微观经济学原理曼昆英文第七章PPT课件
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微观经济学-曼昆英文版本
A Firm’s Long-Run Decision to Exit
• Cost of exiting the market: revenue loss = TR
• Benefit of exiting the market: cost savings = TC (zero FC in the long run) • So, firm exits if TR < TC
Because of 1 & 2, each buyer and seller is a
“price taker” – takes the price as given.
The Revenue of a Competitive Firm
• Total revenue (TR)
• Average revenue (AR)
Qa Q 1 Qb
Q
MC and the Firm’s Supply Decision
If price rises to P2, then the profitmaximizing quantity rises to Q2.
Costs MC P2 MR2 MR
The MC curve determines the firm’s Q at any price. P1 Hence,
Introduction: A Scenario
• Three years after graduating, you run your own business. • You must decide how much to produce, what price to charge, how many workers to hire, etc. • What factors should affect these decisions?
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第七章免费中文版
她的生产者剩余为 $10
鞋的供给 S
千双
路漫漫其悠远
Q
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第七 章免费中文版
许多卖者的生产者剩余与光滑的供给曲线
生产者剩余是价格以 下和供给曲线以上的
P
面积
这个三角形的高度
鞋的供给 S
= $40 – 15 = $25.
因此,
h
PS = ½ x b x h
= ½ x 25 x $25
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第七 章免费中文版
资源的市场配置
§ 市场经济中，资源的配置是由许多分散自利的买
者与卖者相互作用决定的
§ 市场对资源的配置是合意的吗？还存在另一个不
同的配置方法能使社会更好吗？
§ 为回答这个问题，我们使用总剩余作为衡量社会
福利的指标，我们也考虑市场配置是否有效率 （尽管这里我们主要关注效率 ，但政策制定者同 样关注公平）
路漫漫其悠远
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第七 章免费中文版
效率
总剩余 = (买者的评价) – (卖者的成本)
如果资源配置使总剩余最大化，那我们可以说，这种 配置表现出效率。效率意味着：
§物品是由对这种物品评价最高的买者消费 §物品是由生产这种物品成本最低的卖者生产 §增加或减少这种物品的数量并不会事总剩余增加
愿 点就首先离开市
场的买者
路漫漫其悠远
Q
曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT第七 章免费中文版
消费者剩余
消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其 为此实际支付的量
消费者剩余 = 支付意愿 – 市场价格
人名
支付 意愿
Anthony $250
Chad
175
曼昆经济学原理课件(PPT 36页)
2006 年 花费比
例
标准普尔500指数(指数基金) 大型管理基金 标准普尔中型股400指数（指数基
金）
中型管理基金 标准普尔小型股300指数（指数基
金）
小型管理基金
6.2% 5.9
10.9 8.1
12.5 10.3
0.351 1.020
0.535 1.458
0.550 1.272
基本金融工具
32
市场非理性
基本金融工具
7
例2: 投资决策
▪ 如果 r = 0.09.
通用汽车公司是否应该花1亿美元造一个在未来十 年内能产生两亿美元收入的工厂？
▪ 解决办法:找出未来十年两亿美元的现值
PV = ($200 百万)/(1.09)10 = $84 百万 因为 PV < 工厂成本，通用公司不应该造这个工 厂
现值帮助解释了为什么利率上升时投资会减少
A. Joe在买火险之后开始在床上吸烟
B. Susan的父母都因为牙龈疾病而失去了他们的牙 齿，因此Susan购买了牙科保险
C. 当Cindy停她的克尔维特敞篷车时，她懒得把车 顶关好，因为她购买的保险能够补偿车内的任 意失窃
18
主动学习 2
参考答案
指出下述情形属于逆向选择还是道德风险的例子 A. Joe在买火险之后开始在床上吸烟
基本金融工具
现期财 富
财富
14
效用函数与风险厌恶
效用
赢得1000美元获 得的效用
输掉1000美 元损失的效
用
由于边际效用递减， 损失1000美元减少的 效用大于得到1000美 元增加的效用
财富 –1000 +1000
基本金融工具
15
微观经济学 英文课件Week 7_II
relationship between inputs and outputs, which expressed in the mathematical form. q = f(K,L,M,….) The function tells that output (q) is a function to capital input (K), labor (L), raw material (M) and others. In essence, a firm must know how to allocate resources K,L,M… to yield output, q.
Diminishing Marginal Product: Although adding inputs into the production is generally viewed can increase output. However, firms cannot continuously add inputs to its production process.
Suppose AP is 400 units when 25 labors are used with total output = 10000 units. If labor increases to 50 people, AP falls to 200 units. Since MP is falling with additional labor, AP is also falling. With 50 workers, MP may be zero if TP is maximum, but AP is still positive figure.
微观经济学-曼昆版 PPT10
可交易的污染许可证制度限制了供给污染的权 利，与税收也同样的效果
当政策制定者不知道需求曲线的位置时， 这种许可证制度能更好的达到减少污染的 目标
15
对关于污染的经济分析的批评
一些政客以及许多环保主义者宣称:没有人拥 有“购买”污染的权利，也不能对环境标价
然而，人们面临权衡取舍。清新的空气与清 洁的水的价值必须与它们的 Nhomakorabea本进行比较
6
外部性的影响：总结
如果存在负外部性 市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量 如果存在正外部性 市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量 为了解决这个问题，可以使“外部性内在化” 对有负外部性的物品征税 对有正外部性的物品补贴
7
两种方法针：对外部性的公共政策
命令与控制政策：直接管制
例如：
限制排放的污染数量 强制企业采取某种技术来减少排放量
当市场参与者必须支付社会成本时， 市场均衡= 社会均衡
(对买者征税也能达到相同的结果；市场均衡 量等于社会最优量）
4
接种预防传正染外病的部疫性苗的不例子
仅保护你自己，而且也保 护在你之后到沙拉吧或者 生产部门的人.
研究与发展创造出了别人 也可以使用的知识
人们上大学提高了教育水 平，并减少了犯罪和改善 了政府
以市场为基础的政策：向私人决策者提供 由他们自己来解决问题的激励。
例如：
矫正性税收与补贴
可交易的污染许可证
8
矫正税：矫旨在正引性导税私人收决与策补者考贴虑负外部性
引起的社会成本的税收 这种税也被称为庇古税，它是以最早主张采
用这种税收的经济学家阿瑟·庇古（Arthur Pigou，1877-1959）的名字命名的 理想的矫正税= 外部成本 对于有正外部性的活动，理想的矫正补贴= 外部利益
当政策制定者不知道需求曲线的位置时， 这种许可证制度能更好的达到减少污染的 目标
15
对关于污染的经济分析的批评
一些政客以及许多环保主义者宣称:没有人拥 有“购买”污染的权利，也不能对环境标价
然而，人们面临权衡取舍。清新的空气与清 洁的水的价值必须与它们的 Nhomakorabea本进行比较
6
外部性的影响：总结
如果存在负外部性 市场生产的数量大于社会合意的数量 如果存在正外部性 市场生产的数量小于社会合意的数量 为了解决这个问题，可以使“外部性内在化” 对有负外部性的物品征税 对有正外部性的物品补贴
7
两种方法针：对外部性的公共政策
命令与控制政策：直接管制
例如：
限制排放的污染数量 强制企业采取某种技术来减少排放量
当市场参与者必须支付社会成本时， 市场均衡= 社会均衡
(对买者征税也能达到相同的结果；市场均衡 量等于社会最优量）
4
接种预防传正染外病的部疫性苗的不例子
仅保护你自己，而且也保 护在你之后到沙拉吧或者 生产部门的人.
研究与发展创造出了别人 也可以使用的知识
人们上大学提高了教育水 平，并减少了犯罪和改善 了政府
以市场为基础的政策：向私人决策者提供 由他们自己来解决问题的激励。
例如：
矫正性税收与补贴
可交易的污染许可证
8
矫正税：矫旨在正引性导税私人收决与策补者考贴虑负外部性
引起的社会成本的税收 这种税也被称为庇古税，它是以最早主张采
用这种税收的经济学家阿瑟·庇古（Arthur Pigou，1877-1959）的名字命名的 理想的矫正税= 外部成本 对于有正外部性的活动，理想的矫正补贴= 外部利益
第章竞争市场上的企业曼昆经济学原理第七版_图文
• For competitive firms
– AR = P – MR = P
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
output
• Marginal-cost curve
– Determines the quantity of the good the firm is willing to supply at any price
– Is the supply curve
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
Profit Maximization
• Rules for profit maximization:
– If MR > MC, firm should increase output – If MC > MR, firm should decrease output – If MR = MC, profit-maximizing level of
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
6
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
– AR = P – MR = P
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
output
• Marginal-cost curve
– Determines the quantity of the good the firm is willing to supply at any price
– Is the supply curve
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
Profit Maximization
• Rules for profit maximization:
– If MR > MC, firm should increase output – If MC > MR, firm should decrease output – If MR = MC, profit-maximizing level of
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
6
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
微观经济学原理英文--Thinking Like an Economist ppt课件
Some Familiar Models
A model of human anatomy from high school biology class
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© Accord/
5
Some Familiar Models
© Olga Rosi/
A model airplane
6
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© ittipon/
7
Our First Model:
The Circular-Flow Diagram
The Circular-Flow Diagram: a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 07
2
Table 1
Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1
Consumer Surplus
• Welfare economics
– How the allocation of resources affects economic well-being
• Willingness to pay
– Maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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supply curve?
▪ Do markets produce a desirable allocation of
resources? Or could the market outcome be improved upon?
1
Welfare Economics
▪ Recall, the allocation of resources refers to:
P
$350 $300 $250
P $301 & up
$200
251 – 300
$150 $100
$50 $0
176 – 250 126 – 175
0 – 125
Q
01234
.
Qd 0 1 2 3 4
6
About the Staircase Shape…
P
$350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100
WTP measures how much the buyer values the good.
name WTP
Anthony $250
Chad
175
Flea
300
John
125
Example: 4 buyers’ WTP for an iPod
.
3
WTP and the Demand Curve
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
▪ What is consumer surplus? How is it related to the
demand curve?
▪ What is producer surplus? How is it related to the
▪ how much of each good is produced ▪ which producers produce it ▪ which consumers consume it
▪ Welfare economics studies how the allocation
of resources affects economic well-being.
P
$350 $300 $250 $200
Flea’s WTP
Anthony $250 176 – 250 Anthony, Flea
2
Chad Flea John
175 300
126 – 175
Chad, Anthony, Flea
3
125
0 – 125
John, Chad, Anthony, Flea
4
.
5
WTP and the Demand Curve
$50
This D curve looks like a staircase with 4 steps – one per buyer.
If there were a huge # of buyers, as in a competitive market,
there would be a huge # of very tiny steps,
Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays:
CS = WTP – P
name WTP
Anthony $250
Chad
175
Flea
300
John
125
and it would look more like a smooth curve.
$0
Q
01234
.
7
WTP and the Demand Curve
P
$350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100
$50
Flea’s WTP Anthony’s WTP
Chad’s WTP John’s WTP
Hence, Qd = 2 when P = $200.
.
4
WTP and the Demand Curve
Derive the demand schedule:
P (price of iPod)
who buys
Qd
$301 & up nobody
0
name WTP 251 – 300 Flea
1
At any Q, the height of the D curve is the WTP of the marginal buyer, the buyer who would leave the market if P were any higher.
$0
Q
01234
.
8
Consumer Surplus (CS)
▪ First, we look at the well-being of consumers.
.
2
Willingness to Pay (WTP)
A buyer’s willingness to pay for a good is the maximum amount the buyer will pay for that good.
Q: If price of iPod is $200, who will buy an iPod, and what is quantity demanded?
name WTP
Anthony $250
Chad
175
Flea
300
John
125
A: Anthony & Flea will buy an iPod, Chad & John will not.
7 C H A P T E R
Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
Suppose P = $260.
Flea’s CS = $300 – 260 = $40.
The others get no CS because they do not buy an iPod at this price.
Total CS = $40.
.
9
CS and the Demand Curve
▪ Do markets produce a desirable allocation of
resources? Or could the market outcome be improved upon?
1
Welfare Economics
▪ Recall, the allocation of resources refers to:
P
$350 $300 $250
P $301 & up
$200
251 – 300
$150 $100
$50 $0
176 – 250 126 – 175
0 – 125
Q
01234
.
Qd 0 1 2 3 4
6
About the Staircase Shape…
P
$350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100
WTP measures how much the buyer values the good.
name WTP
Anthony $250
Chad
175
Flea
300
John
125
Example: 4 buyers’ WTP for an iPod
.
3
WTP and the Demand Curve
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
▪ What is consumer surplus? How is it related to the
demand curve?
▪ What is producer surplus? How is it related to the
▪ how much of each good is produced ▪ which producers produce it ▪ which consumers consume it
▪ Welfare economics studies how the allocation
of resources affects economic well-being.
P
$350 $300 $250 $200
Flea’s WTP
Anthony $250 176 – 250 Anthony, Flea
2
Chad Flea John
175 300
126 – 175
Chad, Anthony, Flea
3
125
0 – 125
John, Chad, Anthony, Flea
4
.
5
WTP and the Demand Curve
$50
This D curve looks like a staircase with 4 steps – one per buyer.
If there were a huge # of buyers, as in a competitive market,
there would be a huge # of very tiny steps,
Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays:
CS = WTP – P
name WTP
Anthony $250
Chad
175
Flea
300
John
125
and it would look more like a smooth curve.
$0
Q
01234
.
7
WTP and the Demand Curve
P
$350 $300 $250 $200 $150 $100
$50
Flea’s WTP Anthony’s WTP
Chad’s WTP John’s WTP
Hence, Qd = 2 when P = $200.
.
4
WTP and the Demand Curve
Derive the demand schedule:
P (price of iPod)
who buys
Qd
$301 & up nobody
0
name WTP 251 – 300 Flea
1
At any Q, the height of the D curve is the WTP of the marginal buyer, the buyer who would leave the market if P were any higher.
$0
Q
01234
.
8
Consumer Surplus (CS)
▪ First, we look at the well-being of consumers.
.
2
Willingness to Pay (WTP)
A buyer’s willingness to pay for a good is the maximum amount the buyer will pay for that good.
Q: If price of iPod is $200, who will buy an iPod, and what is quantity demanded?
name WTP
Anthony $250
Chad
175
Flea
300
John
125
A: Anthony & Flea will buy an iPod, Chad & John will not.
7 C H A P T E R
Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
Suppose P = $260.
Flea’s CS = $300 – 260 = $40.
The others get no CS because they do not buy an iPod at this price.
Total CS = $40.
.
9
CS and the Demand Curve