词汇学 期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末复习
Lecture OneA General Survey of English vocabulary1.The definition of a wordA fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function2. Classification of English Words•(1). By origin: native words and loan wordsNative words: Anglo-Saxon origin/old Englishe.g. sun, rain, moon/head, hand, foot/night, morning, here, there/horse, dog, tree, flower/big, small, red, white, etc.•Loan/borrowed words: words borrowed from other languagese.g. fault-French; aikido-Japanese; individual-Latin tofu/litchi/chaa/chinchin-Chinese, etc.•(2). By level of usage: common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, technical words(3). By notion: function words and content words•Function/grammatical words: not have much (some of them have no) lexical meaning of their own; and just serve grammatically• e.g. The (article) friend of (preposition)mine will(auxiliary) come to my house to (infinitive) take his book.•Content/lexical words: have lexical meanings; refers to substance, quality, action, such as ns, vs, advs, advsLecture TwoMorphological Structure of English Words• 2.1 Morphemes• 2.2 Types of Morphemes• 2.3 Allomorphs• 2.1. Morpheme(词素,形位)(1) The definition of a morphemeA morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, notdivisible or analyzable into smaller forms.•Examples•One morpheme: nation•Two morphemes: nation-al•Three morphemes: nation-al-ize•Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize2.2 Types of Morphemes• 1. Free & bound Morphemes2. Roots and affixes•(1)Free morphemes•Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. They have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units insentences.•Eg: man, faith, read, write, red•(2)Bound morphemes•Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes. Most of them are derived from Latin or Greek2. Roots and affixes•(1) Roots (root morphemes): a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.•Take for example, the following set of semantically related words: (to) work, workable, worker, worked,and working: in each word the root is work, which is the basic unchangeable part, carrying the main lexical meaning.•Roots are either free or bound:• A. free roots:•In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, moon, walk, black. (i.e. they can stand alone as words). A word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme) is a simple word.• B. bound rootsQuite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes.e.g. tain in contain/ detain/sustain/retain,ceive in conceive/deceive/receive.in Latin: tain-to hold; ceive-to take .Yet in Modern English, they are not words, and so are not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own.• A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning ina word. Notice what the following words have in common:•(2) Affixes•Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.• e.g.: workable, worker, and workingwork-root-able, -er, -ing---affixesAccording to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.A. Inflectional affixes/ morphemes•Inflectional ~:affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship .• e.g. the regular plural suffix –s (-es), books,horses;•the form –’s indicates the possessive case of nouns; Tom’s, Mary’s;•suffixes –er, -est show comparative or superlative degrees of adj. or adv. Slower, slowest;•past tense, walked; -ing form, walking, etc• B. Derivational affixes/morphemesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.• e.g. Prefixes: dis-(disable, disagree); in-(inability, incomplete);non-(nonsmoker);post-(postwar); over- ( overwork, overjoyed, overweight).•Suffixes: -er(teacher); -age(postage,baggage); -dom (freedom,wisdom)The Relationship Between the Two Classifications of Morphemes见书.3. The major processes of word formation• 3.1 compounding• 1. definition : also called composition, is the process of word formation by joining two or more stems/separated words to produce a new one. Word formed in this way are called compounds /compound words. They can be written in three ways:•solid ( bedroom, greenhouse);•hyphenated ( reading-room, word-formation);•open ( reading material; dining room)•Flowerpot /flower-pot/flower pot• 3.2 Derivation• 1 definition: Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by adding derivational affixes to stems. The words formed in this way are called derivatives.•According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes fall into 2 subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.• A. prefixation: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.B. Suffixationdefinition: Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base. e.g. boy---boyish.But there are exceptions: e.g. boy---boyhood.• 3.3 conversion:•definition: Conversion is the formation of new word by converting word of one class to another class. It is also called ‘functional shift or transmutation’ or ‘d erivation by zero suffix’（零位后缀派生法）, ‘zero-derivation’.• e.g. He was knocked out in the first round. (n.)•Round the number off to the nearest tenth. (v.)•The neighbors gathered round our barbecue. (prep.)•The moon was right and round. (adj.)•People came from all over the country round. (adv.)Lecture FourWords Meaning and Semantic Features• 1. The Relationship between Meaning and the Object•According to the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure thelinguistic sign consists of a signifier and a signified, that is,a sound image and a concept. This is called the sign theoryof de Saussure.•According to Ogden & Richards the symbol is thelinguistic element, that is, the word, and the referent is the object,etc, in the world of experience, while thought or reference isconcept. This is called the semiotic triangle.Thought or Reference (Concept)意义（概念）形式，符号Symbol --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Referent (Object)(Word) 所指对象Sense : 1. ‘sense’denotes the relationships inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)•Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.• E.g. the dog is barking, we must talk about a certain dog know to both speaker and hear.•Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 2．Motivation•Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Most words are non-motivated.• 2.1．Phonetic motivation• 2.2 Morphological motivation• 2.3 Semantic motivation• 2.4 Etymological motivation3. Main Types of Words Meaning• 2. Classification of Lexical Meaning•Lexical meaning is composed of conceptual meaning and associative meaning.• A. Conceptual/denotative meaning•Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.• e.g. computer: an electronic machine that stores information and uses programs to helpyou find, organize, or change the information• B. Associative meaning•Associative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. It is open-ended, unstable and in’determinate, because it varies with culture, time, place, class, individual experiences, etc. Associative meaning includes connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings•1).Connotative meaning•~ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind. It is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.• e.g. woman: frail, prone to tears, emotional, sympathetic, lack of ration, timid, sensitive, diligent•mother: love, care, tenderness, tolerant•home: family, friends, warmth, cozy, comfortable, safety, love, free, convenience •2). Stylistic meaning•Many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of word.• e.g. domicile (very formal, official) / residence (formal)• 3. Affective meaning•~ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing. It can be appreciative and pejorative.• e.g. famous, determined; notorious, pigheaded•4) Collocative meaning(搭配意义):•collocative meaning consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.•eg. *“pretty”vs. “handsome”: both meaning nice looking. But ‘pretty’is often used together with ‘girl’, ‘woman’, ‘flower’, ‘garden’, ‘color’, or ‘village’, etc., words that suggest feminity,•while ‘handsome’frequently appears together with ‘boy’, ‘man’, ‘car’, ‘vessel’, ‘overcoat’, ‘airliner’ or ‘typewriter’ etc. words suggesting masculinity.•*“handsome woman”and “beautiful man”are both acceptable, but they suggest different kinds of attractiveness because of the collocative association of these two adjective, and hence should be translated respectively into ‘端庄的女性’ and ‘了不起的男子’。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
词汇学期末复习材料
词汇学复习材料I. Define the following terms.1.free morphemeA morpheme that can stand alone. They have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.2.connotative meaningConnotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.3. allomorphOne of the variants that realize a morpheme.4. polysemyWords that have two or more than two meanings.5. conversionThe formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6.onomatopoeic motivationIndicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word. Its sound suggests its meaning.7.extensionA process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.8.Affective meaningAffective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.II. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1.What are the causes of more new words appearing today?要点：1）The rapid development of modern science and technology.2) Social economic and political changes.3) The influence of other cultures and languages.2.English has the most synonyms of any language in the world. Why are there so many synonyms in English?要点：1）The primary reason for this has to do with the heavy borrowing from other languages, especially from French and Latin. 2）The second reason: Dialects and regional English 3）The third reason: Figurative and euphemistic of words 4）The forth reason: Coincidence with idiomatic expressions.3.What are the functions of context?要点：Context has three major functions: elimination of ambiguity; indication of referents; provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.4.A ball rolled into the ball suddenly.Explain two “ball”meaning in this sentence. Which kind of sense relation do they belong to? Give the explanation of their origins.要点：（1）The first “ball” means an round object to play with. The second “ball”means a dancing party. (2) They belong to homonym. (3) The former is borrowed from “beallu” in old English. The latter is borrowed from “baller” in old French.。
英语词汇学期末复习资料
1、选择题（2 ×15=30）2、填空题（2×5=10 ）3、搭配题(1×10=10)4、名词解释题(4×5=20)5、问题回答(5×3=15)6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分)选择题：1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful .3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family.4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes.5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning.6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy.7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes.8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs.ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西填空题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes tobases.2.Back-formation Is considered to br opposite process suffixation it isthe method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. 3.Isolating language is a language in which each word form consiststypically of a singe morpheme .4.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclearcontext.it creates ambiguity .5.Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independentwords.搭配题Ⅲ. Match the terms in Column A with definitions in Column B.A B1. geomorphic earthlike2. zooid resembling an animal3. geochronology time measurements from earth data4.technocracy government by craftsmen5.petrographic caring on a rock6.polymorph having many shapes7.phonography recording of sound8.phytogenesis development of plants9.synergy working together10.geocentric earth-centered11.magnanimous宽宏大量的12.penology刑罚学13.inculpable无辜的；无可非议的14.revitalize bring to the life15.cosmonaut sailor of the universe16.enervate reduce mental vigor17.herbicide plant killer18subterranean地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的;地下工作者19.deviate move from the road20.semilunar crescent -shaped名词解释题Ⅳ. Define the following terms.unity;a unit of meaning;a form that can function in a sentenceis the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.functioning both grammatically ad semantically as a single word. Semantic motivation: refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.Extra-linguistic context: may extend to embrace the entire cultural background, which may also affect the meaning of words. Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases Affixation: the formation of new words by adding word-forming affixes to bases.Sematic change: means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to met the new need.Conceptual meaning: is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Acronymy: is the process of forming new words by pointing the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Homonymy: are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Dictionary: a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the language ,with information as to its spelling, pronunciation , meaning and its etymology.问题回答Ⅴ. Answer the following questions，write your answers on the answer sheet.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point?Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation,it’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example:Inform-imforant donation-donate enthusiasm-enthuse3.What are the three types of antonyms ,give examples to illustrate them respectively?Complementary: dead-alive present-absent male-female Contrary: poor-rich good-bad cold-hotConverse: parent-child husband-wife employer-employee5.What are three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? illustrate your points?Different in denotation符号,connotation含义,application应用6.What are the major differences between basic word stock基本词汇and nonbasic非基本vocabulary?(1)basic word stock possesses five obvious characteristics,butnonbasic vocabulary doesn’t(2)basic word stock forms the common,core核心of thelanguage,however,nonbasic vocabulary doesn’t belong to the common ore of the language.7.How many means of word formation and what they are?3 Major processesAffixation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）8 Minor processes :Acronym(首字母缩略词）Blending（混合）Clipping（截短法）Words from proper names(专有名词来源）Back formation（逆构法）Reduplication（复制）Neo-classical Formation （新古典词构成法）Miscellaneous（混杂法）8.what are the difference between word and vocabulary?(1)word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed orwritten horizontally across水平穿越a piece of paper.(2)vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of总计all the words of a language.9.What is collocative meaning? give one example to illustrate your po int? Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or fter the word in discussion.For example,Handsome(boy/car/man )论述题Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following questions，write your answers on the answer .1.Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive 2antibiotic 3composition 4unbearable 5international 6ex-prisoner1 de+struct+tive2 anti+bio+tic3 com+po+si+tion4 un+bear+able5 inter+bation+nal6 ex+prison+erment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a.the man said he would come to our school next week.b.the visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.3.Collocation can affect the meaning of words .Comment on the statement with your own words.Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation.4.the ‘pen ‘ is mightier than the ‘sword’ .explain what ‘pen’ and ‘sword’mean respectively using the theory of motivation.‘pen’reminds one of the tool to write with,thus suggesting writing;‘sword’ reminds one of the weapon to fight with,thus suggestion war.Chapter 11、It is generally known that The Anglo-Saxon invasion ,the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman Conquest were three of the most important landmarks in the history of the English people as well as in the history of the English language.2、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria, according to the level of notion, English can be classified as full word实词and form word虚词.3、What are the four points does the definition of a word cover? minimal free form of a languagea sound unitya unit of meaninga form that can function alone in a sentencechapter2----It is estimated that there are about _5000___ languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about __25__ language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family阿尔泰语系(包括土耳其语、维吾尔语、蒙古语、满语等语言) and so on.---Q：What languages does Indo-European family host？The Indo-European Family hosts most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.----How many groups can Indo-European family be divided into according to the linguists？Linguists have divided the Indo-European languages into Eastern sets （groups）and Western sets（groups）.-----Q：Generally，How many stages can the development of English vocabulary be divided into？What are they？Old EnglishMiddle EnglishModern EnglishEarly modern EnglishLate modern EnglishThe period from 450 to 1100 is known as the Old English period or the Anglo-Saxon period.West Germanic dialects spoken by the invaders, as the original inhabitants (the Celts) were killed, were relocated, or adopted the language of the now dominant society.----Roughly speaking, the tribes that settled in Britain comprise three groups:the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.---Norman conquest resulted in a massive borrowing of French words into English vocabulary.--What is the second result of Norman conquest?The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class.---Q：What languages contributed to the vocabulary of modern English？What characteristics do those languages have？Latin and Greek，the former language were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas，while the latter were mostly literary，technical and scientific words.---Q：What are the reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms?1、The rapid development of modern science and technology.2 、Social，economic，and political changes.3、The influence of other cultures and languages.1、The Angles lent their name to the language—English, and to the land —England.Chapter3Q1：What is the morpheme according to Engene Nida？The minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.In other words，the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Can you figure out three basic elements of morphemes？1、the smallest meaningful unit2、not divisible nor analyzable3、sound and meaningIs it a root, a stem, or base?desirable (adj.):不是词根(可再分解);不是词干(不可以加屈折词缀),是词基(既可以加词缀,又能再分解下去).一、Fill in the missing words.1. A minimum meaningful unit of a language is morpheme.2. The part carrying the basic meaning of a word is called root.二、What do the following words have in common? Can you guess out what the meaning of them is respectively?vitamin, vital, vivid, survive, revive.Chapter4Types of Motivation:1）Phonetic motivation（onomatopoeic）拟声，hiss by snakes2）Morphological motivation(derivation, compounding, conversion)形态学3）Semantic motivation（Metaphor，Metonymy，Synecdoche，Analogy）语义，a stony heart铁石心肠4）Etymological motivation词源Main types of word meaning1）Grammatical meaning2）Lexical meaning3）Conceptual meaning (Denotative meaning)4）Associative meaning（1）Connotative meaning（2）Stylistic meaning（3）Affective meaning（4）Collocative meaningWord-formation:Affixation/Derivation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）Chapte4.22、Besides conventionality, As for motivation, how many types of motivation are there, and what are they?Onomatopoeic motivationMorphological motivationSemantic motivationEtymological motivationChapter 61.Types of changes: Extension /Narrowing / Elevation / DegradationChapter7Meaning and context1. Two types of contexts: Linguistic context / Extra-linguistic context2. The vital role of context in determination of word meaning?Eliminating ambiguities /Conveying emotional overtonesChapter 8English Dictionary1) According to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-making began in Anglo-Saxon times.2) The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.3) Cockeram’s book was the first in English to use the word dictionary in the titleFirst English dictionaries published:1) Robert Caswdrey’s Table Alphabetical of Hard Words(1604)2) John Bollokar’s An English Expositor(1616)3) Henry Cockeram’s The English Dictionary(1623)。
词汇学期末考试题及答案
词汇学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学研究的核心对象是（）。
A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语义答案：C2. 词义的最小单位是（）。
A. 语素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案：A3. 以下哪个词属于多义词？（）A. 桌子B. 苹果C. 跑D. 笔答案：C4. 词义的演变通常不包括（）。
A. 词义扩大B. 词义缩小C. 词义转移D. 词义创新答案：D5. 以下哪个词属于外来词？（）A. 沙发B. 电脑C. 汽车D. 火车答案：A6. 词义的引申通常是基于（）。
A. 词的本义B. 词的引申义C. 词的转用义D. 词的比喻义答案：A7. 以下哪个词属于同义词？（）A. 快速和迅速B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案：A8. 以下哪个词属于反义词？（）A. 高和矮B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案：A9. 以下哪个词属于成语？（）A. 马到成功B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案：A10. 以下哪个词属于专业术语？（）A. 电脑B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律的学科。
2. 词义的演变包括词义扩大、词义缩小和词义转移。
3. 多义词是指一个词具有两个或两个以上相关或不相关的意义。
4. 外来词是指从其他语言借用过来的词。
5. 词义的引申通常是基于词的本义。
6. 同义词是指意义相同或相近的词。
7. 反义词是指意义相反或相对的词。
8. 成语是指由四个或四个以上汉字组成的固定短语，具有特定的意义和用法。
9. 专业术语是指在特定领域内使用的具有特定意义的词。
10. 词汇的创新是指根据语言发展的需要，创造出新的词汇。
三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述词汇学的研究内容。
词汇学主要研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律，包括词的构成、词义的演变、词的分类、词的用法等方面。
2. 简述词义演变的类型。
词汇学考试题及答案
词汇学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言词汇的科学，它主要研究词汇的哪些方面？A. 词汇的起源和发展B. 词汇的结构和功能C. 词汇的规范和使用D. 所有选项答案：D2. 以下哪个词属于基本词汇？A. 电脑B. 鼠标C. 键盘D. 鼠标垫答案：A3. 词汇的语义关系包括哪些？A. 同义关系B. 反义关系C. 同音关系D. 所有选项答案：D4. 词汇的构成单位是什么？A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词尾D. 所有选项答案：D5. 词汇的演变通常包括哪些过程？A. 词义的扩大B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 所有选项答案：D6. 词汇的借用通常发生在哪些语言之间？A. 亲属语言B. 非亲属语言C. 任何语言D. 所有选项答案：C7. 以下哪个词属于外来词？A. 沙发B. 苹果C. 桌子D. 椅子答案：A8. 词汇的标准化通常由哪个机构进行？A. 教育部门B. 语言委员会C. 出版社D. 所有选项答案：B9. 词汇的语义变化通常受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会文化B. 科技发展C. 语言接触D. 所有选项答案：D10. 词汇的创新通常发生在哪些领域？A. 文学创作B. 科技发明C. 日常生活D. 所有选项答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学研究词汇的______、______、______和______。
答案：起源、发展、结构、功能2. 基本词汇通常包括______、______、______等。
答案：自然现象、人体部位、基本动作3. 词汇的语义关系包括______、______、______等。
答案：同义、反义、上下义4. 词汇的构成单位主要有______、______和______。
答案：词根、词缀、词尾5. 词汇的演变过程包括______、______和______。
答案：词义扩大、词义缩小、词义转移6. 词汇的借用通常发生在______和______之间。
最新词汇学期末复习题及答案
Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 1Part I Multiple choices.1.The definition of a word includes ___________.A. a minimal free form that can function aloneB. a unit of meaningC. a sound unityD. all of the above2. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning andsyntactic function.A. a minimal free formB. a smallest meaningful unitC. an element which can not be further analyzedD. a grammatically minimal form3.The Indo-European language family consist of________.A. all the languages in Europe and IndiaB. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East4.The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always ______.A. logicalB. arbitraryC. inherentD. automatic5.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.A. A highly inflected language.B. A highly developed language.C. A very difficult language.D. A language of leveled endings.6.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to theposition in a word, are termed .A. phonemesB. allomorphsC. morphsD. phones7.Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships areknown as .A. morphemesB. derivational morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. suffixes8.is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming orderivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .A. derivation, affixationB. affixation, derivationC. derivative, affixationD. affixation, derivative9.Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separateelements, for example, .A. hot dogB. red meatC. flower potD. fat head10.is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and soon while belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.A. meaning, conceptB. concept, meaningC. sense, referenceD. reference, sense11.When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded oftheir family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has _______.A. collocationsB. connotationsC. denotationsD. perorations12.Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13.Which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank (the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)14.The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps toexplain its meaning is called _______.A. Linguistic contextB. Grammatical contextC. Extra-linguistic contextD. Para-linguistic context15.means through all difficulties and troubles.A. through high and lowB. through thick and thinC .from head to foot D. from start to finishPart II True or false questions.1. A rule of word-formation is usually identical with a syntactic rule.2.Word-formation rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certainextent.3.Affixes like “-th” are very productive in current English.4.The chief function of prefixes is to change the word class of the stems.5.The primary function of suffixes is to change the meaning of the stem.pounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.7.“-age, -al, -ance, -ation, -ence”in “linkage, dismissal, attendance, protection,existence” can produce largely concrete nouns by being added to verb stems.8.The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of stems.9.The free phrase has the primary stress on the first element and the secondarystress, if any, on the second.10.In both compounds and free phrases the adjective element can take inflectionalsuffixes.11.Conversion is only a change of grammatical function of a lexical item with noloss of its different range of meaning originally conveyed.12.A fully converted noun from an adjective has all the features of nouns excepttaking an indefinite article or, -(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.13.Generally, conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions can’t be converted tonouns.14.Although blends and backformed words have already achieved popularity inEnglish, they are not advisable to be used frequently in formal writing.15.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.16.Simple words in English are usually non-motivated.17.Lexical meaning is dominant in content words.ponential analysis has no disadvantages.19.Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieving humor orirony, or to heighten dramatic effect.20.In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.Part III Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.Morphemes are a bstract______ units, which are realized in speech by discreteunits known as m orph_______. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme _____ is to a phone. Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph.Such alternative morphs are known as a llomorphs___________.2. A word is a minimal f ree_______ form of a language that has a given sound andmeaning and syntactic function.3.Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called_empty_____ words.4.According to semantics, a word is a unit of m eaning.5.Bound morphemes include b ound roots and a ffixes.6.The most productive means of word formation are a ffixation,c ompounding and c onversion.7.Only when a connection has been, established between the linguistic sign and ar eferent, does the sign become meaningful.8.Most morphemes are realized by single words like "bird, tree, green", etc, Wordsof these kinds are called m onomorphemic words.9.With N orse invasion____, many Scandinavian words came into the Englishlanguage.10.Antonyms are classified on the basis of s emantic opposition.Part IV Explain the following terms with proper examples.1.Explain with examples morpheme, morph and allomorph2.Semantic fieldPart V Answer the following questions.1.What is collocative meaning? Give at least one example to illustrate your point.2.Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the words in italics. Ifyou find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence.The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.3.Analyzes the morphological structures of the following words and point out thetypes of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisonerAnswers for Exercise 1Part I Multiple choices.1-5 DACBA 6-10 BCBCB 11-15 BBCABPart II True or false questions.1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. FPart III Fill in the blanks.1. abstract, morph, phoneme, allomorphs2. free3. empty4. meaning5. bound, affixes6. affixation, compounding, conversion7. referent8. monomorphemic9. Norse invasion 10. semantic oppositionPart IV Explain the following terms1. In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme.Morphs are the actual phonetic representations of the same morpheme.An allomorph is a variant form of the same morpheme, and all the morphs of the same morpheme are grouped as being the allomorphs of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changingmeaning.English example:The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes.The morpheme plural-s has the morph "-s", /s/, in cats (/kæts/), but "-es", /ɨz/, in dishes (/dɪʃɨz/), and even the voiced "-s", /z/, in dogs (/dɒgz/). "-s". These are allomorphs of the same morpheme plural -s.2. The concept is from the concept of “field” in physics, referring to the clustering of a number of semantically related words. A semantic field is a set of lexemes in a named conceptual area that interrelate and define each other in specific ways. A general description is that words in a semantic field are not synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon. For example, the semantic field of “bugs” may include bees, spiders, moths, wasps, flies etc. According to semantic field theory a meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to other words in the same conceptual area. The kinds of semantic fields vary from culture to culture.Part V Answer the following questions.1. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome.2. The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.（1）it is ambiguous（2）ambiguity caused by the structure（3）stop drinking can be understood as1）police stop drinking by themselves2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.3. Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The morphological analysis of the three words are as follows:1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable (un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest un-,-able, inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 2Part I Multiple choices.1.From the phrase “ a white paper”, we know that the meaning of the word “paper”here is “document”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational2.The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called_____.A. synecdocheB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor3.Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effectsA. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above4.Which of the following statements is Not correct?A. A word can be formed by two free morphemesB. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morphemeC. A word can be formed by two bound morphemesD. A word can be formed by any two affixes.5.In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds,which shows __________.A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established.B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaningC. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of conventionD. the concepts are not really the same6.The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______.A. historical reason and class reasonB. historical reason an psychological reasonC. class &psychological reasonD. extra-linguistic factors &linguistic factors7.Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of wordsborrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.A. CelticB. GermanicC. RomanD. Irish8.is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without totalloss of identity.A. StemB. RootC. MorphemeD. Affix9.is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to beused in combination with other morphemes to make words.A. Free rootB. Bound rootC. MorphemeD. Bound morpheme10.The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are thefollowing except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversion11.The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of thecombined.A. morphsB. allomorphsC. rootsD. morphemes12.The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can besaid to be___.A. prescriptive, motivatedB. prescriptive, non-motivatedC. arbitrary, motivatedD. arbitrary, non-motivated13.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning14.“parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/successor” are ______ .A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsD. complementary terms15.“au revoir and Bye”is a pair of synonyms resu lting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative &euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions16.From the phrase “examination paper”, we know that the meaning of the word“paper” here is “a set of questions at the end of the term”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational17.means damage from continuous use.A. fair and spareB. toil and moilC. wear and tearD. kith and kin18.More often than not, functional words only have .A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning19.It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______of the modern Englishvocabulary.A. 50 percentB. 50 percentC. 80 percentD. 65 percent20.Functional words do _______ work of expression in English on average thancontent words.A. far moreB. lessC. equalD. similarPart II True or false questions.1.Differences can be found between American and British English in pronunciation,spelling, grammar and vocabulary.2.When a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed.3. A special dictionary deals with one sector of the lexicon of the language.4.Words in the same semantic field do not have a number of collocations incommon.5. A word is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a givensyntactical function.6.Most loan words are borrowed from foreign languages without any change insound and spelling.7.An allomorph is one of the variant forms of a morpheme.8.Conversion means the transfer of a word from one class to another.9.The relation between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbitrary andconventional.ponential analysis is to break down the conceptual sense of a word into itsminimal distinctive components.11.Psychological research found that vocabulary is stored redundantly only asindividual morphemes.12.In the following 2 sentences, “How long is he?”“How young are you?” , the twowords long and young are both marked.13.Idioms are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individualconstituents.14.“Diamond cut diamond.” is syntactically wrong, and should be revised into“Diamond cuts diamond.”15.Fortuitous formerly denoted “happening by chance”, and later took on themeaning “fortunate” by analogy, because the two words look similar in shape. Part III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. Explain with examples root, stem and base.2. Semantic motivation3. Sense and reference4. Idiom5. MetonymyPart IV Answer the following questions.1.The ‘pen' is mightier than the ‘sword'. Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' meanrespectively using the theory of motivation.2.How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation?Give examples to illustrate your point.ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of hyponymy.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.Answers for Exercise 2Part I Multiple choices.1-5 CBDCC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 DDBCA 16-20 CCDCAPart II True or false questions.1. T 2 . F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TPart III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.Thus it cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content. For example, the lexical root of “chatter” is chat.A stem is that part of a word which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. For example, photographer: photographer; destabilized: destabilizeA base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. For example,The base of “undesirable” is “desirable”; and that of “desired” is “desire”.2. Semantic Motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. For example, when we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. There are basically 4 types of semantic motivation, and they are: oonomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.3. The distinction was first made by Gottlob Frege between abstract ideas and concrete objects of sensation. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is objectified by not considering particular situations and the real intentions of speakers and writers. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. Reference refers to what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definitionof the phrase itself, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms are semantically united and structurally stable. For example, Kick the bucket is an idiom, meaning “to die”. Structurally, we can not say “The bucket is kick by John” while still keep its meaning stable.5. Metonymy refers to the rhetorical device in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. For example, the expression in the cradle means to be in one’s childhood, because cradle is used for the young babies and closely related to the young age of one.Part IV Answer the following questions.1. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.2. (1) Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example, movement is f ormed by add a suffix “-ment” to the root “move”.(2) Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. For example, “edit” is created out of “editor” on the mistake n assumption that the agentive suffix.3. Hyponymy refers to the semantic relationship of inclusion, in which the meaning of more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The more specific words tulip and rose are called hyponyms or subordinate terms of the more general word flower. And flower is named hypernym or superordinate terms of tulip and rose. In the following 2 sentences, such a relation is indicated as follows:Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week MondaySupplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 3Part I Multiple choices.1. A may consist of a single morpheme as in "iron" or of twomorphemes as in a compound like "handcuff".A. stem, root, rootB. root, stem, stemC. stem, stem, rootD. root, root, stem2.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of .A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing3.Which group of the following are acronyms?A. VOA, AIDS, BASIC, D-DayB. CORE, Laser, TEFL, NATOC. G-man, BBC, BASIC, NATOD. TV, ID, TB, UFO4.Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5.Which of the following is incorrect?A. “airmail” means “mail by air”B. “reading-lamp” means “lamp for reading”C. “green horn” is the horn green in colorD. “hopeless” is “without hope”6.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning7.Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms8.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds” are two pairsof synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressionsB. figurative &euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional EnglishD. borrowing9.The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.The structure in which the word in question appears can be called ________ context.A. situationalB. morphologicalC. lexicalD. grammatical10.means something useless and unwanted but big and costly.A. white elephantB. dark elephantC. white horseD. dark horse11.Linguistic context is also known as context.A. socialB. verbalC. LexicalD. physical12.The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over theyears.A. systematicallyB. arbitrarilyC. logicallyD. rapidly13.The English alphabet was adopted from _______.A. Anglo-SaxonB. the RomansC. GreekD. Sanskrit14.The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________.A. Anglo-SaxonsB. French speaking NormansC. CeltsD. Jutes15.English is more closely related to ____________.A. German than French.B. French to GermanC. Welsh than GermanD. Irish than Dutch16.In the words "recollection, idealistic, and ex-prisoner", "re-, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex-, and-er" are .A. prefixesB. suffixesC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes Part II Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as l oan_________ words.2.One of the variants realizing a morpheme is called a llomorph.3.C ompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4.The word meaning is made up of g rammatical meaning andl exical meaning, which itself has two components:c onceptual meaning and associative meaning.5.When a word was created, it was endowed with p rimary meaning. With theadvance of time and the development of language it took on more and mored erived meanings.6.A rgot__ refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.7.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learningancient Greek and roman classics, which is known in history as the R enascence_________.8.Affixes can be grouped into d erivational and i nflectional affixes.9.Words do not change in morphological structure but in function, which is knownas f unctional shift.10.Synonyms can be grouped into absolute synonyms andr elative synonyms.11.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most of the languages ofEurope, the Near East, and I ndia______.12.Old English was a highly i nflectional________ language just like modernGerman.13.The allomorphs of the plural morpheme can be realized by z ero morphas in "deer—deer", "fish—fish".14.A melioration_______ refers to the process by which words rise from humblebeginnings to position of more importance.15.Some words which are used to denote one thing but later changed to denotesomething else have experienced the process of semantic transfer/transference _____.16.Opposite to d enotative____ meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtonesor associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.17.Martin Joos (1962) in his The Five ClocksI suggests five degrees of formality:f rozen___, formal, consultative, casual, and initimate.18.Homonyms are classified into perfect homonyms, homographs andh omophones______.19.“parent –child” is a pair of r elational______ opposites.20.Words like now/then, here/there, tomorrow/yesterday are used to refer directly tothe personal temporal or locational characteristics of a situation. They are called deictic ____ words.Part III Explain the following terms with proper examples.ponential analysis2.Explain the term connotative meaning, with examples.3.schemataPart IV Answer the following questions.1.What are the stylistic features of idioms?2.Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling andpronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. Please design a way to distinguish the two concepts?Answers for Exercise 3Part I Multiple choices.1-5 ACBBC 6-10 BAADA 11-15 BABCA 16 DPart II Fill in the blanks.1. loan2. allomorph3. compounding4. grammatical, lexical, conceptual, associative5. primary, derived6. argot7. Renascence8. derivational, inflectional9. functional 10. absolute, relative 11. India 12. inflectional/inflected 13. zero 14. amelioration 15. transfer/transference 16. denotative 17. frozen 18. homophone 19. relational 20. deicticPart III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. Componential analysis also called feature analysis or contrast analysis. It is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the structure of a word's meaning by breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features. Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of /binary opposition, using “+” and “-” to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties by using plus and minus signs. It can reveal the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in the domain. Examples are:Man is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [+ADULT]Woman is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [+ADULT]Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT]Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]2. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother, denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc.3. Schemata or schematic knowledge refers to the mental representation of the linked, structured arrangements of facts. The formation of certain type of schemata is considered to be grounded in the present and based on past experiences. Schemata are an effective tool for understanding the world, which provides us with a frame of reference. For example, self-schemata, a schemata of a deal, of a university, etc.Part IV Answer the following questions.1. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definition of the phrase itself, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms have some stylistic features as stated as follows.(1) Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.2. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. For example, the native English word “ball” meaning。
词汇学期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末考试复习资料第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
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第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.‘Indo-European’两大分支：Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albani anWestern set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.Balto-Slavic///Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgaria n ,Slovenian and Russian.In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived fro m Hellenic.Celtic：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe Italic family The five Romance languages, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Romanian 。
The Germanic family consists of the four Northern Europea n Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,wh ich are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then t here is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came int o the English language.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany.Old English450-1150 middle eng1150-1500modern1500 up to nowAnglo-Saxon as Old English.Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence onEnglish was mainly Germanic.Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance . ancient Greek and Roman classics.Modern English：Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern EnglishOld English was a highly inflected language. It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）Modern English period 外来语The Latin words swarmed into English in early modernThe richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises fro m (Colonization )Three main sources of new words :1)The rapid development of modern science and technology2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and languageModes of Vocabulary Development1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing英语从synthetic language 发展到present analytical language 答案：Modern English period 三语鼎立French, Latin, English in Middle English period文艺复兴时期，Greek , Roman culture主要是Latin, Greek某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：Modern EnglishBorrow最多从Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian第三章The smallest unit in the English language (morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language (word)In the plural form changing, some of the words will take inter nal vowel change , this internal vowel change is allomorph s A morpheme attached to a base, stem or root (affix) Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language，’the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs that are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Morph（形素）—— the phonetic语言学的or orthographic 拼写法的segments部分which realize morfhemes. Allomorph (词素变体）--- refers to the variants of the same morpheme.types of morphemes：Free and boundFree morphemes : independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes: cannot occur as separate words are bound.1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words.3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affixaffix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus know n as inflectional morphemes.The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.Derivational affixes:derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordscan be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.stem : a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.2) 可以加inflectional affixes 的，不改变意思。