Unit14+15公司战略

合集下载

管理学专业术语(中英文对照)

管理学专业术语(中英文对照)

1.管理与组织导论管理者:(manager)基层管理者:(first-line managers)中层管理者:(middle managers)高层管理者:(top managers)管理:(management)效率:(efficiency)效果:(effectiveness)计划:(planning)组织:(organizing)领导:(leading)控制:(controlling)管理角色:(management roles)人际关系角色:(interpersonal roles)信息传递角色:(informational roles)决策制定角色:(descisional roles)技术技能:(technical skills)人际技能:(human skills)概念技能:(conceptual skills)管理的普遍性:(universality of management)2.管理的历史劳动分工:(division of labor)工作专业化:(job specialization)工业革命:(industrific revolution)科学管理:(scientific management)一般行政管理理论:(general administrative theory) 管理原则:(principles of management)官僚行政组织:(bureaucracy)定量方法:(quantitative approach)组织行为:(organizational behavior)霍桑研究系统:(Hawthorne studies systems)封闭系统:(closed systems)开放系统:(open systems)权变理论:(contingency approach)劳动力多元化:(workforce diversity)电子企业:(e-business)电子商务:(e-commerce)内部网:(intranet)学习型组织:(learning organization)知识管理:(knowledge management)质量管理:(quality management)3.组织文化与环境管理万能论:(omnipotent view of management) 管理象征论:(symbolil view of management)组织文化:(organization culture)强文化:(strong cultures)社会化:(socialization)工作场所精神境界:(workplace spirituality)外部环境:(external environment)具体环境:(specific environment)一般环境:(general environment)环境的不确定性:(environment uncertainty)环境的复杂性:(environment complexity)利益相关群体:(stakholders)4.全球环境中的管理狭隘主义:(parochialism)民族中心论:(ethnocentric attitude)多国中心论:(polycentric attitude)全球中心论:(geocentric attitude)跨国公司:(multinational corporation)多国公司:(multidomestic corporation)全球公司:(global company)跨国或无边界组织:(transnational or boredrless organization) 初始全球化组织:(born globals)全球外购:(global sourcing)出口:(exporting)进口:(importing)许可证经营:(licensing)许可经营:(franchising)战略同盟:(strategic alliance)合资企业:(joint venture)外国子公司:(foreign subsidiary)市场经济:(market economy)计划经济:(command economy)民族文化:(national culture)5.社会责任与管理道德古典观点:(classical view)社会经济学观点:(socioeconomic view)社会义务:(social obligation)社会响应:(social responsiveness)社会责任:(social responsinility)社会屏障筛选:(social screening)管理的绿色化:(gerrning of management)以价值观为基础的管理:(values-based management) 道德:(ethics)自我强度控制点:(ego strength locus of control)道德准则:(code of ethics)社会企业家:(social entrepreneur)社会影响管理:(social impact management)6.制定决策决策:(decisions)决策制定过程:(decision-making process)决策标准问题:(decision criteria problem)理性的:(rational)有限理性:(bounded rationality)满意的承诺升级:(satisfied escalation of commitment) 直觉决策:(intuitive decision making)结构良好问题:(structured problems)程序化决策:(programmed decision)程序:(procedure)规则:(rule)政策:(policy)结构不良问题:(unstructured problems)非程序化决策:(nonprogrammed decisions) 确定性:(certainty)风险性:(risk)命令型风格:(directive style)分析型风格:(analytic style)概念型风格:(conceptual style)行为型风格:(behavioral style)启发法:(heuristics)7.计划的基础陈述目标:(stated goals)真实目标:(real goals)战略计划:(strategic plans)运营计划:(operational plans)长期计划:(long-term plans)短期计划:(short-term plans)具体计划:(specific plans)方向性计划:(directional plans)一次性计划:(single-used plans)持续性计划:(standing plans)传统目标:(traditional goal setting)手段-目标链:(means-ends chain)目标管理:(management by objectives)使命:(mission)承诺概念:(commitment concept)正式计划部门:(formal planning department) 8.战略管理战略管理:(strategic management)组织战略商业模式:(strategies business model ) 战略管理过程:(strategic management process) 机会:(opportunities)威胁:(threats)资源:(resources)能力:(capabilities)核心竞争力:(core competencies)SWOT分析法:(SWOT analysis)公司层战略:(corporate strategy)增长战略:(growth strategy)相关多元化:(related diversification)非相关多元化:(unrelated diversification) 稳定性战略:(stability strategy)更新战略:(renewal strategies)紧缩战略:(retrenchment strategy)扭转战略:(turnaround strategy)BCG矩阵:(BCG matrix)业务层战略:(business strategy)战略业务单元:(strategic business units) 竞争优势:(competitive advantage)成本领先战略:(cost leadership strategy) 遵循差异化战略:(differentiation strategy) 聚焦战略:(focus strategy)徘徊其间:(stuck in the middle)战略灵活性:(strategic flexibility)市场先入者:(first mover)9.计划的工具技术环境扫描:(environment scanning)竞争对手情报:(competitor intelligence) 预测:(forecasts)定量预测:(quantitative forecasting)定性预测:(qualitative forecasting)标杆比较:(benchmarking)资源:(resources)预算:(budget)甘特图:(Gantt chart)负荷图:(load chart)事件:(events)计划评审技术:(the program evaluation and review technique) 活动:(activities)松弛时间:(slack time)关键路径:(critical path)盈亏平衡分析:(breakeven analysis)线性规划:(linear programming)项目管理:(project management)脚本:(scenario)10.组织结构与设计组织结构设计:(organazational structure design)工作专门化:(work specialization)职能部门化:(functional departmentalization)产品部门化:(product departmentalization)地区部门化:(geographical departmentalization) 过程部门化:(process departmentalization)顾客部门化:(customer departmentalization)跨职能团队:(cross-functional teams)指挥链:(chain of command)职权:(authority)职责:(responsibility)统一指挥:(unity of command)管理跨度:(span of control)集权化:(centralization)分权化:(decentralization)员工授权:(employee empowerment)正规化:(formalization)机械式组织:(mechanistic organization)有机式组织:(organic organization)单件生产:(unit production)大批量生产:(mass production)连续生产:(process production)简单结构:(simple structure)职能型结构:(flanctional structure)事业部型结构:(divisional structure)团队结构:(team structure)矩阵型结构:(matrix structure)项目型结构:(project structure)无边界组织:(boundaryless organization) 虚拟组织:(virtual organization)学习型组织:(learning organization)组织结构图:(organizational charts) 11.沟通与信息技术沟通:(communication)人际沟通:(interpersonal communication) 组织沟通:(organizational communication) 信息:(message)编码:(encoding)解码:(decoding)沟通过程:(communication process)噪声:(noise)非语言沟通:(nonverbal communication) 体态语言:(body language)语调:(verbal intonation)过滤:(filtering)信息超载:(information overload)积极倾听:(active listening)正式沟通:(formal communication)非正式沟通:(informal communication)下行沟通:(upward communication)横向沟通:(lateral communication)斜向沟通:(diagonal communication)沟通网络:( communication networks)小道消息:(grape-vine)电子邮件:(e-mail)即时消息:(instant messaging)音频邮件:(voice-mail)电子数据交换:(electrinic data interchange) 电话会议:(teleconferencing)可视会议:(videoconferencing)网络会议:(webconferencing)内部互联网:(intranet)外部互联网:(Extranet)实践社区:(communities practive)12.人力资源管理高绩效工作实务:(high-performance work practices)人力资源管理过程:(human resource management process) 工会(labor union)反优先雇佣行动计划:(affirmative action)人力资源规划:(human resource planning)职务分析:(job analysis)职务说明书:(job description)职务规范:(job specification)招聘:(recruitment)解聘:(decriuitment)甄选:(selection)效度:(validity)信度:(reliability)工作抽样:(work samping)评估中心:(assessment centers)真实工作预览:(relistic job preview)上岗培训:(orientation)绩效管理系统:(performance management system)书面描述法:(written essay)关键事件法:(critical incidents)评分表法:(graphic rating scales)行为定位评分法:(behaviorally anchored rating scales) 多人比较法:(multiperson comparisons)360度反馈法:(360-degree feedback)基于技能薪酬:(skill-based pay)浮动工资:(variable pay)精简机构:(downsizing)性骚扰:(sexual harassment)基于家庭的福利:(family-friendly benefits)13.变革与创新管理组织变革:(organizational change)变革推动者:(change agent)组织发展:(organizational development)压力:(stress)14.行为的基础行为:(behavior)组织行为学:(organizational behavior)员工生产率:(employee productivity)离职率:(turnover)组织公民行为:(organizational citizen behavior)工作满意度:(job satisfaction)工作场所不当行为态度:(workplace misbehavior attitudes) 认知行为:(cognitive component)情感成分:(affective component)行为成分:(behavior component)组织承诺:(organizational commitment)组织支持感:(perceived organizational support)认知失调:(cognitive dissonance)态度调查:(attitude surveys)人格:(personality)马基雅维里主义:(machiavellianism)自尊:(self-esteem)自我控制:(self-monitoring)印象管理:(impression management)情绪:(emotion)情绪智力:(emotional Intelligence)知觉:(perception)归因理论:(attribution theory)基本归因错误:(fundamental attribution error)自我服务偏见:(self-serving bias)假设相似性:(assumed similarity)刻板印象:(stereotyping)晕轮效应:(halo effect)操作性条件反射:(operant conditioning)社会学习理论:(social learning theory)行为塑造:(shaping behavior)15.理解群体与团队群体:(group)形成阶段:(forming)震荡阶段:(storming)规范阶段:(norming)执行阶段:(performing)解体阶段:(adjourning)群体思维:(groupthink)地位:(status)社会惰化:(social loafing)群体内聚力:(group cohesiveness)冲突:(conflict)冲突的传统观点:(traditional view of conflict)冲突的人际关系观点:(human relations view of conflict)冲突的交互作用观点:(interactionist view of conflict) 积极冲突:(functional conflict)消极冲突:(disfunctional conflict)任务冲突:(task conflict)关系冲突:(relationship conflict)过程冲突:(process conflict)工作团队:(workteams)自我管理团队:(self-managed work teams)跨职能团队:(cross-functional team)虚拟团队:(virtual team)社会网络构造:(social network structure)16.激励员工动机:(motivation)需要层次理论:(hierarchy of needs theory)双因素理论:(two-factor theory)保健因素:(hygiene factors)激励因素:(motivators)三种需要理论:(three-needs theory)成就需要:(need for achievement)权力需要:(need for power)归属需要:(need for affiliation)目标设置理论:(goal-setting theory)自我效能感:(self-efficacy)强化理论:(reinforcement theory)强化物:(reinforcer)工作设计:(job design)工作扩大化:(job enlargement)工作丰富化:(job enrichment)工作深度:(job depth)工作特征模型:(job characteristics model) 公平理论:(equity theory)参照对象:(referents)分配公平:(distributive justice)程序公平:(procedural justice)期望理论:(expectancy theory)压缩工作周:(compressed workweek)弹性工作制:(flexible work hours)弹性时间制:(flextime)工作分担:(job sharing)远程办公:(telecommuting)账目公开管理:(open-book management)员工认可方案:(employee recognition programs)绩效工资方案:(pay-for-performance program)股票期权:(stock options)17.领导领导者:(leader)领导:(leadership)行为理论:(behavioral theories)独裁型风格:(authoeratic style)民主型风格:(democratic style)放任型风格:(laissez-faire style)定规维度:(initiating strueture)关怀维度:(consideration)高-高型领导者:(high-high leader)管理方格:(managerial grid)权变模型:(contingency model)最难共事着问卷:(least-preferred co-worker questionnaire) 情境领导理论:(situational leadership theory)成熟度:(readiness)领导者参与模型:(leader participation model)路径-目标理论:(path-goal theory)交易型领导者:(transactional leaders)变革型领导者:(transformational leaders) 领袖魅力型领导者:(charismatic leader) 愿景规划型领导:(visionary leadership) 法定权利:(legitimate power)强制权利:(coercive power)奖赏权力:(reward power)专家权利:(expert power)参照权利:(referent power)信誉:(credibility)信任:(trust)授权:(empowerment)18.控制的基础控制:(controlling)市场控制:(market control)官僚控制:(bureaucratic control)小集团控制:(clan control)控制过程:(control process)偏差范围:(range of variation)直接纠正行动:(immediate corrective)彻底纠正行动:(basic correvtive action)绩效:(performance)组织绩效:(organizational performance)生产率:(productivity)组织有效性:(organizational effectiveness)前馈控制:(feedforward control)同期控制:(concurrent control)走动管理:(management by walking around)反馈控制:(feedback control)经济附加值:(economic value added)市场附加值:(market valueadded)平衡计分卡:(balanced scorecard)管理信息系统:(management information system) 标杆比较:(benchmarking)员工偷窃:(employee theft)服务利润链:(service profit chain)公司治理:(corporate governance)19.运营与价值链管理运营管理:(operations management)制造型组织:(manufacturing organizations)服务型组织:(service organizations)价值链:(value chain)价值链管理:(value chain management) 组织过程:(organizational processes)知识产权:(intellectual processes)质量:(quality)批量定制:(mass customization)。

管理学战略管理ppt课件

管理学战略管理ppt课件
27
§
1. 2
战略管理
1、何谓战略管理?
战略管理(Strategy Management)一词最初是由 美国学者安索夫于1976年在其所著的《从战略计 划走向战略管理》一书中提出的。 安索夫认为,企业战略管理是指将企业日常业务 决策同长期计划决策相结合而形成的一系列经营 管理业务。 斯坦纳认为,企业战略管理确立企业使命,根据 企业外部环境和内部经营要素设定企业目标,保 证目标的正确落实并使企业使命最终实现的一个 动态过程。
资源配置和竞争优势是经营单位战略的两个重要因素。
24
职能层战略(Functional Strategy)

职能战略是为贯彻、实施和支持公司战略与事 业部战略而在企业特定的职能管理领域制定的 战略。
协同作用是职能战略的重要因素 。
25
企业战略的特征
1、指导性。是企业的发展蓝图,在企业经营管理活 动中起着指导作用 2、全局性。最根本的特征,重点不是研究企业的局 部问题,而是企业的整体发展 3、长远性。“人无远虑、必有近”企业战略着眼于 长期生存和长远发展的思考,通常着眼于未来3-5 年甚至更长远的目标 缺乏战略眼光的后果是什么? 围湖造田,毁林开荒 战略不能朝令夕改,应有一定的稳定性 4、竞争性。为了赢得市场竞争的优势和胜利 5、系统性。综合性,企业战略与战术、策略、方法、 手段相结合 6、风险性。任何企业战略都存在风险

3




战争与商业竞争相同,也是人类利益冲突之
一。 ——[德]克劳塞维茨 没有战略的企业就像个流浪汉一样无家可归。 ——[美] 彼得.德鲁克

4





企业要是没有战略,就像一架在险恶气候中飞行,却又不知道往那飞的 飞机。

商务英语Unit 14 参考答案

商务英语Unit 14 参考答案

Unit 14 LeadershipPart I Business V ocabulary1 As we are one of the leading importers in this line, we are _______ D _____ to handle large quantities.A at a positionB of a positionC on a positionD in a position2 We offer you the following items _______D _______ your reply reaching here by May21 our time.A subjecting toB to subject toC subjects toD subject to3 ______ A _____ your prices be in line, you will find a ready market for the products.A ShouldB To provideC ProvidedD Provide4 We confirm our e-mail of yesterday, _______ C ________ as follows.A readsB readC which readsD which reading5 Our latest design has won worldwideB.A popularB popularityC popularlyD popularize6 Art. No. 823 enjoys the fame of wideC.A sellingB salableC salesD sell7 As the goods are __ A _ great demand we regret being unable to cover your requirements.A inB onC ofD having8 Your payment terms are Dto us.A agreeB agreedC agreementD agreeable9 We would suggest _______ B ______ your own interest that you fax us your acceptance as soon as possible.A withB inC forD at10 Their latest products are ______B ________.A on scare supplyB in short supplyC Not preparingD with abundant supply11 We cannot _________B________ our offer open for more than three days, so please fax us your acceptance immediately.A haveB leaveC remainD make12 We are _________ D ______ your letter of June 24 offering us 50 metric tons of Groundnut Kernels.A at receipt ofB on receipt forC in receipt forD in receipt of13 Some customers requested us to ______ D _______ our price because they considered it too high.A put downB get downC take downD bring down14 Great demand in the market resulted ______A_______ the increasing prices of the digital cameras.A inB fromC forD at15 _________ B ______ we appreciate your intention, we regret that we cannot entertain any fresh order.A AsB ThoughC MuchD So16 _________ B _________ we would like to supply you with the product, we are unable to fill your order.A As much asB Much asC Very muchD As17 __________ C ______ heavy commitments, we cannot accept any fresh orders.A SinceB BecauseC Owing toD As18 We are fully aware _______ A _______ the trouble you are faced with.A ofB inC atD /19 Increased productions results _____C _____ the adoption of new production method.A inB atC fromD on20 The Buyers demand that the goods _________ D _________ within a week.A must shipB should shipC must be shippedD be shippedPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 首席执行官ChiefExecutive Officer2 资本结构capital structure3 宗教价值观religious values4 语音邮件voice-mail5 信息量volume of information6 商业领导Business Leader7 现任职位present position8 个人素质personal qualities9 管理理念management style10 业绩记录trackrecord11 商业技能commercial skill12 营销战略Marketing Strategy13 决策decision-making14 现金奖励Cashreward15 年终奖end-of-year bonus16 职业发展计划career development plan17 销售代表SalesRepresentative18 股东价值shareholder value19 财富创造者wealth creator20 两位数增长Double-digit growthPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation onthe Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1. The word “manager” has too often come to be synonymous with control.“经理”这一词总给人一种和控制相类似的感觉.2. The world will belong to passionate, driven leaders – people who not only have enormous amounts of energy but who can energize those whom they lead.世界将属于那些富有热情,干劲十足的领导人.不仅要有巨大的活力,还要能够激励他们领导的员工.3. Above all else good leaders are open. They go up, down, and around their organizations to reach people.最重要的是好领导都是开诚布公的。

销售英语 营销英语常用词汇A-D

销售英语 营销英语常用词汇A-D

发卖英语营销英语常用词汇A-D传闻过吗?躺在床上能和外教一对一练英语白话!适合职场中的你!免费体验史上最牛英语白话学习,承平洋英语A A. C. Nielson 尼尔森市场研究公司absorption of costs 成本分配accesibility 可进入性accessory equipment markets 从属设备市场account management policies 客户办理策略Acer 宏基acquisition new-product development strategy 新产物开发收购战略activity-based costing 以活动为根底的成本系统adaptability 适应性adaptation to market variations 适应市场变化adaptive positioning 适应性定位additions to existing product lines 现有产物线的增加adequate size 准确的大小/足够的规模administered vertical marketing systems 办理式垂直营销系统administrative relationships 办理关系adopter categories 采购者的类型adoption process 采购过程advertising and market segmentation 广告与市场细分advertising and sales promotion 广告和发卖促进advertising effects 广告效果advertising ethics 广告伦理道德advertising feedback 广告反响advertising frequency 广告频率advertising media 广告媒体advertising message 广告信息advertising reach 广告接受人数advertising source 广告信息来源advertising 广告aerobic enthusiasts 增氧健身运动爱好者aesthetics 美感affinity club 本家俱乐部after tests 事后测试agent middleman 代办署理商agent/merchant middleman 代办署理中间商allowance 折让alteration 退换AMA Code of Ethics 美国营销协会职业道德尺度Amazon 亚马逊公司American Airlines 美国航空公司American Express 美国运通American Marketing Association 美国营销协会Amoco 阿莫科〔英国石油公司〕analysis of data 数据阐发analyzer strategy 阐发者战略Anderson 安达信annual marketing plan 年度营销方案annual requirement purchasing arrangement 年度采购需求方案anticipatory positioning 预见性定位anti-pollution legislation 反污染立法anti-trust legislation 反托拉斯立法Apple Computers 苹果电脑area structure 地域布局aspiration/expectation level 巴望/期望程度aspirations of consumers 消费者巴望assurance 包管AT&T 美国电报公司ATM (automatic teller machine) 银行自动柜员机attitudes of consumers 消费者态度attributes 属性audiences 受众auto repair 汽车维修automation services 自动效劳automobile industry 汽车财产autonomy 自主权availability 可获得性/供货能力avante guardian 前卫派Avon 雅芳awareness 〔产物〕知晓度/知名度B baby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一体化banner advertisements 横幅标语广告bar codes 条形码barter 实物交易basic physical needs 底子生理需要Bausch & Lomb 博士伦BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为阐发behavioural hierarchies 行为层级benchmarking 基准benefit clusters 利益群体benefits 利益Benz 奔跑billing 帐单biological revolution 生物革命birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同blind-paired comparison testing 双盲比拟测试Blockbusterblue collars 蓝领BMW 宝马Boeing 波音bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线brand awareness 品牌意识/认知brand extensions 品牌扩展brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度brand mark 品牌标记brand name 品牌名称brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌识别brand strategies 品牌战略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的价值break-even analysis 盈亏平衡阐发break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产物线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产物线的宽度或多样性bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司brokers 经纪人budgeting 预算bundle 绑缚Bureau of Census 人口统计局Burger King 汉堡王busines strength rating 商业能力评分business plan 商业方案business position 经营地位business sector 商业部分business services markets 商业效劳市场business strategies 经营战略business unit strategy 经营单元战略Business Week 商业周刊buyback allowances 回购折让buyback arrangements 产物返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力buyers 采购者buying behavior 购置行为buying center 采购中心buying inertia 购置惯性buying intention 购置意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying power indes (BPI) 购置力指数buying situation 采购情况/类型buying task 采购任务C cable TV 有线电视Cadillac 凯迪拉克Campbell's Soup 金宝汤业公司capital gains 成本收益capital invested in product 产物投入成本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录发卖categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司CBS Records 唱片公司CBS 哥伦比亚播送公司centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织布局channel management 渠道办理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel-control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel-management decisions 渠道办理决策channels of communication 传布渠道Charles Snow 查尔斯·斯诺Cherokee 切诺基chevrolet 雪佛莱choice criteria 选择尺度Christian Dior 克里斯汀·迪奥〔世界著名时装品牌〕Chrysler 克莱斯勒Citi Corp 花旗银行closing a sale 结束发卖clothing retailers 服装零售商CNN 美国有线新闻网co-branding 联合品牌code of ethics 〔职业〕道德尺度coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调Colgate-Palmolive 高露洁collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案Comdex 计算机展销会commercialization 商业化commitment 承诺communication channels 传布渠道communication process 传布过程communication 信息交流/沟通communications media 传布媒体company personnel 公司员工Compaq 康柏comparative advertisements 比拟广告comparison of brands 品牌比拟compensation deals 抵偿处置compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励compensatory 抵偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向订价法competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply-side) evolution 竞争〔供方〕演变competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争谍报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略competitive strength 竞争优势/能力competitor analysis 竞争者阐发complaint handling 投诉处置component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略conformance to specifications 与规格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略conjoint measurement 联合测度法conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision-making 消费者〔购置〕决策consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品订价法案consumer goods 消费品consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消费者包装食品公司consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场consumers' perceptions 消费者感知consumption 消费contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变方案contract construction 契约建筑业contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际奉献〔奉献毛利〕阐发contributrion margin 边际奉献control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便当食品商店convenience goods 便当品convenience 效劳的便当性Cool Whip 清凉维普co-operative advertising 合作性广告co-ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决co-production 合作出产core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提议corollary-data method 推定命据法corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司〔经营〕范围corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告corrective action 矫正步履cost analysis 成本阐发cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 成本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 产物发卖成本cost reductions 降低成本产物cost-and-volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost-oriented pricing 成本导向订价法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢价订价法costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销本能机能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本costs of distribution 分销成本countertrade 对等贸易coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的发卖范围credibility 信誉credit terms 信贷条款critical assumptions 关键假设cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性订价法customer analysis 顾客阐发customer contact 顾客接触customer demand 顾客需求customer intimacy 顾客亲密度customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要customer organization of sales force 按客户组织发卖步队customer retention 顾客维系/保留customer satisfaction 顾客对劲度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场订价customer service 顾客效劳customer-oriented pricing 顾客导向订价法customers' perception 顾客感知customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度customizing 定制D data collection 数据收集data confidentiality 数据保密data research 数据研究data sources 数据来源dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场decoding 解码defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产物开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间delivery 配送Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司Delta Airlines 三角洲航空公司demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲线demand-oriented pricing 需求导向订价法demographic environment 人口统计环境department stores 百货商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制derived demand 衍生需求descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率desired percentage return 预期回报率determinant attributes 关键属性determinants 决定因素different responses 差别反响differentiated defender strategy 差别化防御战略differentiated marketing 差别化营销differentiation over time 不同时间的差别differentiation strategy 差别化战略differentiation 差别化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性阐发direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability (DPP) 直接产物盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销discount rate 贴现率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略discriminant analysis 差别阐发法discriminatory adjustments 歧视价风格整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视订价调整disjunctive model 别离模型display space 陈列空间disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次布局distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策distribution policies 分销策略distribution 分销distributor/store (private lables) brands 分销商/私有品牌distributors 分销商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算dividend 红利dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产物dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统duplication 〔媒体〕重复DuPont 杜邦公司durability 耐用性。

自考《工商导论》资料。

自考《工商导论》资料。

Setting up a business:建立一个公司:独资企业;合资企业;公司;授权经营1.Sole Proprietorship:(A sole proprietorship is a business owned and controlled byone person.)A:Simple to Establish;Free in Decision-Making;Easy to Keep Opreational and Financial Secrecy;Less Tax burden;Exclusive Use of Profits.D:Unlimited Liability;Limited Access to Capital;Limited Managerial Expertise. 2.Partnership(Those who believe that”two heads are better than one”often chooseworking in a partnership rather than running their business alone)A:Improved Access to Capital and Credit;Greater Possibility for Good Management;Definite LegalFramework;Better Prospects for Groweh.D:Unlimited Liability;Internal Conflicts;Problem of Continuity.3.Corporation:A:Limited Liability;Easy to Expand;Separated Ownership andManagement;Continuous life;D:Double Taxation;High Organizing Costs;Lack of Secrecy.4.Franchising:A:Instant customer recognition;still enjoy some independence as asole proprietor.D:Do not guarantee success;sacrifice some independence.Marketing: an overview1.The Functions of Marketing 营销的功能:Marketing Research ;Acquiring;Selling;Transportation;Storge;Finance and Credit;Risk Taking;Standardization and Grading.2;The Marketing Mix 营销组合:Product Price Promotion PlaceMarket Segmentation 市场细分:Geographic Variables;Demographic Variables; Psychographic Variables;Produce-use Variables3.Types of products产品分类:Consumer Products ; Industrial Products4.Development of New Products:Generating New Produce Ideas;Screening; Development;Testing;Commercialization5.Product Life Cycle产品的生命周期:Introduction,Growth;Maturity;Decline. Pricing Objectives 定价的目标:Prodit-Oriented Objectives;Sales-Oriented Objectives;Follow-the-Leader Objectives.Princing Strategies定价策略:Skimming Strategy;Penetration Strategy;Loss Leader Pricing Stratrgy;Odd Pricing Strategy;Price Lining Strategy.Wholesalers 批发商1.Retailers零售商:Department Stoeres;Discount Srores;Supermarkete;Hypermarkets; General Stoers;Specialty Stores;Door-to-Door Sellers;Mail-Order Houses;Vending Machines;Virtual Stores.2.The Cost and Value of Middlemen 中间商的价值Time Utility ; Place Utility ; Ownersship Utility ; Information Utility ; Form Utility 3.Modes of Transportation 运输方式:Rail;Truck;Pipeline;Water;Air.Promotion1.Advertising:Newspaper,Television,Radio,Direct,Mail,Magazines,Internet,Outdoor, Others2.Personal Selling:Prospect,Quqlify,Approach,Make Presentation,Handle Objections, Close,Follow-up.Money and Banking1.Money:portability,divisibility,stability,durability,acceptability.Printed paper纸币,metal coins硬币2.what does money do?medium of exchange,a store of value,a unit of account3.Types of Money钱的分类:M-1:currency,demand deposits,and other checkabledeposits现金,活期存款,支票存款;Time deposits定期存款。

八年级上册英语单词表人教版

八年级上册英语单词表人教版

八年级上册英语单词表人教版Unit 11. addict n. 上瘾者2. assistance n. 帮助3. athlete n. 运动员4. challenge n. 挑战5. confidence n. 自信6. cooperate v. 合作7. defeat v. 击败8. determination n. 决心9. distribute v. 分发10. eliminate v. 消除11. encourage v. 鼓励12. extraordinary adj. 非凡的13. focus n. 焦点14. furious adj. 狂怒的15. hesitate v. 犹豫16. implement v. 实施17. impress v. 使印象深刻18. inspire v. 激励19. participate v. 参与20. promote v. 促进Unit 21. adopt v. 采用,收养2. advertisement n. 广告3. annual adj. 年度的,一年一度的4. benefit n. 利益,好处5. cancer n. 癌症6. celebrate v. 庆祝7. challenge n. 挑战8. charity n. 慈善机构,慈善事业9. diagnose v. 诊断10. disaster n. 灾难11. donate v. 捐赠12. encourage v. 鼓励13. event n. 事件,活动14. exhibit v. 展出15. purchase v. 购买16. release v. 发行,发布17. sponsor v. 赞助18. support v. 支持19. surgery n. 手术20. witness v. 目击,见证Unit 31. ambition n. 抱负,雄心2. anniversary n. 周年纪念日3. assumption n. 假设4. audience n. 观众,听众5. broadcast v. 广播,播放6. celebrate v. 庆祝7. ceremony n. 典礼,仪式8. challenge n. 挑战9. contribute v. 贡献,捐献10. cooperate v. 合作11. dedicate v. 致力于,献身于12. demonstrate v. 示范,证明13. enthusiasm n. 热情14. host n. 主持人,主办方15. mission n. 使命,任务16. occasion n. 场合,时刻17. recognize v. 认出,承认18. representative n. 代表,代理人19. speech n. 演讲,讲话20. tribute n. 赞词,致敬Unit 41. ambition n. 抱负,雄心2. brilliant adj. 杰出的,优秀的3. candidate n. 候选人4. challenge n. 挑战5. competition n. 竞争,比赛6. confidence n. 自信7. embrace v. 拥抱,接受8. encourage v. 鼓励9. environment n. 环境10. exceed v. 超过,超出11. failure n. 失败12. honor n. 荣誉13. motivate v. 激励,促进14. opportunity n. 机会,时机15. potential adj. 潜在的16. professional adj. 职业的,专业的17. promote v. 促进,宣传18. sacrifice n. 牺牲19. succeed v. 成功20. talent n. 天赋,才能Unit 51. accelerate v. 加速2. acknowledge v. 承认,认可3. alternative n. 选择,替代品4. anticipate v. 预期,期望5. capacity n. 容量,能力6. charitable adj. 慈善的7. compassion n. 同情心8. demonstration n. 示范,示威9. emergency n. 紧急情况10. evacuate v. 疏散,撤离11. extend v. 扩展,延伸12. hardship n. 困难,艰辛13. impact n. 影响14. income n. 收入15. initiative n. 倡议,计划16. implement v. 实施,执行17. nevertheless adv. 然而,不过18. purchase v. 购买,采购19. relief n. 缓解,宽慰20. tragedy n. 悲剧,灾难Unit 61. apparently adv. 显然地2. assignment n. 作业,任务3. benefit n. 好处,利益4. combination n. 组合,联合5. communicate v. 沟通,交流6. effective adj. 有效的,生效的7. frequent adj. 频繁的,常发生的8. guarantee v. 保证9. interact v. 互动,交互10. maintain v. 维持,保持11. motive n. 动机,目的12. obstacle n. 障碍,阻碍13. persistence n. 坚持14. potential adj. 潜在的,可能的15. principle n. 原则,道义16. propose v. 提议,建议17. research n. 研究,调查18. stable adj. 稳定的19. strategy n. 战略,策略20. technique n. 技术,技巧Unit 71. abstract adj. 抽象的,摘要的2. analyze v. 分析,化验3. calculate v. 计算,估计4. constant adj. 持续的,不断的5. coordinate v. 协调,配合6. correspond v. 相应,符合7. data n. 数据,资料8. diagram n. 图表,流程图9. differentiate v. 区分,辨别10. equation n. 方程式11. formula n. 公式,配方12. illustrate v. 说明,举例说明13. imply v. 暗示,意味着14. justify v. 辩解,证明15. locate v. 找到,定位16. organize v. 组织,安排17. plot n. 情节,地块18. principle n. 原则,道义19. ratio n. 比例,比率20. summary n. 摘要,概述Unit 81. bacteria n. 细菌2. beneficial adj. 有益的,有利的3. chemical adj. 化学的4. contain v. 包含,容纳5. cure v. 治愈,治疗6. decay n. 腐烂,衰变7. detect v. 发现,检测8. effective adj. 有效的,生效的9. environment n. 环境,自然界10. exceed v. 超过,超出11. immune adj. 免疫的12. infection n. 感染,传染13. ingredient n. 原料,成分14. organic adj. 有机的15. react v. 反应,作出反应16. release v. 发行,发布17. resistance n. 抵抗,反抗18. substance n. 物质,实质19. survive v. 存活,幸存20. visible adj. 可见的,显而易见的Unit 91. altitude n. 高度,海拔2. Astronomy n. 星象学,天文学3. atmosphere n. 大气,气氛4. beyond prep. 超过,在...之外5. comet n. 彗星6. constellation n. 星座7. horizon n. 地平线,地平8. illusion n. 幻觉,错觉9. orbit n. 轨道,运行轨迹10. phenomenon n. 现象,奇观11. planet n. 行星12. satellite n. 卫星,人造卫星13. star n. 星,恒星14. sun n. 太阳15. universe n. 宇宙,世界16. visible adj. 可见的,显而易见的17. telescope n. 望远镜,显微镜18. atmosphere n. 大气层,气氛19. galaxy n. 银河20. astronaut n. 宇航员,太空人Unit 101. automobile n. 汽车2. candidate n. 候选人,选手3. challenge n. 挑战,问责4. commercial adj. 商业的,广告的5. competitive adj. 竞争的,有竞争力的6. construct v. 建造,构造7. customer n. 顾客,客户8. design v. 设计,策划9. engineer n. 工程师,技师10. enterprise n. 企业,公司11. exploit v. 开发,利用12. innovate v. 创新,革新13. industry n. 工业,行业14. manufacture v. 制造,生产15. market n. 市场,销路16. mass adj. 大规模的,大众的17. obtain v. 获得,得到18. patent n. 专利,专利权19. potential adj. 潜在的,可能的20. technological adj. 技术的,工艺的。

商务英语Unit2参考答案

商务英语Unit2参考答案

商务英语Unit2参考答案Unit 2 BrandsPart I Business V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.C1 A brand can be a name, a term or a symbol. It is used to ______________ a product from competitors’ products.A differB competeC differentiateD compareB2 Brands should add value to products. It’s a _______________ effect whereby one plus one equals three.A energyB synergyC coordinationD collaboration D3 The better-known the brand name, the more people want to _______ it _______.A copy…offB send…offC break…offD rip…offA4 In the past Calvin Klein took a relatively passive _______________ to the counterfeit problem.A approachB methodC wayD modeB5 But as sales and brand ________________ have risen, Calvin Klein has become an increasingly popular target for Asian and European counterfeiters.A imageB awarenessC managementD loyaltyD6 I’m worried about the sales of the range of fragrances we ________________ two years ago.A soldB mountedC impoundedD launchedB7 The advert stated – jokingly – that 7 million points were needed for someone to ____________ the jet.A declareB claimC announceD specifyB8 A business student, John Leonard, intends to take Pepsi Cola to_______________ regarding the promotion because he thinks they should give him the prize.A homeB policeC schoolD officeD9 Customers have become less loyal to brands and are more willing to____________ to lower-priced coffee products.A trade inB trade forC trade upD trade downC10 It is ________________ as an exclusive ground coffee for gourmets.A producedB madeC promotedD soldA11 Thank you for the _____________ order of February 2 for 28,800 raincoats.A captionedB captioningC to captionD captionC12 Y our order will be ready for shipment by February 28 and be packed _________ seaworthy containers.A byB throughC inD withinD13 Our raincoats are now packed in a polythene bag each and then in a cardboard box, 12 dozen ______________ a carton.A inB atC14 Each carton is ____________ with a polythene sheet and secured by overall strapping.A liningB lineC linedD to lineB15 In addition, the packing is light ________ weight and therefore easy to handle.A toB inC atD forA16 Since a polythene bag is used for each raincoat, it is attractive and _________ for window display.A all readyB alreadyC all readinessD readinessB 17 ____________ regard to packing in cartons for your order, we would like to give you our comments as follows.A AsB WithC ForD AtA18 Cartons lined with plastic sheets can be well protected ____________ moisture, for they can be secured by overall strapping.A againstB forC byD throughC19 Since the trace of pilferage is ___________ more evident, it is easier to file a claim against the insurance company.A manyB lotC muchD fewerB20 Therefore, cartons are convenient ____________ handle and quite suitable for ocean transportation.A forB toPart II Phrase Translation 1 国际品牌International brand2 民族品牌National brand3 品牌商品Branded goods4 品牌管理Brand management5 ⾼档品牌luxury brand6 经典品牌Classic brand7 品牌知名度Brand awareness8 品牌形象Brand image9 品牌忠实Brand loyalty10 品牌延伸Brand stretching11 物有所值V alue for money12 公司战略Corporate strategy13 许可权利Licensing right14 时装设计师Fashion designer15 快餐公司Fast food company16 ⼴告宣传活动Advertising campaign17 研磨咖啡Ground coffee18 市场份额Market share19 消费者调查Consumer survey20 细分市场market SegmentPart III Sentence Translation1.The aim of the advertising campaign is to enhance brand awareness so thatconsumers become more familiar with our coffee products.⼴告宣传活动的⽬的是提⾼品牌知名度以便于消费者更加熟悉我们的咖啡产品。

商务英语Unit14参考答案

商务英语Unit14参考答案

Unit 14 LeadershipPart I Business V ocabulary1 As we are one of the leading importers in this line, we are _______ D _____ to handle large quantities.A at a positionB of a positionC on a positionD in a position2 We offer you the following items _______D _______ your reply reaching here by May21 our time.A subjecting toB to subject toC subjects toD subject to3 ______ A _____ your prices be in line, you will find a ready market for the products.A ShouldB To provideC ProvidedD Provide4 We confirm our e-mail of yesterday, _______ C ________ as follows.A readsB readC which readsD which reading5 Our latest design has won worldwideB.A popularB popularityC popularlyD popularize6 Art. No. 823 enjoys the fame of wideC.A sellingB salableC salesD sell7 As the goods are __ A _ great demand we regret being unable to cover your requirements.A inB onC ofD having8 Your payment terms are Dto us.A agreeB agreedC agreementD agreeable9 We would suggest _______ B ______ your own interest that you fax us your acceptance as soon as possible.A withB inC forD at10 Their latest products are ______B ________.A on scare supplyB in short supplyC Not preparingD with abundant supply11 We cannot _________B________ our offer open for more than three days, so please fax us your acceptance immediately.A haveB leaveC remainD make12 We are _________ D ______ your letter of June 24 offering us 50 metric tons of Groundnut Kernels.A at receipt ofB on receipt forC in receipt forD in receipt of13 Some customers requested us to ______ D _______ our price because they considered it too high.A put downB get downC take downD bring down14 Great demand in the market resulted ______A_______ the increasing prices of the digital cameras.A inB fromC forD at15 _________ B ______ we appreciate your intention, we regret that we cannot entertain any fresh order.A AsB ThoughC MuchD So16 _________ B _________ we would like to supply you with the product, we are unable to fill your order.A As much asB Much asC Very muchD As17 __________ C ______ heavy commitments, we cannot accept any fresh orders.A SinceB BecauseC Owing toD As18 We are fully aware _______ A _______ the trouble you are faced with.A ofB inC atD /19 Increased productions results _____C _____ the adoption of new production method.A inB atC fromD on20 The Buyers demand that the goods _________ D _________ within a week.A must shipB should shipC must be shippedD be shippedPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 首席执行官ChiefExecutive Officer2 资本结构capital structure3 宗教价值观religious values4 语音邮件voice-mail5 信息量volume of information6 商业领导Business Leader7 现任职位present position8 个人素质personal qualities9 管理理念management style10 业绩记录trackrecord11 商业技能commercial skill12 营销战略Marketing Strategy13 决策decision-making14 现金奖励Cashreward15 年终奖end-of-year bonus16 职业发展计划career development plan17 销售代表SalesRepresentative18 股东价值shareholder value19 财富创造者wealth creator20 两位数增长Double-digit growthPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation onthe Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1. The word “manager” has too often come to be synonymous with control.“经理”这一词总给人一种和控制相类似的感觉.2. The world will belong to passionate, driven leaders – people who not only have enormous amounts of energy but who can energize those whom they lead.世界将属于那些富有热情,干劲十足的领导人.不仅要有巨大的活力,还要能够激励他们领导的员工.3. Above all else good leaders are open. They go up, down, and around their organizations to reach people.最重要的是好领导都是开诚布公的。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

2
Ⅰ. Daily conversations 1) A:Is that the office manager over there? B:Yes, it is. A:I haven't met him yet. B:I'll introduce him to you .
3
2) A:Do you have a calling card? B:Yes, right here. A:Here's one of mine. B:Thanks.
25
2.条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样,从句的 谓语动词不能用一般将来时态、过去将来时 态或将来完成时,而要用相应的一般现在时、 一般过去时和现在完成时来替代。又如: Tell me if you get into difficulty. If he does not come, shall we go without him? If you have finished dinner I‟ll ask the waiter for the bill.
5
4. turnover [„tə:n,əuvə] n. 翻覆;营业额;流通 量 E.g. We wish to establish business relations with you and enlarge our turnover. 5. profit [„prɔfit] n. 利润;利益 E.g. We must reduce the cost to get more profit. It will profit you nothing to do that. 6. domestic [dəu„mestik] adj. 国内的;家庭的 domestic goods/products国货 E.g. Topics include the economy and other domestic issues.
24
1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as等。如: • If you watch carefully you will see how to do it. • Don‟t come unless I telephone. • As long as you do your best, we‟ll be happy. • If you ask him, he will help you. • If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.
9
5. prospect [„prɔspekt] n. 前途;预期
E.g. The prospects of the car industry are
brightening.使升级;提升;改良品种
E.g. No need to upgrade.
19
Task2
英语基础语法:现在完成时 一、构成方法 现在完成时由 have 加动词的过去分词构成, 主语是第三人称单数时,要将 have 改为 has. 二、用法说明 ■表示已发生或完成的动作对现在所造成的影 响和结果.有时与just, already, yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用, 如: I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部 电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了.)
26
Tip of the day:
Constant dropping wears the stone.
Thank you!
Made by Chen Hu
Copyright © 2010,All Rights Reserved
27
Unit14 Company results + Unit15 Company strategy
2010.12.15
Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. Daily conversations New words study Learn important and difficult points Grammar study and review Conclusion
mascot
吉 祥 物
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Ⅲ . Learn important and difficult points task1 In unit14, let‟s come to page120 first. We will study the tapescript and then find how to describe a company result detailedly.
21
■表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。常 与“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”,及 how long, (ever) since, ever, before, so far, in the last /past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。如: • She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已 当了十年的舞蹈演员了。 • We‟ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上 万棵树。 • So far there has been no bad news. 到现 在为止还没有什么坏消息。
20
另如: Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了 吗? (你知道它在哪里? ) She has already left. (她不在这里了.) 注意: 1. 现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in1983, just now, when等表示具 体的过去时间的状语连用. 2. 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注 的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等;而现 在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响.
6
7. competitive [kəm„petitiv] adj. 有竞争性的; 比赛的 E.g. Of course, this Christmas will be a highly competitive sales season. 8. disappointing [,disə„pɔintiɡ] adj. 令人失望的; 令人扫兴的 E.g. Tom was very disappointed at the disappointing news. 9. recruit [ri„kru:t] vt. 补充;聘用;征募 E.g. Many young peasants were recruited into the coal mining industry.
23
Ⅳ.Grammar study and review
条件句(The conditional sentence ) 英语条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件 句,表示假设的情况可能发生,用陈述语 气。另一类为非真实条件句,非真实条件 句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情 况,故采用虚拟语气。我们现阶段主要讲 的是真实条件句。
7
10. expand [ik„spænd] vt. 扩张;使膨胀;详述; 发展 E.g. They hope to expand their company.
Uint15 1. strategy ['stræ tidʒi] n. 战略;策略 [ 复数 strategies ] E.g. The previous manager had no clear strategy for sales.
4
Ⅱ. New words study
Uint14 1. result [ri„zʌlt] n. 结果;成绩;成果 E.g. How about your interview result? 2. chair [tʃεə] vt. 担任(会议的)主席;主持 E.g. The meeting was chaired by school -master Mr White. 3. review [ri„vju:] vt. 回顾;检查;复审 n. 回顾; 复习;评论 E.g. Lying in the bed, he reviewed the day's happenings.
8
2. define [di„fain] vt. 定义;使明确;规定 E.g. They disagreed on how to define “liberal”. 3. flexible ['fleksibl] adj. 灵活的;易弯曲的 E.g. In any system, the most flexible person has the control. Flexible management of library work is a new subject in the era of knowledge economy. 4. margin [„mɑ:dʒin] n. 边缘;差价;毛利 E.g. This price will allow a good margin of profit.
Certainly backup before you upgrade. 7. adapt [ə„dæpt] vt. 使适应;改编
E.g. I adapt quickly to new developments.
辨析: adopt [ə'dɔpt] vt. 采取;接受;收养
10
emblem
会 徽
11
22
现在完成时和一般过去式的比较:
通过以下两个句子进行比较总结: Mary has lived in China for three years.(把 过去的动作和状态与现在联系起来,强调 它们对现在造成的影响或结果。) Mary lived in China from 2004 to 2007.(仅 着眼于过去的动作或状态。)
相关文档
最新文档