language study翻译
计算机语言学语料库语言学机器翻译
➢ Advantages: cost-effective, time-saving ➢ Problems: output quality hard to ensure (reasons?)
4. Corpus Linguistics
4.1 Definition (p238)
2. CALL
2.1 CAI, CAL, CALL (p226)
➢ CAI: Computer-assisted Instruction ➢ CAL: Computer-assisted Learning ➢ CALL: Computer-assisted Language Learning
2.2 Phases of CALL
What is the impact of the Internet on machine translation?
1. Computational Linguistics
1.1 Definition (p226)
➢ A branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language.
4. Corpus Linguistics
4.4 For language study
➢ Lexical studies: complete and precise definitions and usage of words and phrases.
➢ Grammar: The potential for the representative quantification of a whole language variety. Their role as empirical data for the testing of hypotheses derived from grammatical theory.
《科技英语文献阅读与翻译》Unit-1-TextA
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约翰·冯·诺依曼 (1903-1957)
匈牙利裔美国数学家, 普林斯顿大学和普林斯顿 高等研究所教授,曾任研制原子弹的顾问，并参 加研制计算机,被称为计算机之父,1954年成为 美国原子能委员会委员.作为二十世纪最杰出的 数学家之一, 他在数理逻辑, 测度论, 格论和连 续几何学方面都有开创性的成果;在博弈论和控 制论,力学,经济学和计算机研制等领域做出了杰 出的贡献. 他同莫根·施特恩合作，写出《博弈 论和经济行为》(Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 1947)一书，这是博弈论
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it One
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博弈论
博弈论有时也称为对策论是应用数 学的一个分支, 是研究具有斗争或竞 争性质现象的数学理论和方法,也是 运筹学的一个重要学科。目前在社 会学,生物学，经济学，国际关系， 计算机科学, 政治学，军事战略和其 他很多学科都有广泛的应用。
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Unit One
Princeton has traditionally focused on undergraduate education and academic research, it now offers a large number of top-rated professional Master's degrees and PhD programs in a range of subjects.
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Princeton
Princeton is a city in Green Lake County, NJ, United States.
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语言学教程相关名词翻译和解释
Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics Teaching procedures1. language1.1 Why study language?为什么学习语言A tool for communication交流的工具An integral part of our life and humanity 人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知.1.2 What is language?什么是语言1.2.1 different senses of language 语言的不同意义1. what a person says( concrete act of speech)a person‟s consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2. A web ster‟s New Dictionrary offers a frequently used sense of the word “language”:a. human speech 人类的言语b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过言语来交流的能力c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; 用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统d. the written representation of such a system 系统的文字表达3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语言是言语交流的一种方式.Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiostic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人嗲鹩诙?1.2.2 definitions一.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener).A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×)Why do we say language is arbitrary?Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. This explains and is explained by the fact that different language have different words for the same object, it is good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language . it is only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrary of language is a famous quotation from shakepeare’s play:”Romeo and Juliet: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字,闻起来都是一样香的.Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or voval forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.V ocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or read also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.“Language Acquisition Device”(LAD)二.What characteristics of langauge do you think should be included in a good ,comprenhensive definition of language?Language is a rule-governed system; langauge is basically vocal; langauge is arbitrary ; langague is used for human communication.1.3 Design features of language 语言的结构特征Design features------ refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity/ productivity, displacement, clutural transmission and interchangeability.Design features----- are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.(指决定了人类语言性质的特征.例如任意性,二重性,创造性,移位性,文化转移性等.)The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features.What is arbitrariness?任意性a. arbitrariness---- arbitrariness(任意性): one design feature of human language,which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.(人类语言的本质特征之一,指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系.)It was discussed by Saussure first.The link between them is a matter of convention.E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese)Mansion (French)房子(Chinese)(1) arbitrary between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning语言的音和义之间的任意性a. By “arbitrary”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言的意义和语音之间没有逻辑关系。
Unit1 课文翻译
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?怎样才能学好一种语言？"Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!"Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will no guarantee success for every adult language learner. 学会一种语言是很容易的。
甚至一个小孩子都能学会！"正在学习又一种语言的大多数成年人往往都不会同意这种说法。
对成年人来说，学习另一种语言是很难的事。
他们需要数个小时去钻研去练习，结果即使是这样，也不一定保证每一个语言的成年人都能学成功。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields. 学习语言跟学习其他事物是不同的。
有一些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域里很有成就，可是却发现很难学会第二种语言。
BBC英语学习Language learning 学习外语的重要性
有些人觉得学外语这件事既有趣又实用。
但一项研究发现，目前正在学习外语的英国中学生人数与本世纪初相比下降了45%，导致这一变化的因素有哪些？青少年的外语水平是否会影响他们的国际竞争力？在英国，哪几门外语的热度近年来有明显的提升？本集内容通过讲述因学习外语而获益的几个真人真事，分析外语学习的重要性。
Vocabulary: languages 词汇: 语言As you probably know, learning a foreign language is sometimes challenging. But it can also be fun. We spend hundreds of hours at school trying to get our tongues round different vocabulary and grammar in order to earna qualification. But learning to speak a second language is more than just passing an exam – it opens doors to new opportunities, helps you to communicate with others and makes travelling overseas more fulfilling.It might come as a surprise that, according to research by the BBC, the number of teenagers learning foreign languages in UK secondary schools has dropped by 45% since the turn of the millennium. German and French have fallen the most. While these languages from two of the UK's closest trading partners have declined at GCSE level, there has been a noticeable surge in some others, such as Spanish and Mandarin.Another survey of secondary schools suggests a third of students have dropped at least one language from their GCSE exam options. There are many reasons for this, including a perception by some students that languages are difficult. Getting to grips with the lingo of another country can certainly be a challenge and some pupils think 'Why bother?' when English is spoken by hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Others have questioned the need for a second language when translation technology is advancing.Matthew Fell, chief UK policy director for business group the CBI, has told the BBC that "The decline in language learning in schools must be reversed, or else the UK will be less competitive globally and young people less prepared for the modern world." But even for those who are keen to study another language, the opportunity is being reduced. In Scotland, for example, foreign language subjects are being squeezed out of many secondary school timetables with some head teachers blaming pressure on the curriculum. However, some native English speakers have told the BBC about the benefits of speaking another tongue. Cassandra Scott, from Edinburgh, studied three languages in her final year at school. She is now afreelance translator in Edinburgh, and says "Learning languages at school really set the course for my career."词汇表foreign language 外语get your tongue round something “舌头转过弯来”，正确发出…音vocabulary 词汇grammar 语法qualification 资格证书，文凭second language 第二语言open doors to something 为（新事物）敞开大门，使…成为可能German 德语French 法语Spanish 西班牙语Mandarin 普通话get to grips with 理解，掌握lingo 外语translation 翻译foreign language subject 外语学科curriculum 全部课程native English speaker 英语为母语者tongue 语言translator 译者，翻译家set the course for 为…指明方向career 职业测验与练习1. 阅读课文并回答问题。
2.翻译的基本理论术语和几个一般性问题及其常用英文表述
翻译基本理论术语翻译的标准The criteria(standard)of translation信达雅Fidelity(faithfulness) Fluency(expressiveness) Elegance(flair) 透彻的理解have a thorough understanding准确的表达precise(accurate) expression意译free (liberal) translation直译literal translation死译word-for-word translation活译dynamic equivalence translation重译repetition增译(contextual) amplification减译omission词类转移conversion词序调整inversion分译division正说反译/反说正译negation语态变换the change of the voice归化/异化Foreignizing/ Alienation; Domesticating/ Adaptation对等equivalence形式对等formal correspondence动态（灵活）对等dynamic equivalence意义对等equivalence in terms of meaning风格对等equivalence in terms of style意合Parataxis形合Hypotaxis欠额翻译（过载翻译）under translation (overloaded translation)校核rectification释义paraphrase翻译学translatology翻译科学science of translating神似be alike in spirit (be an excellent likeness)化镜sublimity (perfection)已入化境reach(attain) perfection和谐harmonious和谐一致in perfect harmony不仅形似而且神似be alike not only in appearance(form) but also in spirit宁信而不雅It is better to be faithful than to be elegant宁顺而不信，宁信而不顺It is better to have a smooth version than a faithful oneRather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language)保持原文的丰姿keep the full flavor of the original work忠实通顺Faithful(ness) and smooth(ness) (clear and coherent)忠实的译文translation true to the original忠实于原文true(faithful) to the original句子不通the sentence doesn‟t read smoothly他的翻译通顺易懂his interpretation is coherent and intelligible（泰特勒Tytler提出的）翻译三原则：1，译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work 2，译文的风格，笔调应与原文的性质相同That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original 3，译文应象原文一样自然流畅That the translation should have all the ease of the original compositionGenerally speaking, a qualified translator should have1, a good command of the source language2, a good command of the target language3, a wide range and scope of knowledge4, a high political consciousness5, a necessary knowledge of basic techniques (skills) used in translation翻译的几个一般性问题及其常用英文表述本材料选自不同翻译论著，全是关于翻译的几个一般性问题的常用英文表述方法，语言较为通俗易懂，在讨论翻译时也较为常用，涉及下面六条内容：1．何谓翻译2．外语学习的目的和翻译的重要性3．译者的必备条件4．翻译标准5．直译和意译6．我国翻译史简介要说明的是，英文材料的段落后有(1)，(2)，(3)，(4)或(5)等编号时，这编号指本章后References and Further Reading项下的书目编号，说明此编号前所引引文的出处。
高中英语《BodyLanguage》说课稿
⼀、教材分析 (⼀)教材内容分析本单元的中⼼话题是“肢体语⾔”，介绍了肢体语⾔在世界范围内的⼈们⽣活中所承担的不同⾓⾊及所起的重要作⽤，其中重点介绍了肢体语⾔在不同的⽂化背景下的不同含义及世界通⽤的肢体语⾔。
本单元的绝⼤部分内容都围绕这⼀中⼼话题展开的。
“热⾝”(Warming up)部分以五幅不同的⾯部表情导出本单元的话题之⼀：⾯部表情是传递某⼈内⼼情感的⼀种⽅式，使他们能在平时注意⾃⼰在与他⼈交往中注意⾃⾝的⾯部表情。
“听⼒”(Listening)部分是以听的形式进⼀步向学⽣介绍了肢体语⾔的交际功能，然后以选择的形式考查学⽣对听⼒材料信息的筛选能⼒，同时⼜要求学⽣把所听到的信息应运于讨论之中。
“⼝语”(Speaking)部分向学⽣提供三个情景，让学⽣通过编对话进⾏“请求帮助”和“提供帮助”的⽇常英语练习。
“读前”(Pre-reading)部分编者设计了三个问题，诱发学⽣思考如何⽤肢体语⾔进⾏交流。
激发学⽣进⾏阅读的欲望。
“阅读”(Reading)部分是⼀篇说明⽂，它介绍了We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people./We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language。
全⽂可分为三⼤部分，各部分的意思是：Part 1 (Para 1): We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people. Part 2 (Para 2-3): Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. Part 3 (Para 4-5): Some gestures seem to be universal. “读后”(Post-reading)部分设计了两种练习。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第10-11章
Chapter 10 Language and Computer1. 计算机语言学计算机语言学可以看作是应用语言学的分支，即通过计算机处理人类语言。
计算机语言包括：对语言数据的分析，建立一个序列，通过它，语言学习者可以获得各种语法规律或某一特定词项的出现频率；人工语言的电子生成和人类语言的自动识别；它也包括不同自然语言之间的自动翻译和语篇处理；人与计算机的交流。
2. CAI, CAL & CALL. CAI：计算机辅助教学，就是在教学过程中使用计算机。
. CAL：计算机辅助学习，强调在教和学两方面使用计算机，通过学生自己的推理和和实践，帮助学习者达到教学目标。
. CALL：计算机辅助语言学习，如果说CAI,和CAL是处理一般的教和学，那么CALL是用来处理语言教学的。
它特别是指将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教学中去。
3. 机器翻译&人工翻译. 定义机器翻译是指使用机器将语篇从一种自然语言翻译至另一种自然语言。
机器翻译可分为两类：不需要辅助的和需要辅助的。
. 机器翻译&人工翻译在新世纪之初，很明显，机器翻译和人工翻译能够且将会相对协调地同时存在。
我们仍旧需要那些人工翻译者所作出的贡献。
当翻译不得不讲究“可发行”质量时，机器翻译和人工翻译都具有各自的作用。
对语篇翻译来说，在对输出的质量要求不高的地方，机器翻译是一种理想的解决方法。
对信息的一对一交换而言，人工翻译家可能总是会有作用的。
至于口语翻译，一定会是人工翻译者的市场。
4. 计算机语料库. 语料库(corpus)A collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as atranscription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language--- for example, to determine how the application of a particular sound, word, or syntactic construction varies.语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以有书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。
2021_2022高中英语Unit2PoemsUsinglanguage二教案新人教版选修
Period 5 Reading and Writing整体设计教学内容分析The teaching materials of this period contain two parts.The first part is the reading passage on Page 14 with the title of I've Saved the Summer，which is a poem telling a parent sp eaking to a young adult child.The older person has experienced his/her own journey through life and is offering love to the young person to help him/her begin on his/her own journey through life.The second part is the Writing Task on Page 54，which asks the students to write a poem.Knowledge and skills1．To enable the st udents to listen to the “music” of the poem，to know how it makes them feel and what it makes them think about.2．To get the students to learn the following useful new words and phrases：appropriate，exchange，sponsor，darkness，try out，let out.3．To get the students to learn the following useful structure：If I＋past tense...，I would...4．To help the students learn how to write a poem starting with “If I．..”．5．To foster the students' ability in skimming and looking up information in reference books and improve the students' reading ability.Process and methodsReading for specific information，summarizing，discussing and practicing.Emotion，attitude and value1．To stimulate the students' love to poetry.2．To inspire the students to write poems of their own.教学重、难点1．The understanding of the reading passage.2．The use of the subjunctive mood in poem writing.3．Teaching the students how to write a poem of their own.教学过程Step 1RevisionCheck the answers to the grammar exercises on Page 13 and explain the difficult ones.Step 2Pre－readingListen to the poem “I've saved the summer” and answer these questions：1．Do you think the speaker in the poem is more likely to be a girlfriend/boyfriend or a parent?2．Does the poem have a rhythmic pattern?3．Does the poem have rhyming words?4．When you were listening to the poem，did it make you feel something or think about something? What did it make you feel or think about?Suggested answers：1．Students' answers may vary.2．Yes(it has two strong beats per line)．3．Yes.4．Students' answers may vary.Step 3Reading1．Circle the words that rhyme.What is unusual about the rhyming words in the last four lines?2．Try beating or clapping the strong beats of the rhythm as you read the poem to yourself.Now listen to the poem again and clap the strong beats.Suggested answers：1．Circled words：you，new；need，feed；nineteen，mean；way，day；own，own.The rhyming words in the last four lines are unusual because they are the same word although they each have a different meaning.2．The strong beats of the rhythm are marked below：I've saved the sum merAnd I give it all to youTo hold on winter morn ingsWhen the snow is new.I've saved some sun lightIf you should ever needA place away from dark nessWhere your mind can feed.And for myself I've kept your smileWhen you were but nine teenTill you're older you'll not knowWhat brave young smiles can mean.I know no ans wersTo help you on your wayThe ans wers lie some whereAt the bott om of the day.But if you've a need for loveI'll give you all I ownIt might help you down the roadTill you've found your own.Step 4DiscussionIn small groups discuss these questions：1．Who is the speaker in the poem and who is he/she speaking to? Give reasons to support your answer.2．Which of the following is the closest to the speaker's message? Give a reason for your choice.A．If it's cold，I'll warm you；if it's dark，I'll give you light；if you're hungry，I'll feed you；if you want love，I'll give it to you.B．Although the future may be difficult for you，whenever you need warmth and love，remember I'll have some to give you.C．While you're away I'll remember your smile and I'll love you always.When you return，I hope you will love me.Suggested answers：1．A parent(mother or father)speaking to a young adult child(son or daughter)．We know that the speaker is probably a parent because he/she is offering the child unconditional love(But if you've a need for love，I'll give you all I own)．We know that the son/daughter is a young adult because the speaker refers to the time when you were but nineteen.2．BStep 5Language studyShow the students the following language points in a slide show.1．appropriate(P13)【原句再现】Match the beginning of each sentence with the appropriate ending.把每个句子的开头与其合适的结尾连在一起。
胡壮麟的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表
胡壮麟的语言学术语英汉对照翻译表1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can eas ily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音complete obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partial obstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。