语篇分析中的读者视角_邹艳菁

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文学语篇中叙述者与读者层面的会话含义探析

文学语篇中叙述者与读者层面的会话含义探析

文学语篇中叙述者与读者层面的会话含义探析[摘要]当今语用学的发展逐渐趋向于跨学科研究,而近年来语用学和文体学界面研究的发展正充分体现着语用学多元发展的趋势。

本文以谭恩美的《喜福会》作品为例,深入剖析叙述者与读者层面的会话,挖掘其会话含义及其背后的文学意义,旨在探析叙述者与读者间的互动关系,为文学作品的全方位多层次赏析提供崭新的视角。

[关键词]文学语用学;会话含义;叙述者与读者文学语用学是语用学通过跨学科研究衍生出的众多子学科之一,是语言学和文学研究的一种新范式,内含众多理论、方法及研究课题,受到语言学家和文学家越来越密切的关注,极具发展潜质。

[1]51近30年来,国内外学者在文学(包括诗学)研究中运用语言学方法取得了一些成果。

荷兰语篇语言学家范代克(van Dijk)和美国文学语言学家普拉特(Pratt)是最早采用语用学方法研究文学语篇的学者。

范代克认为语言学与文学之间存在广泛的合作空间;[2]普拉特也强调了作者和读者、人物和人物之间的交流层面的显著不同;[3]利奇和肖特(Leech &Short)从语用学的角度探讨小说、诗歌、戏剧等语篇的语用文体特征。

随后,文学语用学得到较快发展,多部专著相继面世。

[4]但文学语用学的研究并未引起语用学界的广泛关注,单方面地从会话含义理论切入进行语用分析的研究更是鲜有学者涉足。

本文提出的文学语篇中叙述者与读者层面的会话含义对分析丰富、深刻的文学语言具有强大的解释力。

本文不仅研究小说语篇中表达形式的语用特点和语用效果,而且探究了小说语篇中叙述者与读者之间的交互关系,为全方位多层次地阐释文学作品提供新的维度。

一、合作原则与会话含义理论美国语言学家和哲学家格莱斯(Grice)于1976年提出了会话中的合作原则。

格莱斯认为在所有的语言交际活动中为了达到特定的目标,说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契,一种双方都应该遵守的原则,他称这种原则为会话的合作原则(简称CP)。

童话语篇态度意义的多模态分析以《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》为例

童话语篇态度意义的多模态分析以《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》为例

《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》不仅仅是一部儿童文学作品,它同样是一部具有深远影 响力的成人文学作品。它所带来的想象力和梦幻色彩,让人不论在何时何地, 都能从中得到启示和灵感。正如中国作家沈从文在1928年的讽刺民国社会的小 说《阿丽思中国游记》中所模仿的写作技法和风格一样,《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》 也在全球范围内产生了深远的影响。
一、及物性理论概述
及物性是系统功能语法中的一个重要概念,它的是语言使用者在表达现实世界 经验时所选择的语义过程。及物性理论将所有的语义过程分为六种类型:物质 过程、心理过程、关系过程、言语过程、行为过程以及存在过程。这六种类型 对应了我们对世界的不同经验方式和表达方式。
二、童话语篇的及物性对比分析
三、结论
通过对《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》和《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》的及物性对比分析,我 们可以看到卡罗尔在这两部童话中运用了不同的及物性过程来展现其独特的叙 事风格和故事情节。这种差异使得两部作品在故事情节和人物塑造上各有特色。 这也证明了及物性理论在分析文学作品中的实用性。通过对及物性的定量和定 性分析,我们可以更深入地理解作家的写作特点和技巧,为童话的发展提供有 效的参考。
再者,《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》作为一个受到广大读者喜爱的故事,也在一定程 度上反映了大众对于奇幻和想象的渴望。在这个故事中,爱丽丝进入了一个充 满奇幻生物和冒险的世界,这种想象力和奇幻性为读者提供了一种别样的阅读 体验,同时也表达了人们对于现实世界的不满和对未知、奇幻的追求。
总的来说,《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》作为一个经典的童话故事,通过多模态的分 析方法可以揭示出其丰富的态度意义和深层次的社会含义。这部作品不仅为我 们提供了一个充满奇幻和想象的阅读体验,同时也反映了当时的社会现象和文 化背景,对读者产生了深远的影响。

互文理论下的语篇分析方法探索

互文理论下的语篇分析方法探索

2017.07随着语言学与文学的不断发展,两者的研究范围出现了越来越大的交集,语言学被应用于文学研究的现象越来越常见。

在互文理论下分析研究语篇,就是语言学与文学融合的产物之一。

本文将详细介绍互文理论,探究它作用于语篇分析的方式。

虽然互文性出自语言学范畴,但语篇无法脱离这一性质。

因为一个语篇只有在与其他语篇产生对比、关联时,才有存在的价值。

作者与读者通过语篇互动,双方或多或少都会受到互文性的影响。

互文理论之所以被广泛地应用于语言学与文学领域,就是因为它能构建起细密的网状结构,勾连起语言学与文学的中心地带,为语篇分析开拓了新的天地。

一、互文理论概述互文理论的起源可以追溯到20世纪60年代末,它在西方资本批判主义的促进下产生,并一路发展壮大。

“互文”与“互文性”是两个概念,前者包含了更多的意义。

互文性仅是互文理论专业用语,互文则既可以为动词,指基于互文理论进行语篇分析的动态行为,侧重于互文的功能性;又可以为名词,表示对经动态对比分析之后的文本的统称。

另外,互文结构及行为关系也在互文的含义之中。

所以,互文至少包含4种含义,在不同的语篇环境下充当不同的角色。

互文理论注重文学语篇之间的动态联系与言语行为,认为任何语篇之间都存在内在联系。

这种理论无疑可以给语篇分析带来更多便利,原因有以下几点:第一,互文理论有一定的普遍性,它认为任一语篇都有与之关联、可以互相融合的其他语篇;第二,语篇之间的相互参证其实是语言文字重组、语义重建的过程,此过程对语篇结构分析有关键作用;第三,互文理论可以从根本上决定语篇的结构,可以从理论出发,对语篇语言进行灵活应用与转化。

挪威哲学家弗洛·伊斯塔(Flora Ishtar )指出互文理论并不是为改变语篇结构而存在的,它与语源分析有一定差异。

语源分析只是一种阅读过程,而非对不同语篇间区别与联系的辨识。

互文素材几乎不会被直接应用于语篇环境中,只有依据同一语篇内部或不同语篇之间的语言行为、语法架构及逻辑联系,进行语言重组或结构重建,方可被应用。

运用语篇分析提升阅读效果

运用语篇分析提升阅读效果

运用语篇分析提升阅读效果作者:邹艳红来源:《中学教学参考·上旬》 2017年第2期[摘要]英语阅读作为高中生学习英语的主要途径,教师应该充分结合英语学习的特点,指导学生从“语篇分析”的角度进行整体阅读学习,从而促进学生英语阅读理解能力和阅读水平的有效提升。

[关键词]高中英语;阅读教学;语篇分析[中图分类号]G633.41[文献标识码]A[文章编号]16746058(2017)04004601在传统的高中英语阅读教学中,教师为了让学生充分理解阅读文章,于是用句子翻译的方式细致地讲解新词汇以及分析重难句的语法成分,但是却忽视了英语阅读语篇的整体性,比如文章的知识背景、结构特征,作者的写作意图等,教师都只是一掠而过,导致学生只能浅层次地理解句子意思,长此以往,学生英语阅读水平的提高必然受阻。

为此,教师要重视“语篇分析”在英语阅读教学中的作用,及时调整教学策略,以期提升学生的英语阅读理解能力。

一、丰富背景知识是前提,拓宽学生的阅读视野英语作为一门语言,有着其特定的文化背景,而且每篇阅读语篇都有其特定的知识文化背景,学生要想更深入地理解文章的中心思想,就必须从了解文章的背景知识着手。

因此,在进行语篇分析之前,教师有必要向学生介绍相应的背景知识,利用提问、讨论等方式丰富学生的文化背景知识,拓宽学生的阅读视野,激活学生的阅读体验,以便学生更准确地把握语篇分析的方向。

在教学牛津高中英语模块九Unit 3 “The meaning of colour”时,笔者首先通过预习检测,了解学生的认知基础,发现有些学生对课文中颜色的定义不能理解,甚至出现混淆意义的现象。

为此在课前,笔者先利用多媒体向学生介绍不同国家的国花以及相关文化,让学生比较讨论每一种花在不同国家代表的不同意义,丰富学生的文化背景知识,通过知识迁移使学生明白受历史、文化等因素的影响,“the meaning of colour”在东西方也存在着巨大的差异,理解颜色的含义不能只局限于自己的认知。

语篇视角下的英语词汇教学探微

语篇视角下的英语词汇教学探微

2021年1月·第2期(总第666期)作者简介:俞丽(1980-),女,甘肃武威人,中学二级教师,从事英语教学与研究。

词汇是英语学习的基础和教学的重点。

培养学生语篇学习能力,能有效提升学生的英语词汇理解程度和运用能力。

在教学中,教师要善于运用英语教材中的语篇开展英语词汇教学,不断提高词汇课堂教学效率,提升学生的英语表达能力。

一、语篇视角下英语词汇教学的意义1.有效掌握、运用词汇基于新课程改革的要求,英语教学更注重培养学生的英语学习能力和语言运用能力。

为此,教师可以在教学中设计真实的语言情境,让学生在实践中运用所学的词汇和句型结构,不断提高英语学习能力和语言运用能力。

教师设计的语言情境可以语篇为依托,让学生在语篇的实践中有效记忆词汇并学会运用。

2.激发学生学习兴趣英语词汇教学的目的是培养学生的语言运用能力。

但在词汇教学中,部分教师脱离语句和文章内容之间的相互联系,单独地讲解单词的语音、词形、词义、词类、词法,对于学生来说,这种词汇教学方法既复杂又枯燥,很难形成有效记忆,更无法实现词汇的灵活运用。

而在语篇视角下开展英语词汇教学可以激发学生的英语学习兴趣,可以让学生在语篇视角下灵活运用词汇,从而达到提高语言运用能力的目的。

3.培养语言组织能力,发展交际能力词汇是构成语篇的基本要素,但语篇并不是词汇的简单堆积和聚合。

英语教学的目的不是让学生记单词、做题,而是让学生能够熟练运用英语交流,而这些都需要在一定的语境下进行。

因此,教师在教学中可在词和句的基础上开展有趣的语篇教学,培养学生的语言组织能力,发展学生的沟通交际能力。

二、语篇视角下的英语词汇教学策略英语词汇教学不仅要让学生理解和掌握一定数量的英语单词,还要让学生掌握学习英语词汇的方法和技巧,培养学生依据语篇情境学习词汇和理解句意的能力。

教师可将词汇与语境相结合,帮助学生掌握目标词汇,提高学生实际运用语言的能力。

1.找准语篇切入点,呈现生词将词汇组织成语篇是词汇学习的重要一步,但语篇并不是多个单词简单叠加构成的,各个语句之间是相互关联、相互影响的。

从“功能语篇分析”视角解读《雨中的猫》

从“功能语篇分析”视角解读《雨中的猫》

从“功能语篇分析”视角解读《雨中的猫》作者:张婷牛跃辉来源:《青年文学家》2018年第36期摘; 要:本文旨在从“功能语篇分析”视角对海明威《雨中的猫》进行解读。

通过对小说的语场、语旨和语式三方面举例并进行语篇功能分析,揭示出海明威小说的写作特点,以及塑造人物和突出主题的独特手法。

关键词:功能语篇分析;语场、语旨和语式;海明威;《雨中的猫》作者简介:张婷,女,河北保定人,华北电力大学外国语学院硕士研究生,研究方向:英语教学法;牛跃辉,男,北京市人,华北电力大学外国语学院硕士生导师,主要研究方向:英語教育教学、教育心理学。

[中图分类号]:I106; [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2018)-36--03一、引言近年来,许多研究者越来越热衷于对文学作品进行语篇分析,语篇研究也逐渐受到学者们的广泛关注。

用“功能语篇分析”的方法对一部文学作品的特点进行梳理,有利于我们更加全面、准确地把握作品的内含,避免对作品产生主观片面的理解;可以使我们更好地品味作家的语言风格,把握作品中人与人之间的关系,同时也可以帮助我们更加准确地揭示出一部文学作品的主题。

根据韩礼德系统功能语言学的观点,语场、语旨和语式,这三个因素可构成一个社会语境符号系统。

其中,语场指的是在一个语篇当中,其主题内容是什么,或什么事情正在进行;语旨是指参与一项活动的人,他们所表现出来的各种社会关系或角色关系;语式指的是语言是以什么方式传递出来的,以及语言在某些特定的情景中所发挥的作用。

另外,关于语场、语旨和语式,也同样不可忽视的一点是,一个人无论处于什么样的交际活动中,其语言的结构、语言使用的语境和语言的功能,这些要素在进行语篇分析时都是相互联系、密不可分二、从语场、语旨和语式看《雨中的猫》众所周知,海明威作为“新闻体”小说的创始人,其独特的写作风格在文学界独树一帜,其“冰山”式的创作手法更是享誉世界。

海明威简约、含蓄、言简意深的写作特点在《雨中的猫》这部小说中可谓体现得淋漓尽致。

浅谈语篇分析视角下的铁凝小说 哦 香雪

浅谈语篇分析视角下的铁凝小说 哦 香雪

浅谈语篇分析视角下的铁凝小说哦香雪论文关键词:香雪语篇分析平面论文摘要铁凝是现任的中国作家协会主席,《哦,香雪》是其成名作,发表于1982年5月份的《青年文学》杂志,并获得了全国短篇小说的最高奖鲁迅文学奖。

近30年过去了,这篇小说却仍在吸引着读者的眼睛和感情。

本论文避开此小说的社会意义等外延含义,从语篇的角度出发进行细致的分析,以获得对小说更直接的了解和认识。

一、对语篇分析和小说的介绍1.语篇分析的研究对象和操作方法语篇分析,又称篇章语言学,话语语言学,是一门上世纪50年代才发展起来的新兴学科,70年代才有了较快发展。

它研究的是比句子更大的语言单位,因此语篇分析和语法学,文体学,语用学,语义学等关系十分密切,这些领域的研究都常常涉及语篇分析的研究内容。

对语篇进行分析可以有多个“平面(leve1)”,如语音平面,音位平面,词汇平面,语篇结构,语篇指向性等等。

但可以根据注意价值(valueofattention)分析该语篇的突出特点。

2.故事梗概《哦,香雪》是一部充满诗意的短篇小说:火车在一个叫做台儿沟的村庄停留一分钟,这短短的一分钟对于村里那些姑娘们来说却是一个了解外面世界的绝好的机会。

几乎所有的女孩在车停下的时候会站在车窗外,好奇地观察车里的一切。

香雪却和其他的姑娘不同,她是村里唯一的初中生,她更好奇的是书包,文具盒之类的东西。

香雪有一个木头的文具盒。

但她那个木质文具盒在同学的面前显得是那么的古老和陈旧,因为她的同学都在用塑料制的,带吸铁石的自动文具盒。

终于有一天,香雪带着一篮子鸡蛋在火车外叫卖,发现一个姑娘有一个自动文具盒,她登上了火车,提出用自己的40颗鸡蛋和那个姑娘交换。

姑娘却要把文具盒送给她。

但在这时火车开动了,火车在30里外停下。

香雪下了火车,沿着铁路线向家走去。

结尾部分,香雪看到其他的女孩沿着铁路线向自己走来。

二、叙述者的声音小说采用了第三人称叙事,使得叙事者有全知全能之感。

小说的叙述者站在城市人的角度,但对这一群乡村女孩充满怜爱和同情。

系统功能语言学视角下对《闲情偶寄》的生态语篇分析

系统功能语言学视角下对《闲情偶寄》的生态语篇分析

An Ecological Discourse Analysis of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling from thePerspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics系统功能语言学视角下对《闲情偶寄》的生态语篇分析摘要在社会迅速发展和生态矛盾日益凸显的环境下,对生态话语的研究成为语言学研究的新方向。

李渔是明末清初的杰出文人,他的文章通俗易懂,质朴有趣,《闲情偶寄》是其代表作品之一。

这本书从各个方面体现了中国古人的生存智慧,展现了一幅人与自然和谐相处的美好画卷。

所以,分析这种语言表达,挖掘其中丰富的生态哲学、美学思想,并找出其中特有的语篇模式对生态话语研究有一定的积极意义。

本研究运用系统功能语言学框架中的语篇分析方法对李渔的《闲情偶寄》进行生态视角的语篇分析,将所选取的语料按照不同的主题分类进行分析,每一个短篇采用了相适应的语篇分析方法,将潜藏在其中的生态哲学思想挖掘出来。

通过研究分析发现,语篇模式理论以及系统功能语法能够用于中国古代散文的分析。

《闲情偶寄》中大量使用了综述-分述,主张-反主张,提问-回答,问题-解决四种主要的语篇模式。

在同一个语篇内,不同的语篇模式在各个语篇层次上互相穿插,交互使用,以表达作者的写作意图。

研究证明,语篇模式是根植于人们心中数千年的一种篇章宏观结构模式,因此具有约定俗成的稳定性特点。

李渔的思想继承包含了中国传统哲学的生态思想,其中包括儒家生态哲学中的“仁”与“和”。

《闲情偶寄》可以作为李渔生态哲学思想的集中表达和完美体现,他强调了人与自然之间的相互尊重以及相互依靠的和谐生态关系。

这从生态角度来看有很强的积极作用。

因此,《闲情偶寄》可以被归类为生态积极话语,也就是说,这种话语对生态的可持续发展起到了积极作用。

关键词:《闲情偶寄》;李渔;系统功能语言学;语篇分析;生态哲学With the rapid development of society and the increasingly prominent ecological issues,the study of ecological discourse has become a new direction of linguistic research.Li Yu is an outstanding literati in the late Ming and early Qing dynasty.His essays are easy-understanding and interesting.Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling is one of his representative works.This book reflects the wisdom of ancient Chinese from all aspects,and shows a beautiful picture of harmonious unity between man and nature.This study analyzes the discourses in Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling within the framework of systemic functional linguistics.The selected corpus is classified according to different themes.Appropriate discourse analysis methods are adopted to analyze a certain extract to dig out the underlying ecological philosophy.It is proved that the textual pattern theories and some related Systemic Functional Linguistic theories are powerful tools in the analysis of the Chinese ancient classics.And the most commonly employed textual patterns in Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling are patterns of general-specific,claim-counterclaim, question-answer and problem-solution.Besides,a text may have more than one textual patterns.A pattern may include or be embedded within another pattern of the text to help explain and illustrate what the author wants to reveal.In this book,Li Yu emphasizes the healthy relationship and the mutual respect between man and nature in order to achieve a harmony between human beings and nature.Thus,Li Yu can be regarded as an ecological man and writer and his Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling is an eco-beneficial discourse,dealing with the human-nature relationship.Keywords:Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling;Li Yu;Systemic Functional Linguistics;Discourse Analysis;Ecological Philosophies摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)Chapter One Introduction (1)1.1Research Background (1)1.2Research Significance (2)1.3Research Objectives and Methodology (4)1.4Structure of the Thesis (5)Chapter Two Literature Review (6)2.1Introduction (6)2.2Previous Studies on Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling (6)2.2.1Introduction to Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling (6)2.2.2Studies on Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling at Home (8)2.2.3Studies on Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling Abroad (11)2.3Previous Studies on Ecolinguistics (13)2.3.1Development of Ecolinguistics (13)2.3.2Studies on Ecological Discourse Analysis Abroad (15)2.3.2Studies on Ecological Discourse Analysis at Home (16)Chapter Three Theoretical Framework (19)3.1Introduction (19)3.2Systemic Functional Approach to Discourse Analysis (19)3.2.1Textual Pattern Theory (19)3.2.1.1A Text-centered Approach within a Semiotic Framework (19)3.2.1.2Problem-Solution Pattern (20)3.2.1.3General-Specific Pattern (22)3.2.1.4Claim-Counterclaim Pattern (24)3.2.1.5Question-Answer Pattern (26)3.2.2Theme&Thematic Progression (27)3.2.2.1The Three Metafunctions (27)3.2.2.2Identification of Theme (28)3.2.2.3Thematic Progression (28)3.2.3Projection Theory (30)3.2.3.1The Definition of Projection (30)3.2.3.2Classification of Projection (31)3.3Introduction to the Chinese Ecological Philosophies (34)3.3.1Harmonious Unity between Man and Nature (34)3.3.2Taoism’s Eco-philosophical Thinking about the Harmonious Relationbetween Man and Nature (35)3.3.3Confucians’Eco-philosophical Thinking about the Harmonious Relationbetween Man and Nature (38)3.3.4Differences in the Universal-Benevolence Principle (40)Chapter Four Practical Analysis of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling (42)4.1A Practical Analysis of Goose Feet Text under the Guidance of Claim-Counter-claim Textual Pattern (42)4.2A Practical Analysis of Fish Text under the Guidance of General-Specific TextualPattern (47)4.3A Practical Analysis of Enjoying Plum Text under the Guidance of Problem-Solution Textual Pattern (50)4.4A Practical Analysis of Crape Myrtle Text under the Guidance of Question-Answer Textual Pattern (54)Chapter Five Conclusion (64)5.1Major Findings of the Study (64)5.2Limitations of the Study (69)Bibliography (71)Acknowledgments (77)Chapter One IntroductionAs the first part of the thesis,chapter one gives a general introduction to the research background and significance,research objectives and methods,and the structure of this thesis.1.1Research BackgroundChina has had a history of opening up to the outside world for more than forty years.During this period,all walks of life in China have been fully developed, China’s economic strength has been greatly enhanced and people’s living standards have been greatly improved.Yet in the process of economic development,some aspects in China have caused damage to our environment.Despite the seemingly healthy lifestyles in modern cities,the ecological crisis,including global plague, garbage pollution,energy shortages,species extinction and the like,are threatening the very existence of all kinds of life on the planet.Our environment is changing downhill right under our nose yet the changes are scarcely noticed by us.Nowadays,China is standing at a new starting point.In November2012,the18th National Congress of the Party made a strategic decision of“vigorously promoting the construction of ecological civilization”.The report of the18th National Congress not only discusses the major achievements,important status and important objectives of the construction of ecological civilization,but also comprehensively and profoundly discusses all aspects of the construction of ecological civilization.The construction of ecological civilization is a long-term plan related to the well-being of the people and the future of the nation.In the face of the severe situation of tight resource constraints, serious environmental pollution and degradation of the ecosystem,we must establish the concept of ecological civilization that respects,conforms to and protects nature, place the construction of ecological civilization in a prominent position and strive to build a beautiful China and realize the sustainable development of China,as PresidentXi stresses that clear waters and green mountains are mountains of gold and silver or invaluable assets.It is worth mentioning that ancient Chinese people have already realized the importance of ecological protection.And ancient Chinese classics crystallized the wisdom of Chinese people.Some of the ideas and thoughts are creative and avant-garde,and they can still be applied to today’s society.Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling(Xian Qing Ou Ji)was published in1671.It is full of unique aesthetics,leisure philosophy of life,and rich ecological thoughts.Lin Yu-tang, in his book The Importance of Living,rated it as a pocket guide to the art of life of the Chinese people,and said that Li Yu himself had“a novel comment on everything”. Though published several centuries ago,this book,Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling,is still brimming over with energy and vitality.Not only a summary and sublimation of Li Yu’s own leisure life experiences,this book is also a masterpiece full of traditional ecological philosophy and ecological thoughts.It provides a panorama of ancient Chinese life,including the ancient life style,leisure and entertainment,and the ancient view of the relationship between man and nature. Today,as the ecological issues have become a serious social problem in the world,it is of great referential and warning values to excavate the philosophy and ecological thoughts in this book and integrate them into the present ecological civilization construction.1.2Research SignificanceUnder the guidance of systemic functional linguistics and related discourse analysis theories,this thesis attempts to excavate the ecological and philosophical thoughts of this masterpiece,Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling,by exploring the selected micro-register texts from this book as the data.The significance of this thesis will be listed as follows:In the first place,this study helps further clarify the significant guiding role of systemic functional linguistics in the study of Chinese classics.The guidance ofsystemic functional linguistics and related discourse analysis tools in the studies of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling can help to dig out the profound ecological aesthetics and ecological philosophical thinking contained in this book and to provide a new angle for the study of Chinese classics.Currently,the application of SFL mainly focuses on the study of language teaching,political speeches,news reports, advertisements,poems and so on,yet there is not much application of SFL in Chinese classic essay.The existing literature shows that the current studies of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling mainly focus on aesthetics,Chinese opera theories, landscape and home design thoughts,while the research of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling from the perspective of the ecological aesthetics and ecological philosophical thinking under the guidance of the systemic functional grammar is really scarce.Thus, this thesis is expected to enrich the studies of SFL and Chinese classics and provide some references for future studies on Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling.In the second place,in recent years,with the rapid development of economy, ecological crisis caused by environmental pollution and ecological disruption has become an increasingly serious social problem.The conflict between man and nature is intensifying.It poses a threat not only to the planet,but to all humanity.The Chinese people have already recognized the significance of ecological problems as early as in ancient times.On the basis of advocating a harmonious lifestyle,they proposed the philosophy of“harmony between man and nature”,which is the core of the ancient Chinese philosophy and has been reflected in many ancient classics.Thus, the thesis which aims to examining the ecological philosophical thinking carried in Chinese classics is an active response to the ecological issues.Last but not least,the book Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling actually contains a wealth of the valuable ecological philosophical thinking and ecological aesthetics of Confucianism,Taoism,and other ancient Chinese thoughts.Traditional Chinese philosophy,in some sense,is ecological philosophy.The profound ecological philosophical thinking and ecological aesthetics contained in Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling are beneficial and instructive to help solve the ecological problem of the contemporary society.Thus,the examination of ecological philosophical thinkingcarried in Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling can help solve the ecological issues by changing people’s ways of dealing with nature.1.3Research Objective and MethodologyThis study takes the selected micro-register texts from Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling as data,and attempts to excavate the underlying ecological and philosophical thoughts of this masterpiece under the guidance of the systemic functional linguistics and related discourse analysis theories.To accomplish this research objective,the following three questions will be discussed in this thesis:(1)Is it feasible and reasonable for the textual pattern theories and some related systemic functional linguistics to be applied in the analysis of the Chinese ancient classics?(2)How can the textual pattern theories and some related systemic functional linguistics be employed to guide the discourse analysis of the micro-register texts in the Chinese classics so as to excavate the underlying profound concepts and connotation?(3)Why is it rational to regard Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling as an eco-philosophical work?What kind of eco-philosophical thinking and conceptions are embodied in the text?To answer the research questions,the qualitative methodology will be used in this thesis as an effective way to study and analyze the selected examples.The data used in this thesis come from the version of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling published by Phoenix Science Press in2018.To be specific,representative examples are collected and classified first.Then these cases will be analyzed and discussed based on the related systemic functional linguistics and the corresponding textual pattern theories.1.4Structure of the ThesisThis thesis consists of five chapters.Chapter one is an introduction.In this chapter,the research background,significance,objectives and research methodology are introduced.And the structure of the thesis will also be given.Chapter two is literature review.It mainly reviews the previous studies on Li Yu and his Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling at home and abroad.And the previous corresponding studies on ecolinguistics and ecological discourse analysis will be discussed.Chapter three mainly focuses on the theoretical framework of this research.In this chapter,the theoretical framework of this study is presented.It starts with the introduction to the theoretical foundations of this study,which includes textual pattern theory,the theory of thematic progression and projection theory.And then the ecological philosophies,including Confucianism and Taoism,are presented.Chapter four is the main body of this thesis.This chapter is to make a practical analysis of the selected sample texts taken from Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling written by Li Yu.The analysis and discussion is to be carried out under the guidance of systemic functional linguistic theories of textual patterns,theme and thematic structure progression and projection in order to dig up Li Yu’s profound eco-philosophical thinking.The last chapter is the conclusion part.This chapter will summarize the major findings of the study.And the limitations of the study will also be included in this chapter.Chapter Two Literature Review2.1IntroductionThis chapter will first give a brief introduction of Li Yu and his book Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling.Then the previous studies on Li Yu and the book will be reviewed.After that,the previous corresponding studies on ecolinguistics and ecological discourse analysis will be discussed.2.2Previous Studies on Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling2.2.1Introduction to Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle FeelingLiving in the period between late Ming and early Qing dynasties,Li Yu was born in1611,in Rugao,a city in Zhejiang province.His early life is very different from his later life.In fact,Li Yu lives a relatively rich life in his early years.His family is engaged in medicine business and runs a herbal store.Li Yu is said to be a genius for his talent of composing poems and a good memory.In ancient China,merchants are the lowest social grade and he who excels in studying can go into politics,so Li Yu’s family and Li Yu himself all hope he can pass the imperial examination,so that he can be awarded an official post,thus raising their social status.Therefore,Li Yu has received a good education.Li Yu showed his wisdom in his early life.However,things always go not smoothly.In1628,his father’s death had brought about a worsening family situation.The next year a war was broken out.And it is the late Ming dynasty.Li Yu had failed exams again and again.At last he decided to give up taking the imperial examination,and seclude himself and his family in Lanxi,his hometown in Zhejiang province,from1629to1650,where he built his first garden--Yi Yuan.It was a time of wars and at last Ming dynasty was replaced by Qing dynasty.In1650,in unbearable of country life and poverty,Li Yu has had to leave Lanxi for Hangzhou to earn his bread.In Hangzhou,he made money from writingnovels,dramas,proses.From1660to1677,Li Yu moved to Nanjing,and he was also a publisher and sold his own books.In Nanjing he led a life by seeking gratuitous financial helps from high brows.He opened his own bookstore called Jieziyuan Bookstore in Nanjing.In the afternoon of his life, he started to travel to many places in China.Li Yu died in1680,at the age of69.In order to support his family,he engaged in many different professions in his life.He is a prolific writer,an amazing theatre writer and director,a successful publisher,an artist,landscape designer and gourmet.His thoughts are gradually formed according to the background of his life in the late Ming Dynasty,when new ideas are beginning to awaken and sprout.Influenced by the social environment of at that time,his self-consciousness was beginning to awaken.Li Yu’s rich life experiences have greatly enriched his creative ideas.In the meantime,Li Yu made great achievements in drama writing and summarized the theories of drama,which have laid a solid foundation for his theatrical aesthetics and his masterpiece Casual Expressions and Idle Feeling.It was during this period that his most important work,Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling,was created.Based on those facts,this book investigates his life experiences and makes thorough and profound introduction and comments of the works and achievements in the fields of drama,poetry,prose,historical science, gardening,health keeping,diet and so on.It is also a perfect representation of the traditional ecological harmony ideologies of China.Casual Expressions and Idle Feeling is a great ecological work.It successfully reflects Li Yu’s interests,personal style and wits.This book consists of eight chapters, which includes Shengrong(Women and Beauty),Ciqu(Writing Plays),Yanxi(Putting on Plays),Jushi(Houses and Gardens),Qiwan(Furniture and Implements),Yinzhuan (Food and Drinks),Zhongzhi(Flowers and Trees),and Yiyang(Health and Pleasure).It takes Li Yu4to5years to complete this book,which is a summary of his creative experiences(Hanan,2010:34).The title,Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling,means it’s about the personal life interests and ideas,namely it is a book about Li Yu’s life.In this book,Li Yu rejects mediocrity and formality,and advocatescreative thinking which is sparkled with smart and humorous eco-philosophical thinking.2.2.2Studies on Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling at HomeIn China,Du Shuying(1982;1988;2007;2009;2010)is one of the most prominent scholars to study Li Yu’s aesthetics.His work The Study of Li Yu’s Aesthetic Thoughts(1988)is the first book in China that probes into Li’s aesthetics systematically and comprehensively.Du has made an in-depth and detailed study of aesthetics from the perspectives of Li Yu’s poetry,essays,drama aesthetics,garden aesthetics,food aesthetics,costume and clothing aesthetics,daily life aesthetics,etc.Firstly,as far as the drama aesthetics is concerned,Du places an emphasis on Li’s prominent position in Chinese classical drama aesthetics and praises Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling as a landmark on classical drama aesthetic.Du thinks that Li Yu has made two drastic turns in reshaping Chinese drama.The first turn is that Li Yu is innovative in transforming a traditional emotion-centered drama to Chuanqi play.The second is that Li Yu has brought a simple,practical and humorous everyday language into the drama.In addition,Li Yu contrasts drama on-stage with drama on-page with a highlights on performing drama.He is original in sticking to“perfomablity”first. Drama,according to Du,serves the purpose of staging,a genre of telling stories by performers on the stage.And therefore,all his terminologies concerning the creation and performing of drama,such as structure,diction,lyric,comic gestures and remarks are all performance-specific and performance-oriented.Du has acknowledged the weakness of Li Yu’s drama aesthetics.While his aesthetic theory is original and able to break the norms of the tradition,he seems not having delved into the essence of drama,that is,pushing forward the social development and making a reflection of social problems.Secondly,with regard to landscape designing,Du Shuying has introduced Li Yu’s landscape designing thoughts in Research On Li Yu’s Aesthetic Thoughts(1998).Du points out that the aesthetical concepts of Li Yu’s landscape designing include being creative and original,the adaptation to local condition and the appropriateness of space design(2010:113).These ideas are illustrated by many examples from Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling.And those are perfect and vivid representations of traditional Chinese philosophies.“The adaptation to local condition”means human should cooperate with nature,which is exactly the ancient thought of “the integration of man and nature”.And“the appropriateness of space design”is said to be a practical application of some ideas from Taoism.Plants occupy a vital part in the gardening in Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling.Li Yu classifies plants and introduces the ways to maintain and care for them, upgrading the practice of flower planting and appreciation into aesthetical activities. Li explores how man and the botanical world are intimately related with each other, and holds that the plant world is man’s home.It reflects the philosophical idea of the “the integration of man and nature”,on which ecological aesthetics bases.Finally,Li also contributes a lot on the aesthetics of man’s appearance,including aesthetics on human body,face,ornaments,and costume.This is the part that distinguishes Li from other writers.Du suggests that Li Yu is the first writer to deal with the aesthetics on women’s appearance in Chinese history(2010:178)and Du also thinks that Li Yu,with a focus on women’s skin,eyes,eyebrows,washing and dressing,making-up,ornaments,clothes,shoes and socks,intends to show how women can move others by their attitudes,appearance and inner beauty.Li Yu’s aesthetics on women’s appearance and inner beauty has stirred controversies since its birth.It is criticized for its male-dominated standing,where women are judged and consumed by men.However,if the feudal elements are treated critically,Li’s ideas reflect the core concepts of oriental aesthetics,most of which are even widely recognized and applied today.Recent years have seen a surge in studying Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling from different perspectives.Besides Du Shuying(1982;1998;2010),Qian Shuiyue(2008),Zhang Qiankun(2008),Gong Dehui(2004)research into Li Yu’s aesthetical thoughts from the perspective of landscape aesthetics,daily life aesthetics,and the aesthetics in designing houses and gardens.Besides,studies from the perspective of linguistics are fruitful.Among these research works,excerpts taken from Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling as data are studied from the perspective of SFG incorporated with philosophical principles or cultural theory.Li Guoqing and Liang Ying(2016),taking the micro-registered text“Health and Pleasure”from Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling as data and putting it under the light of SFG,make a detailed analysis of the extended figure of speech.In the paper, the extended metaphors and similes about Yin and Yang,Heaven and Earth,Male and Female are studied thoroughly.Song Yanqing(2018)also presented a detailed analysis of the macro-structure of the text“Health and Pleasure”under the guidance of Hoey’s problem-solution discourse pattern and relevant functional grammar theory.These researches help to understand the ancient classics and lay a key step for the success of interlingual translation.Meanwhile,a number of C-E translation reports(excerpt)of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling are published in CNKI.Thus, some domestic scholars begin to research Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling from the perspective of interlingual translation.Tan Bin(2016)explores the most suitable translation method for ancient Chinese literature classics within the theoretical framework of Halliday’s functional grammar, by taking the figure of speech in the micro-registered text“Health and Pleasure”as the data.And it is suggested that literal translation is supposed to be the first choice for this kind of genre.Song Yanqing(2018),under the guidance of Halliday’s cultural context and Hall’s high and low cultural context theories combined with traditional Chinese philosophical thoughts of Taoism and Confucianism,analyze the translation strategies of religious and geographical culture-loaded words in the excerpt of “Seeking Pleasure First”.In the process of research,Chinese traditional philosophy and aesthetics contained in Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling have attracted the attention of more and more scholars.Zhang Jianxiu(2019)discusses and analyzes Li Yu’s aesthetic originality by taking the excerpt of“House and Garden”in Casual Expressions of IdleFeeling as the data.The analysis proves that Li Yu is good at originality in seemingly average house and garden building by adapting the design to local conditions in order to achieve a harmonious unity between man and nature.These researches,by incorporating linguistic,cultural or literary theories,explore Li Yu and his works from different perspectives and interpret his ideas,especially aesthetic thoughts profoundly and comprehensively.In this way,Li Yu and his works or even Chinese traditional culture are comprehended under new light,and new meanings are kept being discovered and discussed.However,neither of the above researchers have exhausted the research of Li Yu’s works.Thus,this thesis strives to make a study under the guidance of systemic functional linguistics,concretely speaking,from the perspective of textual pattern,thematic structure,and projection in order to dig out the profound eco-philosophical thinking hidden in the lines of Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling.2.2.3Studies on Li Yu and Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling AbroadIn Japan,Li Yu’s novels and plays are highly praised.In The History of Chinese Modern Opera published in Tokyo in1930,Aoki Masaru,a Japanese literary historian and a Chinese literature and drama researcher,comments that Li Yu’s works are popular with common people.Therefore,his dramas and novels are widely read. In1705,Li Yu’s Casual Expressions of Idle Feeling was published continuously by Japan’s publishing houses.It mainly introduced the garden construction,furniture manufacturing and furnishings,as well as some makeup skills.Li Yu’s garden esthetics in this book also has a profound influence on the Japanese garden construction.Oka Haryo is one of the main Li Yu researchers in contemporary Japan.His comprehensive review of Li Liweng,a Playwright,was published in the42nd issue of Art and Literature Research published in1981.It is extremely long and nearly like a monograph.In modern times,Li Yu’s legend Feng Zheng Wu and his short story collection Shi Er Lou are also translated into Japanese,which are very popular andpraised by Japanese readers because of their interesting plots.There are many kinds of Li Yu’s works translated into Japanese.In addition to translating Li Yu’s works, Japanese writers have also rewritten many comments on Li Yu’s works.In1789,Xia Yi Lou was rewritten by Miyake Kozan.The first work translated into Germany is Shi Er Lou.Helmut Martin,the German sinologist,is the one who has researched Li Yu’s works comprehensively and has made a brief translation of Li Yu’s works.In1970,he edited a book of15 volumes,The Complete Works of Li Yu,which is published in Taipei.His research has a positive impact on promoting overseas research.Li Yu’s works have been translated and introduced to the English world earlier as well.The first complete English translation of Li Yu’s Shi Er Lou is translated by Nathan K.Mao in1975.In1980s,Li Yu’s plays and landscape designing philosophies have drawn westerners’attention.In1980,Eric P.Henry wrote Chinese Amusement: The Lively Plays of Li Yu,introducing Li Yu’s aesthetic concepts and drama aesthetics. It enriches the researches about Li Yu as a comedian.Among those scholars,Patrick Hanan,a famous sinologist,is the most important translator and expert of Li Yu’s works in the contemporary English world.He analyzes and discusses all aspects of Li Yu’s innovation and originality in detail (Hanan,1988).He also translated Rou Pu Tuan(The Carnal Prayer Mat)directly from Chinese to English for the first time.In particular,the English translation of Rou Pu Tuan(The Carnal Prayer Mat)has attracted great attention in the English world. Patrick Hanan’s translation is not only enlightening,but also fluent and detailed, which not only shows his scholarly style but also fascinated western readers.In a word,Hanan has not only started the overall in-depth study of Li Yu and his works, but also made an important contribution to the spread of Li Yu and his works overseas. Hanan’s researches focus mainly on the following.First,Hanan places an emphasis on Li Yu’s innovation and originality.He holds in The Invention of Li Yu that all Li Yu’s life,writing and ideas show his originality. Li is enthusiastic about novelty and dares to challenge the tradition.According to Hanan(2001:54),Li Yu takes past always as a subordinate role compared to present.。

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一、引言众所周知,在上个世纪,语言研究长期受结构主义的影响,从形式上研究语言的思路一直占据着主导地位。

从形式上研究语言可以避免涉及语境因素,尽量不考虑语言使用中的参与双方,即说话人和听话人,使语言研究走向抽象。

在一定程度上,近几十年兴起的语篇研究是对纯形式语言研究的一种纠正。

语篇分析通常包括了语义、语境和语言功能等非形式因素,它拓宽了语言研究视野,为语言分析提供了更为全面的方法。

然而,尽管语篇研究,尤其是批评性语篇分析,主张研究“使用中的语言”(languageinuse),但由于受西方分析性思维习惯的影响,其研究仍然大多只是从语言形式出发,根据词汇选择、句法、篇章组织等语言结构特征分析其中蕴含的社会意义。

当然,这种研究取向有其合理的成份,因为它能够将研究对象有效地锁定和聚焦,使语篇分析具有科学研究意义上的可操作性。

但是,这样也带来了一个重要问题。

从形式出发来研究语言使用,其结果并不能真正用于理解语言使用的动态过程。

正如在解剖台上,我们固然可以精确地分析天鹅的身体内部构造,却无法真正了解天鹅在蓝天中自由翱翔的优美身姿。

显然,以语篇作为一种社会实践活动的出发点,语篇分析就应该将所要研究的语篇对象置入真实社会情境中加以分析,考察语篇意义是如何通过语篇生产者和消费者之间的互动协商而产生的。

本文以语篇分析的读者视角为切入点,指出已有语篇分析尚存在的不足,并对未来的语篇研究提出期望。

二、语篇分析概念厘清语篇分析(discourseanalysis)是一个比较广义的概念,在讨论之前,我们需要做一些简单的界定,以免产生不必要的误解。

首先,“语篇”的定义。

不管是在日常话语还是学术语言中,语篇都是一个很含混的词汇。

语篇是书面语还是口语形式呢?语篇与句子、段落等概念有什么区别?虽然本研究并不区分书面语与口语形式的语篇,但为了研究方便,论文所涉及的“语篇”主要指“文本”形式的语篇,比如新闻报道、公示语、广告用语等等。

在系统功能语言学中,语篇被认为是大于小句(clause)的单位[1]。

但本研究并不刻意作这种定义,我们主要根据批评性话语分析的观点,从动态的角度来理解语篇,强调语篇是语言在社会情境中的使用,突出语言的社会实践意义,把语篇看作一种社会实践形式,认为语篇生产和再生产社会中的权力和支配关系,是意识形态斗争的场所[2]。

江西理工大学学报JournalofJiangxiUniversityofScienceandTechnology第35卷第2期2014年4月文章编号:2095-3046(2014)02-0082-04DOI :10.13265/j.cnki.jxlgdxxb.2014.02.019语篇分析中的读者视角邹艳菁(江西理工大学应用科学学院,江西赣州341000)摘要:以系统功能语言学为基础的语篇研究在理论上肯定语篇消费者(读者)作为语篇分析过程中的重要因素之一。

然而,由于受西方分析型思维的影响,语篇分析家们经常有意无意地忽略语篇读者在语篇意义形成过程中的积极作用。

研究发现,在已有语篇分析中,语篇的读者基本呈现三种形式,一是被隐形,即完全忽略读者,仅就语篇本身作静态分析;二是被僵化,把读者当作被动的接受者;三是被替代,即以分析家自身单一的立场来取代读者多元化的语篇意义建构过程。

关键词:语篇分析;系统功能语言学;读者视角中图分类号:H319文献标志码:A收稿日期:2013-08-03作者简介:邹艳菁(1980-),女,讲师,主要从事语篇分析、跨文化研究和外语教学等方面的研究,E-mail:zyjjx@163.com.Vol.35,No.2A pr.2014因此,本文中的语篇是以文本形式出现的社会实践话语。

其次,语篇与语境。

如前所述,语篇分析是研究使用中的语言,它与单纯的语言形式分析有所不同,因此需要考虑到语言使用中涉及的语境(包含文化、社会环境以及说话人、听话人等人际特征和心理现实等各方面的因素)。

人类学家马凌诺夫斯基(Malinowski,B.K)较早就提及了语境在语言使用中的重要作用,弗思(Firth,J.R)从文化语境与情境语境进一步发展了语境研究。

基于他们的思想,韩礼德(Halliday,M.A.K)建立了一套语法分析系统,试图将语言与社会结合起来加以研究[3]。

本文也认为语篇与特定的语境紧密相关,其意义产生于语境之中,没有语境,只能留下一连串的字符,语篇自然也无从谈起。

第三,语篇的意义。

一个语篇可以具有多重的意义。

如果仅从语法结构进行分析,可以研究句子歧义的产生与解析等内容,这种研究偏向于语义学的范畴。

如果扩大到句子层面之外,考察句之间的衔接、连贯等内容,其研究仍仅限于语篇所产生的单纯语义,与外部世界没有发生联系,其意义是独立的、静止的。

只有将语篇置于语境之中,考察语篇所具有的人际意义、社会意义等,所研究的语篇才具有鲜活的内容。

因此,本文所指的语篇意义是指嵌入到语境结构之中而动态产生的语言意义,其中可能包含人际意义、社会意义等方面。

三、语篇分析理论框架中的读者视角笼统说来,语言学研究有内部语言学(internallinguistics)和外部语言学(externallinguistics)之分野。

内部语言学以乔姆斯基等语言学家为代表,主张尽量排除说话人、听话者和社会环境等语境因素,以抽象的语言为研究对象。

外部语言学的语言学家(如倡导系统功能语言学的研究者)则相反,认为语言与社会环境因素密不可分,只有结合起来才能把握语言的本质。

因此,在内部语言学研究传统中,语言学家并不关心语言的使用,而超出句子之外的篇章研究也不是他们目前主要关心的对象,自然也就不存在所谓的读者视角了。

本文归属于外部语言学研究取向,赞同系统功能语言学关于语言本质的立场。

系统功能语言学强调语言的社会属性,把语篇当作一种社会实践活动,注重通过对具体语篇的研究来探讨语言的性质,关注语境在语篇中的意义和作用;在语境研究上,系统功能语言学者继承了Malinowski和Firth的传统,认为语言意义不是孤立地存在于语言单位之中,而与特定的语境所体现的社会符号系统密切相关[4]。

从这种意义出发,我们可以认为,系统功能语言学在理论上完全肯定语篇生产者(作者)和语篇消费者(读者)在语篇分析中的重要地位。

从事批评性语篇分析(CriticalDiscourseAnalysis,CDA)的学者们则倾向于借助系统功能语言学,提倡积极参与社会实践,通过分析媒介语言进行社会批评。

与系统功能语言学一致,CDA学者们认为语篇本身就是一种社会实践活动,语篇内在地包含语篇、作者和读者三个方面的内容,三者不可分割,主张将语篇与社会文化中的权力、意识形态等宏观背景联系起来加以研究[5-7]。

显然,CDA已经不再把语篇仅仅看作是一种静态语言结构,而把语篇看作是动态的、历史的产物,其研究内在地包含了语篇读者[8]。

因此,读者视角在CDA中不仅在理论上,而且在实践上都有所兼顾。

但是,在实际的研究中,大多数批评性语篇分析家还是忽略了读者在语篇理解中的能动作用,没有将读者的因素考虑在内,语篇分析家们通常的做法是,从自己特定的意识形态和政治立场出发进行语篇解读,并默认读者对于特定语篇会产生某种理解,所以他们经常迎合读者的先入之见,以说服读者认为他们的分析是正确的。

同时,更为危险的是,语篇分析家一般并不明示自己的语言分析是依赖于读者的先入之见。

这种倾向遭到严厉批评[9-10],因为这样会导致语言分析依赖于分析家们的选择性批评,显得较为主观,没有照顾到读者的视角及语篇理解的多样性。

接下来,本文将从三个方面出发,进一步深入探讨当前语篇分析在读者视角关照方面的不足之处。

四、被隐形的读者在众多语言学流派中,系统功能语言学以重视语言的社会属性而著称,因而获得语篇研究者的青睐[5-11]。

系统功能语言学认为语言系统是一种语言行为潜势(linguisticbehaviorpotential),而实际的言语活动则是一种语言潜势的具体实现。

然而,在实际语言分析中,系统功能语言学却依然表现出注重语言形式结构,忽视语言使用的倾向。

例如,韩礼德提出,语篇分析主要包含两个层次:一个是理解语篇,另一个是评价语篇;前者是初级层次,后者是较高层次;前者起到语义分析,解除第35卷第2期邹艳菁:语篇分析中的读者视角83歧义和揭示隐喻等作用,后者则联系语篇和语境及更大的社会环境,评判语篇功能的实现情况[3]。

对此,Widdowson进行了批评。

Widdowson指出,语篇意义的产生并非如韩礼德所认为的那样经过二个层次;在现实中,语篇意义产生往往要直接得多,也更加自然。

韩礼德把语篇分析与语篇释读(interpretation)混淆了,同时也反映出他将文本(text)和语篇(discourse)视为等同;实际上,前者是静态的符号记录,而后者才是动态的,关系到语言的使用,这也是语言符号意义和语用意义的区别[9]。

对于这一点,我们可以从一个简单的语篇实例中得到说明。

在伦敦地铁,挂着一个公示语:“Dogsmustbecarried”。

通过对语篇进行语义分析,我们可以发现其中包含两种意义:(1)Itisnecessarytocarrydogs(类似于Ticketsmustbeshown);(2)Ifyouhaveadog,itisnecessarytocarryit.但是,在现实生活中,任何一个经过地铁的正常人,看到公示以后,立即将它与语境联系在一起,在瞬间理解了其中意义,并不会有语义排歧的过程[9]。

由此可见,韩礼德对语言进行的结构分析固然有其语言学意义,但从语篇研究的角度而言,没有体现出语言的动态性和语言作为一种社会实践活动的本质。

从语篇读者的视角来看,他忽略了语篇读者在语篇意义理解中所扮演的积极角色。

也就是说,语篇读者在语篇分析中被隐形了。

五、被僵化的读者如前所述,语篇分析者在对语篇作单纯的文本分析容易忽略读者应有的积极作用。

同时,我们看到,如果仅从符号编码和解码的角度来探讨语篇意义的话,即使在分析过程中有意识兼顾到语篇的人际功能,仍然会产生另一种消极影响,即把读者看作僵化和被动接受的个体,而非积极参与语篇意义建构的主体。

例如,语篇分析中经常通过分析被动语态的使用来考察语篇所传递出来的交际意图。

面对新闻报道中的“ElevenAfricanswereshotdead”,语篇分析一般会将这种被动语态的使用归结为避免提及施事主体,从而达到掩盖施暴者的目的,甚至可以指责该报道充当帮凶的角色。

但是,假如这一句话是出现在如下这样的语境中:PoliceopenedfireonAfricandemonstratorsinSalisburytodayasANCleadersweremeeting.ElevenAfricanswereshotdead[9]。

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