新托福阅读八大题型完整解析
托福阅读各大题型分析梳理
托福阅读各大题型分析梳理托福阅读考试中有不同的题型，现在给大家搜集了一些题型分析，希望对你们有帮助。
托福阅读指代题型举例分析指代定位顾名思义，这种题是要问考生文中的代词具体指代的是什么丁冬，说专业点叫做先行词antecedent.基本可以分为四类。
第一是人称代词或者物主代词，如I， you， our， mine; 第二类是从句中的引导词，如what， which， who;第三类是指示代词，this， that(包括其指示的名词，如问this reason， that purpose之类的);第四类是其他的代词，all， most， some， many， the former，the latter之类。
代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。
从前面找离它较近的那个词。
找到以后把意义代回到原句中看合适不合适就可以了。
OG还特别强调了，注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。
总体来说这种题难度都不大。
用OG上的几个例子说明：先行词，先行词，顾名思义，一般应该在代词前面。
根据就近原则就找出来postal service.代回去看看合适不合适，A，distribution 有65个office; B销售有65个office，C报纸有65个office，D，邮政服务有65个office.其他几个都太荒诞了。
这种题难度相对不大，也就不多说了。
上面就是托福阅读题型距离分析之直接信息题的做题解法，希望大家认真看看，争取掌握这类题型，争取高分。
托福阅读反面信息题型举例分析反面信息题这种题最大的特点是有一个大写的NOT或者EXCEPT.根据ETS的解释，这种题也是来自文中给出的直接信息。
要解决这个问题，需要在文中找出3个提到的选项，剩下的那一个就是答案了。
而那三个文中有提到的信息，则可能分布在一段或者几段之中，跨度比上面的题大。
这种题难度也就比上面那种大，因为要找“有”容易，找“没有”困难。
所以这种题几乎唯一的方法就是排除法。
新托福阅读10大题型超强解析_解析八类托福阅读题型
新托福阅读10大题型超强解析_解析八类托福阅读题型英语资源网免费发布解析八类托福阅读题型，更多解析八类托福阅读题型相关信息请访问英语资源网。
①事实信息题和否定事实信息题首先考生要知道“什么是信息题？”事实信息就是细节题，在托福考试中占有很大的比重，这类题主要考察学会说呢过的信息提取能力，就是定位信息。
解答时，考生要认真看题干从中找到关键词，然后根据关键词对文章进行定位，找出正确答案。
②词汇题文章都是存在上下文关系的，考生阅读相关段落，通过语境推断出词汇意思。
③推断题当题干中出现“infer，imply，indicate，ugget”，我们认定为推断题进行解答。
这里我们有两种推断思路：正向推断和反向推断。
正向推断适用于题干与原文类似于整体与部分的关系。
逆向推断就是将关键句中的时间，地点，具体的取非词，然后进行反向推断。
④目的题/方法题/态度题⑤句子简化题阅读题中常常出现各种各样的重难点句型，这些语句涉及到句子结构语法，逻辑梳理，所以分析句子就显得尤为重要，找到原句进行逻辑分析，根据逻辑标志词进行排除选项，确定答案。
⑥指代题指代题的关键就是找到代词所指的名词，短语，或是句子内容，找出的代词带进所在段落中，查看句意是否逻辑通顺，符合文章内容。
⑦句子插入题句子插入题是将一个新的句子出入到原文合适的位置。
考生可以通过几个号才能查关键的衔接手段：①语法衔接手段②逻辑衔接手段③，找到一些衔接词语在根据文章逻辑找到合适的插入位置。
⑧文章内容小结题和表格题这类题型有两种出题模式：一种是从全文布局出题，一种是突出性主题段落出题。
解题时按照题目类型找主题和支持主题观点的段落事例，然后判断总结对比，也可以利用排除法选出答案。
新托福阅读真题全解析
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托福阅读考试有哪些题型-详解题型分类及解法
托福阅读考试有哪些题型?详解题型分类及解法在托福阅读考试当中，你除了要积累足够的词汇量，你对托福阅读的各种题型以及其解法也是大家在备考过程当中必需要把握的，只有把握了这些，你才能可能去冲刺托福阅读考试的高分甚至是总分。
这里我为大家整理了托福阅读考试各类题型的结构及解法，希望对大家的托福考试提分有关怀。
托福阅读考试有哪些题型?详解题型分类及解法1 词汇题问法：The word/phrase _X is closest in meaning to____技巧：(1)首先看是否认识, 假如在认识, 在选项中找同义或〔近义词〕, 并代入原文检验。
(2)假如不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
(3)看原词所在〔句子〕前后2句, 找重复对应。
(4)假如悬想中有2个悬想都在上下文中合理,选择在含义上与原词沾边的词。
(5)选项中不认识的词不轻易去选。
做题顺序：看单词，看选项，原文验证。
2 指代题问法：The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to技巧：(1)单复数it找单数名词或名词性词组。
they找复数名词或名词性词组。
(2)在主从复合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代词主语优先指代前半句主语的核心词(有例外, 要从意义推断)。
(3)简洁句中,代词优先指代主语核心词, 次之制代宾语核心词。
(4)代词所在句子找不到合适的指代, 优先指代前一句主语, 次之指代后一句宾语。
(5)一句话中, 相同的代词指代相同。
3 直接事实题问法：According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?技巧：定位原文, 细读。
4 infer题(需要精确理解)留意：既然是infer, imply, 就确定不是原文中明确说的。
技巧：(1)时间前后推理。
(2)排除法。
(3)不要加入自己的观点。
5 举例说明概述题(例子的作用)技巧：(1)重点不是例子本身, 而是举例子的目的及例子的服务对象。
新托福试题及答案
新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一：《城市化的影响》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响？1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响？答案：1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。
1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。
B. 阅读材料二：《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式？2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响？答案：2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。
2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流，加速了文明的发展。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一：《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施？3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效？答案：3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。
3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。
B. 听力材料二：《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响？4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略？答案：4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。
4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一：描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。
答案：我认为植树活动对环境最有益。
它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放，还能增加生物多样性，改善空气质量。
B. 口语任务二：讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。
答案：我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。
定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆，而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一：论述城市化对人类社会的影响。
答案：城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。
新TOEFL托福iBT阅读题型与解题方法
新TOEFL阅读题型及解题方法新托福（托福iBT）● 2005 年9 月，美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球推出新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。
● TOEFL iBT能够反映学生在一流大专院校的教学和校园生活中的语言应用能力。
加试●出现在听力或阅读部分，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。
●加试部分不算分，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试。
●阅读和听力考试之后有10 分钟休息时间。
新TOEFL阅读部分In TOEFL test, there are usually 13 to 14 questions for each passage and the question types can be summarized as the following.1.Factual questions(3-6 questions per set)2.Negative Factual questions(0-2 questions per set)3.Inference Questions(0-2 questions per set)4.Rhetorical Purpose Questions(0-2 questions per set)5.Sentence Insertion Questions(1 question per set)6.Sentence Reference Questions(0-2 questions per set)7.Sentence Restatement Questions(1 question per set)8.Prose Summary Questions(1 question per set)9.Fill in a Table Questions(1 question per set)10.Vocabulary Questions(0-3 questions per set)1. FQ (Factual questions)Definition: FQ ask about explicit facts and details in the passage. They often contain: who, what, when, where, why. For FQ, the information needed for an answer is directly stated somewhere in the passage.Characteristics: FQ often begin with the following1.According to the passage,2.According to the information in paragraph 23.What does the author say aboutTips for FQ:1.Focus on one or two key words from the question, they might be DATE, NAMEand other nouns so on2.Scan the passage and look only for these words as you scroll down3.The questions usually follow the order of the passage, therefore, usually scrolldown form the last questions you answered, you do not need to read the entire passage again4.Underline the sentences where contain the key words, read preceding andfollowing sentences as well.2. Negative Factual Questions (NFQ)Definitions: NFQ ask you to determine which of the four answer choices is not given in the passage. It often contains words, NOT, EXCEPT, LEAST. They always appear in Uppercases.Characteristics: NFQ often begin with the following structures1.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?3.Which of the following is LEAST likely?Tips for NFQ1.Read the questions first, locate key words.e Key Words technique to look for the information in the passage related witheach answer3.Identify the answer that is not mentioned in the passagesExercise I: Locate the key words for the following sentences:1.What story is told about the first dentist in the North American colonies?2.People in which of the following occupations probably did NOT practiceemergency dentistry?3.What materials did Paul Revere use to make artificial teeth?4.How many students graduated in the first class to study dentistry in the UnitedStates?5.How is the building that housed the first dental school in the United States atpresent?6.According to the passage, what were ”Negative spray” and “Vitalized Air”?7.In what year did William Morton demonstrated ether?8.Which of the following is NOT one of the problems that X rays can indicate?9.What were …dental engines‟?10.How did the dental drills that were developed in the 1950‟s reduce heat and pain? III. Inference questionsDefinition: These questions require you to make inferences according to the information provided in the passages. The answers to these questions are not directly stated anywhere in the passage, but it can be inferred.Characteristics: The questions usually contain the words infer or imply1.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?2.In paragraph..., the author implies that…?3.It can be concluded from the information in paragraph…that…4.The author suggests that:Types of Inference:Infer in reverse direction1.Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, sproutsof oil, or gushers, were common in the past.Which of the following can be inferred about the gushers?A.They make bringing the oil to the surface easierB.They signal the presence of huge oil reservesC.They waste more oil in the pastD.They are unlikely to occur nowadays2.The story of the western movement of population in the United States is, in themain, the story of the expansion of agriculture- of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life enter a national market economyWhat can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 18151.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.2.They were able to sell their products at high prices.3.They had not been successful in raising cattle4.They did not operate in a national market3.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?A.Canals were built primarily in the in the south of England rather than in otherregionsB.Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C.Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damagedin the processD.Canal builders hired surveyors like smith to examine exposed rock strata4.Sediments above and below the gypsum layers contained tiny marine fossils,indicating open-ocean conditions.Which of the following can be inferred about solid gypsum layers?A.It did not contain any marine fossilB.It had formed in open-ocean conditionsC.It had once been soft, deep-sea mudD.It contained sediment from nearby desertsInfer according to the key wordsIn all probabilities, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latin who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration and a land-based society. Which of the following can be inferred about the people of Latium?A.Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.B.They held different values than the people of RomeC.Agriculture played a significant role in the societyD.They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctExercises I: Identify the correct inferences based on the sentence or short passage:1. If a metalworker from 3,000 years ago could somehow travel forward in time, he would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process that today is used to cast titanium for jet engines.A: Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.B: The lost-wax methods of casting metal is very oldC: Metalworking has changed very little in 3,000 years.2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples. They don‟t mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.A: Apple growers have not developed any new varieties of apples in recent decades. B: Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.C: New varieties of apples take a long time to develop.3. High level of serum cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults. A: High level of serum cholesterol are no longer a problem for adults.B: Only children have a problem with high levels of serum cholesterol.C: High serum cholesterol affects both adults and children.4. Alpha Centauri, one of the closest stars to Earth, is just 4.3 light years away. It can be seen only from the southern Hemisphere. However, the closest star(other than our own Sun, of course) is a tiny red star, Proxima Centauri, which is not visible without a telescope.A: ProximaCentauri, is the closest star to Earth.B: Alpha Centauri, is invisible from earth without a telescope.C: Proxima Centauri is closer than 4.3 light years from the earth.5. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtle‟s brain is quite small, since turtles, like all other reptiles, depend mainly on senses other than sight.A: No reptile uses sight as its primary sense.B: Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles do.C: The visual area of other reptiles‟ brain is smaller than that of turtles.6. An old but still useful proverb says,” beware of oak, it draws the stroke.” In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do treeswith shallow, dry roots. Oak are fifty times more likely to be struck than beeches. Pines are not safe as beeches but are still much safer than oaks.A: The roots of oak are fifty times deeper than those of beeches.B: Pines‟ roots are deeper than beeches, but not as deep as those of oaks.C: the deeper the root, the safer the tree.7. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the penmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt or John E. Kennedy revealsA: Roosevelt and Kennedy both had handwriting that was difficult to read.B: Roosevelt‟s handwriting was more illegible than that of Kennedy.C: The author believe both Roosevelt and Kennedy had weak characters.8. Jack London spent only a year prospecting for gold in Alaska. However, nearly half of his forty books are set there.A: London was successful in his search for gold in Alaska.B: Although London worked in Alaska for only a short time, he wrote almost twenty books while he lived there.C: London‟s experiences in Alaska had a strong influence on his writing.9. Most fish take on the coloration of their natural surroundings to a certain degree. It‟s not surprising, therefore, that fish inhabiting the warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant hues of the rainbow.A: Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their environment.B. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environment.C: Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.10. Although sheep herding is an older and more beloved occupation, shepherds never caught the attention of filmmakers the way cowboys did.A: There have been more films about cowboys than about shepherds.B: Films about shepherds are older and more beloved than films about cowboys.C: Cowboys are generally younger than shepherds.11. The Okefenokee Swamp is a fascinating realm that both confirms and contradicts popular notions of a swamp. Along with huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, and dim waterways, the Okefenokee has sandy pine islands, sunlit prairies, and clear lakes.A. Although most swamps are not very interesting, the Okefenokee is an exception. B: The Okefenokee has features that are not commonly associated with swamps.C: Unlike most swamps, the Okefenokee does not have huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, or dim waterways.12. Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman Style of architecture, as seen in the buildings at the University of Virginia, to the English style favored by CharlesBullfinch.A: The architecture of the University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style. B: Bullfinch was an English architect.C: Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.13. In all cultures, gestures are used as a form of communication, but the same gestures may have very different meanings in different cultures.A: No two cultures use the same gestures.B: one gesture almost never has the same meaning in two cultures.C: A person from one culture may misunderstand the gestures used by a person from another.14. Even spiders that do not build webs from silk use it for a variety of purposes. such as constructing egg sacs and nursery tents.A: All spiders build webs.B: Spiders that build webs don‟t builds egg sacs or nursery tents.C: Silks is used by all spiders.15. In theory, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it seldom does, usually because it is used as a substitute for other tools.A: Using a screwdriver for purpose other than those for which it was intended can shorten its life.B: All screwdrivers, if they are really good, last a lifetime.C: If you want a screwdriver to last a lifetime, use other tools to substitute for it. Exercise II: Choose correct inferences for the questions according to the information in the passageThe Titus-Bode law predicted that there would be a fifth planet between Mars and Jupiter. In 1800, a group of astronomers nic knamed the “celestial police” was organized to search for the missing planet. Before the plan could be put in effect, another astronomer, G.Piazzi, discovered 1 Ceres, the largest asteroids, in this position in space on New year‟s Day, 1801. While trying t o locate Ceres again, the astronomer H.Olbers discovered 2 Pallas in 1802. J.Harding discovered 3 Juno in 1804. H.Olbers also discovered 4 Vesta, the brightest asteroid, in 1807. It was not until 1836 that a fifth asteroid, 5 Asterea, was added to the list. At first, many nineteenth-century astronomers did not find asteroids of much interest. One even called them” the vermin of the sky”. In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids. Then Wolf went on to discover 248 asteroids, beginning with 323 Bruscia. At present, around 150,000 asteroids have been discovered. Most are spotted today by automated systems that pair telescopes with computers.Asteroids vary in size from Ceres, with a diameter of 570 miles, to tiny bodies that are only the size of pebbles. Only the four largest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,and Juno-arespherical. Most are elongated irregular. Asteroids are not uniformity distributed through space. Many occur in clusters called groups, of in even tighter clusters called families. Families or asteroids with similar characteristics, indicating a common origin, are called Hiruzama asteroids.H.Olbers advanced the theory that asteroids are the remnants of a large planet that exploded. Other astronomers suggested that the asteroids were originally moons of Jupiter that broke away and then disintegrated. The most commonly accepted theory among astronomers today is that they occupy a place in the solar system where a sizable planet could have formed but was prevented from doing so by the disruptive gravity field of nearby Jupiter. Originally, perhaps, there were only a few dozen asteroids. These were eventually fragmented by mutual collisions to produce the present population of asteroids.When new asteroids are discovered, they are given a temporary six-character name. The first four numbers correspond to the year of discovery. The first of the two letters corresponds to the half-month period in which the asteroid was discovered, and the second to the sequence in which the asteroid was discovered in that half-month. For example, the asteroid 2006AC was the third asteroid(C) to be discovered in the first half of January(A)in 2006. After the orbit of an asteroid discovery(Currently from 1 Ceres to 95959 Covadonga). The first several hundred asteroids were named for female characters from mythology(Cere, for example, is the Roman goddess of the harvest) Even after these names were used up, the convention of giving asteroid may submit a name to the international Astronomical Union. Some are named for places or for things. Some are named to honor famous scientist, painters, writers, or even pop stars, such as musicians and actors. Some are named after colleagues, family members, and even pets. Discoverers may not, however, name asteroids after themselves. Of the 150,000 known asteroids, only about 10% have names.Most asteroids are found in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some have highly eccentric orbits, such as 3200 phaeton, which swings close to the Sun. Some asteroids, called Near Earth Asteroids(NEAs),pass close to Earth. It is feared that one day an steroid may hit Earth and cause a great deal of damage. In fact, most scientists believed that a collision between an asteroid and the earth made dinosaur extinct.In June of 2002, without warning, a medium-sized asteroid called 2002 MN passed relatively close to Earth. It was not observed until three days after it has passed. This was the cloest an asteroid had come to Earth since 1994XM. That asteroid missed the Earth by only 64,000 miles. However, the one in 2002 was much larger than 1994XN and potentially much more destructive. Other near misses involved 1989FC and 433 Erros in 1975. While there are programs to watch for Near Earth Asteroids, 2002MN proved that these programs are not completely effective. Some people believe that there should be much larger worldwide program to detect and possibly destroyasteroids that are heading towards out planet.Questions:1.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the Titus-Bode lawdeals with which of the following?A. The size of planets.B. The position of planets around the earth.C. The speed of bodies in spaceD. The existence of asteroids.2.What does the author imply about G.Piazzi in paragraph 1?A.He was not trained as an astronomer.B.He worked closely with H.Olbers.C.He was not a member of the “Celestial police”D.He discovered the four largest asteroids.3.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that H.OlbertsA.was not looking for 2 Pallas when he found it.B.discovered the largest asteroid.C.discovered many asteroids a few years after finding 4 Vesta.D.worked closely with J.Harding.4.The author implies that the nineteenth-century astronomers mentioned inparagraph 1 believed thatA.Astronomers should work on projects other than asteroids.B.astrophotography was a valuable tool.C.more time should be spent searching for asteroids.D.asteroids were dangerous because they might strike Earth.5.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2 that asteroids in a familyA.always have a common origin.B.are closer together than those in groupC.all have the same shape.D.are brighter than those in a group6. What does the author imply about the three theories that he explains in paragraph 3?A.They are all valid theories.B.The first two theories are no longer considered valid.C.All three theories have been proved to be false.D.The third theory is older than the first two.7. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 2002MNA.It has a temporary nameB.It was the two-thousandth and second asteroid to be discoveredC.It discoverer‟s first name began with M and last name began with ND.It was discovered in January of 20028. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 433 Eros?A.It is named for a female character from mythologyB.It was discovered in 433A.D.C.Its orbit has never been calculated.D.It was the four-hundred and thirty-third asteroid to be discovered9. It can be inferred that the first 333 asteroids to be discoveredA. All had feminine namesB. Were all named for mythological characters.C. All were given the names of historical persons.D. Were all named form their discoverers10. Which of the following can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6?A.Smaller asteroids move faster than medium-sized asteroids.rge asteroids are easy to detect if they approach the earth.C.The bigger the asteroid, the more destructive it might beD.Even if a large asteroid misses the Earth, it might cause damage.III. Rhetorical Purpose Questions: purpose means WHY, purpose questions ask WHY the author of a passage uses a certain piece of information in the passage.For example: The question may ask you why the authore a certain example2.Makes a comparison3.Quote a sentenceTips or Steps: Purpose questionsusually askyou why author cites an example, quotesa sentence or make a comparison. If the author cites an example, the answer usually will be immediate before the example; For quotation, read the whole sentence, the answer can be reached by the quoted sentence,Exercise:Beach ErosionThe Sea has been rising relative to the land for hundreds of years, geologists say, but the rise has accelerated over the last few decades. The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States have eroded an average of two or three feet, the Gulf Coast even faster. In some places the erosion has even been more dramatic. Highland Light, the oldest lighthouse on Cape Cod, was 400 feet from the sea when it was built in 1797. Now it is only about 100 feet from the ocean. Just in the last years, a series of harshwinter storms has eaten up over forty feet of the beach in from of the lighting house.The United States has over 19,000 miles of beaches, and nearly half of the population of the United States lives within 50 miles of the coast. Some estimates claim that between 80%-90% of the U.S. coastline is eroding. And the problem is not confined to the United States. Egypt, Thailand, India, the U.K., Australia, and Japan-almost every country that has a coastline-share this problem. During storms, the action of heavy waves carries sand into the sea and leaves it on the ocean floor. During calm period, erosion reverses. Sand is slowly moved landward by the action of gentler waves. In recent times, however, the build up of sand has not kept pace with erosion. In many places, sand has been replaced by sediment.Lately, the leading cause of the increased rate of beach erosion has been global warming. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are generated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. These gases are accumulating in the atmosphere, trapping in the sun‟s heat. Forests are being cut down, leaving fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the air. Global warming has likely increased the frequency of severe storm that tear sand from beaches. Average temperatures are likely to rise higher in the near future, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, causing the level of the sea to rise, and making coastal erosion even worse.Clearly, something must be done. Too many people live and vacation in Miami Beach, Atlantic City, Malibu, Galveston, and Honolulu to simply allow roads, houses, and resorts to fall into the sea. Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect coast is build protective structures such as sea walls and breakwater to protect beaches from the ravages of storms. These structures have been tried in a number of places along the U.S. coastline and in other countries, notably Japan.The problem with defensive structures is that they often don‟t work. One study, In fact, has shown that these structures accelerate the erosion of beaches. The states of Maine, North Carolina, and South Carolina have banned the building of these structures. Some communities have tried another solution: beach replenishment (also called beach nourishment). These programs simply replace lost sand with sand from deeper parts of the ocean or in the case of some California beaches, with sand brought in by trucks from the deserts. These programs are costly. It costs over US $1 million to replenish one mile of beach. Again, however, this method of preserving beaches is of dubious value. Another study shows that only 10% of replenished beaches have lasted more than five years. In some locations, the supply of suitable sand is limited. And the quality of the sand used for replenishment is seldom as high as the sand that it replaces.Q1: The author illustrates the problem of beach erosion in part bying Highland Light as a dramatic example of how severe beach erosion can beB.exploring the economic cost beach erosion on one seaside community.paring the situation at Highland Light with similar places in other countries.D.saying that the situation on Cape Cod is typical for most seaside communities.Q2: The author probably mentions the fact that nearly half of the population of the United States lives within fifty miles of the coast to show thatA.patterns of population distribution in the United States are changing,B.beach erosion affects a vast number of people in the United StatesC.the problem in the United States is more severe than it is in many other countries.D.beach erosion is not a concern for more than half of the population of the UnitedStates.Q3: The author explains global warming byA.giving its causes and showing how it affects beach erosionparing and contrasting it with other causes of beach erosionC.giving examples of ways to reduce its impact.D.evaluating how it may actually reduce beach erosion.Q4: The author mentions Japan in paragraph 4 because Japan has1.banned the use of protective structures2.ignored the problem of beach erosion3.tried beach replenishment programs4.built seawalls and breakwaters.Q5: The author cites the two studies in the passage in order to1.suggest that the sea is not rising as fast as was originally believed.2.strengthen the engineers‟ claim that protective structures and beachreplenishment are necessary.3.propose two new solutions to the problem of beach erosion.4.support his own position about protective structures and beach replenishment. Q6: It can be inferred the author of this passage1.opposes the use of both protective structures and beach replenishment2.believes beach replenishment would be more effective than protectivestructures.3.oppose any actions to prevent beach erosions.4.denies that beach erosion is a serious problemIV. Sentence Restatement(highlighted) QuestionsDefinition: Present a sentence from the passage, then asks you to choose the sentence from the answer choices that best restates or summarize the information in the original sentence.Characteristics:1.The correct choice will not look like the original sentence. It will use differentgrammar and vocabulary. Sometimes, use synonyms as a substitute.2.Correct choice may eliminate details and examples from original sentence. Itmay simplify and summarize the original sentence.3.Incorrect choices may1.Omit important information from original sentence, not the completesummarization.2.Change the meaning of the original sentence，usually the logicalrelationship between the sentences has been changed.Tips or steps:1.Break the sentences into 2-3 ideas and find the correct relationship amongsentences.Exercises:Passage 1:In some cases, a warning call or a threatening pose may be the only defense that is needed, but in other cases, intruders may refuse to leave peacefully and a battle for the territory takes place.Q 1: Which of the following sentences best express the essential information in the sentence in bold?ually a warning call is all that is required to get the invading bird to leave,but sometimes a threatening pose is also needed.2.If an intruder is threatened by the pose of the bird that occupies the territory, astruggle will take place.3.Sometimes the invader can be frightened away, but sometimes the defendermust fight.4.The intruder generally frightens the defender with warning calls andthreatening poses.Which of the following sentences if closed in meaning to the sentence in bold in the passage above?Passage 2It is also possible, of course, that people are concerned with several of these classes of motivation simultaneously, as would be the case if, on the same day, a person installed a fire safety alarm (satisfying a need for protection) and joined a folk-dancing club (satisfying a need for belonging).Q2: which of the following sentences best restates the information in the sentence in bold?1.People may satisfy more than one of Maslowe‟s categories of needs at thesame time.2.Obviously, for some people, installing a fire safety alarm is more importantthan joining a social club.3. A typical person is more motivated to satisfy a higher-level need, such as the。
托福阅读8种题型介绍
托福阅读8种题型介绍为了帮助大家备考托福，对托福阅读的题型有一个详细的了解，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读8种题型介绍。
托福阅读8种题型介绍一、细节题特征：没有特征(因为其他题型都有各自的特征)数量：每篇3-6题难度：变化很大策略：随机应变二、选非题特征：NOT/EXCEPT数量：每篇1题难度：较低策略：一定要做对三、推理题特征：infer、imply数量：每篇1-2题难度：很高策略：可以放四、修辞题：特征：(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影(2)个选项的开头为TO+关键动词(这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少，所以遇到都要记住)PS：这类题目有可能会变形五、词汇题特征：(1)题干与原文被打上了阴影(2)以the word/phrase开头数量：每篇3-6题难度：非常简单策略：一定要做对六、指代题特征：(1)原文与题干被打上阴影(2)打上阴影的是某个代词数量：1题难度：较低(可以直接测试语法能力)策略：要做对七、复述题特征：(1)原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影(2)题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.数量：1题难度：很难或者很简单八、插句题特征：黑色小方框(■)数量：1题难度：较低策略：要做对九、归总题特征：两排六个选项数量：1题难度：1分很简单，2分有点难策略：保1争2新增题型(参考TPO5)：四选二题型：是细节题的变形全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲阅读的步骤：第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶第2步：点review键，做完词汇题(不看原文)，同时关注一下是否有选非题(因为与原文对应的东西很多)第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做(因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。
新托福考试题型详解
新托福考试题型详解一、阅读(Reading)：有三篇文章与老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答题之前通读全文，而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。
每篇文章对应有11道试题，均为选择题。
除了最后一道试题之外，其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问，试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。
最后一题针对整篇文章提问，要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。
新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长，难度也有所增加。
这部分持续时间为1小时，在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。
二、听力(Listening)：取消了短对话由两篇较长的校园情景对话和四篇课堂演讲组成，课堂演讲每篇长约5分钟。
由于是机考，考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。
在播放录音资料时，电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。
考生可以在听音过程中记笔记。
考生不能复查、修改已递交的答案。
这个部分持续大约50分钟。
听力水平无疑是新托福成功与否的关键，除阅读外，无论哪一部分都离不开“听”。
对于中国考生来说，听力却正是薄弱环节。
目前中国考生提高听力的其中一条有效途径是“听写法”，即把相关听力材料拿来精听，并把听到的内容逐句写下来。
也有专门用来练习新托福听写的软件，如新托福听写王软件。
“听写法”提高听力的一个缺点是，刚开始练习时可能比较费时。
三、口试(Speaking)：把TSE(Test of Spoken English)融合在新托福中。
1然而与现行的TSE相比又有较大改动。
这个部分共有6题，持续约20分钟。
第一、二题要求考生就某一话题阐述自己的观点。
第三、四题要求考生首先在45秒内阅读一段短文，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文有关的对话或课堂演讲。
最后，要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和播放的对话或课堂演讲回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。
例如，短文中描述了对学校体育馆进行扩建的两种方案，对话中一位同学阐述了自己的立场，即赞成哪种方案，反对哪种方案，并列举了若干理由。
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新托福阅读八大题型完整解析与老托福相比较，IBT阅读和其他部分一样有很大的变化。
IBT阅读的主要变化有五点：1. 题目的数量减少：从之前老托50道题目减少到目前39道；2. 文章的篇数减少：从之前的5篇减少到目前的3篇；3. 文章内容的长度增加：内容字数从之前的350字左右增加到目前650-700字/篇；4. 题目的分数参差不齐：各个类型题目的分数根据其难易程度而定；5. 出现了三类新题型：句子插入题，句意解释题目和表格题是新出现的题目类。
解决IBT阅读中的插入句子题的五大步骤插入句子题是IBT阅读中的新题性。
这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分，用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。
做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。
掌握衔接词是解答插入句子题的关键掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。
衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。
)；关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词；表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等；递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等；结构配对词：如，on t he one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。
我们来具体来一个例子：1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing.2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4。
Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added tothe …paragraph of th e passage。
These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations。
Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage。
A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4具体的解题步骤：1. 理解要插入的句子：These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, and narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations. 我们看这个句子是主、谓、宾结构，其中宾语为一些列的并列名词和短语。
2. 寻找衔接词：这个句子的衔接词为：These tales3. 分析这个句子和上下文的关系：位置1 不可能，因为它后面的句子是一个主题型句子，即，提出论点，而我们要插入的句子为一个小点，属于论据。
然后看位置2，这里出现了和我们要加入句子一样的信息点Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake。
显然句子放在位置2是不行的；位置3后面的句子是对其前面句子for their own sake的进一步解释。
所以最后只能是位置4了。
4. 把这个句带入各个位置。
5. 检查每个位置，位置4是最恰当的。
总之，把握这五大步骤是我们解决插入句子题的一个便利小窍门，具体的应用方法因人而议。
理解需要插入句子的结构，找出衔接词是解题关键。
同时要注意整个段落的结构以及上下文逻辑关系。
IBT阅读中指代关系题的解决策略在IBT阅读考题中，我们依然能看到一个熟悉的词组“refer to ”，这是指代关系题的标志。
一般来说，3篇IBT阅读题目中会有2至3道这种类型的试题，所以不能轻视。
一、指代关系题可以分为两类：代词指代题和词汇指代题。
1. 代词指代题：对于代词指代题，简单句中的这类题目可以采用就近原则来解决：先读整个句子，以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。
而对于主从复合句，采用后指代前的方法。
一般来说，从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。
这个与主从复合句的类型没有关系。
例如：The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized。
The word “they “refers toA. skeletonB. scavengersC. creaturesD. environments这个句子为复合句，前半句的主语为skeletons，所以按照上面的原则A为正确答案。
2. 词汇指代题：这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语，而不是指代。
例如：代词指代题的常问方式为：The word “they, it, their..。
” refer to …词汇指代题的常问方式为：The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中，“W ”为词汇或者短语。
其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样，采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。
我们来看一个例子：In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured。
The word “process” in refer toA. The righting of tumbling catB. The cat’s fall slowed downC. High-speed photographyD. A scientific experiment这是个主从复合句，从句的主语为process，所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair，但是答案中没有相同的选项。
根据代词指代的特点，本句中找不到所指代的对象，所指代的对象通常出现在上一句话中，所以正确答案为A。
二、解答指代关系题的三大步骤：1. 看题干，确定指代类型2. 带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围3. 采用排除法，确定答案。
总之，正确理解原文是解决这类问题的关键，之后按照这三个步骤，采用就近原则和后指代前的技巧进行解答。
IBT阅读修饰目的题的解决策略修饰目的题在一定程度上也叫例证题，它主要考查考生透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。
发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的是这类题目的主要考察点。
一般来说，问题会要求考生理解为什么作者在文章中用某些词，词组和句子。
在IBT考试中会有3-4个这类型题目。
1、修辞目的题的两种考察形式：在阅读考试中，这类题目有两种不同的考察形式：一种是给出修辞手段问目的，另一种是给出修辞目的问手段。
其常见的题目形式如下：The author uses X as an example of…Why does the author mention X?Why does the author compare … to …?Why does the author use the word … in discussing…?The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…The author uses X as an example of…2、解题技巧找出这些修辞方法所用的关键词，例如定义中所用的同位语；描述事物大小、形状的形容词和名词；举例用的词，如，for instance，for example，in other words；用来解释的词语，如because，this is why，due to等。
我们来看一个例子：One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings，for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances。
Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocksTo contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at LascauxTo support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spacesTo give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations首先分析问题题目，找出其中的关键词：Bushmen in South Africa。