participated in the Iraq War. After Iraqi President Saddam was thrown, t errorists’ activities r an all the more wilder since 2003.(3) In August 2006, there was a most sensational event of the world an “alleged airplane bomb plot”. The whole Britain was in chaos.(4) In March 2007, 15 British sailors and marines captured in Iran.(1) 2001年911事件后，布莱尔联合布什进行全球反恐行动。
(2) 2003年，英国参加伊拉克战争。
伊拉克总统萨达姆被推翻后，伊拉克国内的恐怖组织更加猖獗。
(3) 2006年8月，飞机爆炸阴谋使整个英国处于惊恐状态。
(4) 2007年3月，15名英国水兵在伊朗被扣。
2. Tony Blair’s Stepping Down and G ordon Brown’s New Government (布莱尔政府的结束和戈登·布朗新政府)(1) Tony Blair stepped down from office on June 27th 2007.(2) Gordon Brown entered No. 10 Downing Street on June 27th 2007. The new prime minister is facing a country seeking response to the recent call for a referendum on the new European Union treaty.(1) 2007年6月27日，布莱尔结束任职。
(2) 2007年6月27日，戈登·布朗上台。
面对欧盟的公投，新首相将要做出回应。
II. Science and Technology (科学和技术)1. Biotechnology & Sciences (生物技术和科学)(1) The fields of tissue engineering and stem cell therapy are advanced in the world.(2) Exploiting and extending the knowledge gained through the Human Genome Project is a major priority for-UK biomedical research.(3) Britain supports a .significant body of basic and clinical research aimed at developing improved diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics.(1) 英国的组织生物学和干细胞疗法位于世界前列。
(2) 通过人类基因组计划探求知识是英国生物医学的一项主要任务。
(3) 英国支持基础临床研究，旨在提高诊断学，疫苗和治疗学的水平。
2. Energy and Environment (能源和环境)(1) The government published a paper in February 2002—”Our Energy Future’s Creating a Low Carbo n Economy”.(2) Britain is a global leader in many areas of energy and environmental science and research, including renewable energy research and innovation.(1) 2002年2月，英国政府公布了一份文件——《我们能源的未来，创造低碳经济》。
(2) 英国在能源和环境科学的很多领域都是全球领先的，包括可再生能源研究与创新。
3. Space & Planetary Science (太空和行星科学)(1) Micro satellite technology developed by Britain provides an innovative and low-cost alternative to the more traditional and more expensive optical satellites.(2) British scientists and engineers play a leading role in many space science missions.(1) 相对于更传统和更昂贵的卫星，英国的卫星技术提供了革新又廉价的选择。
(2) 英国的科学家和工程师在很多空间科学任务中起着重要作用。
4. Information and Communications Technology (信息和通信技术)(1) The British telecom industry currently accounts for 5% of the global market with around 7000 companies.(2) Britain is ranked No. 1 in Europe for semiconductor design and is home to facilities established by most of the world’s major electronics companies.(1) 目前，英国的电信产业占全球市场的5%，拥有7000左右家公司。
(2) 英国的半导体设计欧洲第一，全球大多数电子公司的设备都来自英国。
5. Nanotechnology (纳米技术)(1) Britain is a large user and producer in this field drawing on areas of traditional strength in biology and biochemistry.(2) Nanotechnology provides the means for a wide range of increasingly complex monitoring systems.(1) 英国是生物学和生物化学中传统力量的生产者。
(2) 纳米技术为日益复杂的监测系统提供方式方法。
III. GDP and Employment (GDP和就业)1. Britain’s national economic development in the early 21st century was unstable. In 2001, the GDP growth rate was2.3%, rose to3.6% in 2004 and fell back to 2.7% in 2006.2. Household consumption growth rate in the third quarter of 2006 was only 0.4%.3. Employment rate fell nearly two years and unemployment rate increased sharply. The number of the unemployed amounted to 1.7 million.1. 21世纪初期的英国国民经济发展很不稳定。
2001年GDP的增长率为2.3%，2004年增长3.6%，到了2006年又回落到2.7%。
2. 居民家庭消费2006年第三季度增长仅为0.4%。
3. 就业率近两年有所下降，而失业率却急剧增高，2006年失业人数达170万。
12.2 课后习题详解Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:1. What event threw whole Britain in chaos in August 2006?Key: In August, there was a most sensational event of the world—an alleged airplane bomb plot threw whole Britain in chaos. British authorities warned travelers to remain vigilant, saying they may still be in the cross hairs of Islamic terrorists. Airlines cancelled almost a third of the flights from Britain’s busiest airport. May passengers missed their flights dues to delays caused by the heightened security measures.2. State briefly the clash between UK and Iran in March 2007.Key: In March 2007, there was a clash between UK and Iran. On March the 23rd,naval forc es of Iran’s Revolutionary Guards captured 15 British sailors and marines in the Persian Gulf and they declared the British soldiers had violated Iranian waters. But the British Foreign Ministry insisted the soldiers were operating in Iraqi waters. It summoned the Iranian ambassador in London and demanded that Tehran return the detainees. After marathon negations on March 29th, the UN Security Council announced its support for the crew’s release but stopped short of condemning the seizure. The European Union called on Iran to immediately and unconditionally release 15 British sailors and marines being held. But although neither side agreed on the location of the sailors when they detained, both sides softened their rhetoric in the last two days. After 13-day standoff Iran released 15 British soldiers.3. What was Tony Blair appointed to do by UN after he left No.10 Downing Street? Key: At the time he left his office as Prime Minster, Tony Blair was appointed to represent the Middle East negotiating Quartet as its envoy and he would serve as their reprehensive to promote peace in the region.4. What problems does the new Prime Minister Gordon Brown face?Key: First the British economy has seen low interest rates, falling unemployment and has been characteri zed by fiscal prudence during Gordon Brown’s term in office. Second new prime minister is facing a country still divided by the Iraq war and seeking response to the recent call for a referendum on the new European Union treaty, which was agreed during a summit to replace the dead EU。