语言学教学步骤

来源：《英语语言学概论》课程组发布时间：2007-5-6 21:42:00 已经阅读293次Lecture oneChapter 1 IntroductionI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. What linguistics is2. The scope of linguistics3. Some important distinctions in linguisticsII. ProceduresA. Get to know each other(5’)B. Introduce the book as well as the authors(10’)C. Requirements and evaluation of the course(5’)D. New Contents:1. What linguistics is (20’)2. The scope of linguistics (25’)(1) The core of linguistics:a. Phoneticsb. Phonologyc. Morphologyd. Syntaxe. Semanticsf. Pragmatics(2) Interdisciplinary branches of linguistic studya. Scociolinguisticsb. Psycholinguisticsc. Applied Linguistics3. Some important distinctions in linguistics (23’)(1) prescriptive vs. descriptive(2) synchronic vs. diachronic(3) speech vs. writingE. Home work(2’)(1) Qs 1-5 (Pp.7-9) (oral)(2) Gather information about Saussure and Chomsky(3) Prepare the rest of 1.1.3Lecture 2Chapter 1 IntroductionI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. other important distinctions in linguistics2. The definition of language3. Some functions of languageII. ProceduresA. Review questions (15’):1. How do you understand that “linguistics is the scientific study of language”?2. What's the difference between phonetics and phonology?3. What's the difference between semantics and pragmatics?4. Why is speech considered as the primary medium of human language?B. New Contents:1. other important distinctions in linguistics (25’):(4) Langue Vs. Parole(5) Competence Vs. performance(6) Traditional grammar Vs. modern linguistics2. The definition of language (15'):a. The definitionb. How to understand the definition3. Some of the functions of language (33'):a. Informativeb. Interrogativec. Interpersonald. Performativee. Directivef. Emotiveg. Expressiveh. Phatici. Recreationalj. MetalingualC. Home work(2’)1. Pp. 12 6 (written)2. Prepare the rest of the chapter.Lecture 3Chapter 1 IntroductionI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. Some design features of language2. Some theories as to the origin of languageII. ProceduresA. Review questions (15’):1. What’s the difference between langue and parole?2. What’s the difference between competence and performance?3. What’s the difference between the distinction of langue Vs. parole and that of competence Vs. performance?4. Please name and explain with examples some functions of language.B. New Contents:1. Five design features of language (25’):a. Arbitrarinessb. Productivityc. Displacementd. Dualitye. Cultural transmission2. Some theories as to the origin of language (15):a. The Divine- Origin Theoryb. The Invention Theory:1. The Bow-wow theory2. The Pooh-pooh theory3. The “Yo-he-ho” theory4.The Ding-dong theoryc. the evolutionary theory1. Children are born with both thought and language.2. The development of the physical apparatus for speech.3. It is labor that created the necessity for language.C. Home work(2’)1. P.12, Q8 (oral)2. Prepare 2.1&2.2.Lecture 4Chapter 2 PhonologyI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. The phonic medium of language2. The branches of phonetics3. Organs of speech4. Orthographic representation of speech sounds5. Classification of English speech soundsII. ProceduresA. Review questions (10’):Give examples to show the following features that make human language different from animal communication system:1. Arbitrariness2. Productivity3. Duality4. Displacement5. Cultural transmissionB. New Contents:1. The concept of phonic medium of language and speech sounds (10’)a. The phonic medium of languageb. Speech sounds2. Three branches of phonetics (10’):a. articulatory phoneticsb. acoustic phoneticsc. auditory phonetics3. Organs of speech (15’)a. the pharyngeal cavityb. the oral cavityc. the nasal cavity4. Classification of English speech sounds (43)a. consonants Vs. vowelsb. Consonantsc. vowelsC. Home work(2’)1. P. 31: 2-5 (oral)2. P.31: 6 (written)3. Prepare 2.3: PhonologyLecture 5Chapter 22.3 PhonologyI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. The differences between phonology and phonetics2. The concepts of phone, phoneme, allophone, phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair3. Some rules in phonology4. Some suprasegmental featuresII. ProceduresA. Review questions (10’):1. In what ways can English consonants be classified?2. In what ways can English vowels be classified?B. New Contents:1. Phonology and Phonetics(10’)a. Phonologyb. Differences between Phonology and Phonetics2. Phone, Phoneme, and Allophone (15’):a. Phoneb. Phonemec. Allophone3. Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair (20’)a. Phonemic contrastb. complementary distributionc. minimal paird. Minimal set4. Some rules in phonology (15’)a. Sequential rulesb. Assimilation rulec. Deletion rule5. Suprasegmental features (18’)a. Stressb. Tonec. IntonationC. Home work(2’)1. Review2. P.31: 7-10 (oral)3. Prepare Chapter 3Lecture 6Chapter 3 MorphologyI. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:1. Types of Morphemesa. Prefix/suffixb. Free/boundc. Derivational morpheme/inflectional morpheme2. English word formationa. derivationb. compoundII. ProceduresA. Review question s(10’)1. How are English consonants classified?2. How are English V owels classified?B. New Contents (77’)1. definition2. types of Morphemesa. Prefix/suffixb. Free/boundc. Derivational morpheme/inflectional morpheme3. English word formationa. derivationb. compounda) grammatical categoryb). stressc). meaning4. contrast between English and Chinese word formationC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 40 Ex.1-4 (oral)3. Prepare Chapter 5Lecture 7Chapter 5 Semantics (5.1-2)I. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. The scope of phonetics2. A brief history of semantics3. 4 views concerning the study of meaning4. Classification of meaningII. ProceduresA. Review questions (10’):Q1. What’s the difference between phonetics and phonology?Q2. Define the following terms:a. phonemeb. allophonec. minimal pairB. New Contents:1. The scope of semantics (10’)a. Definitionb. Scope2. A brief history of semantics (10’): preparatorya. etymologicalb. structuralistc. pluralist3. 4 views concerning the study of meaning (43’)a. the naming theoryb. the conceptualist viewc. contextualismd. behaviorism4. Classification of meaning (15)a. Grice'sb. Kitty'sc. Leech'sC. Home work(2’)1. Review2. Q1, Pp82. (oral)3. Prepare 5.3: Lexical meaningLecture 8Chapter 5 Semantics (5.3)I. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. The distinction between sense and reference2. Major sense relations on the lexical levela. synonymyb. polysemyc. homonymyd. hyponymye. antonymyII. ProceduresA. Review question (10’):What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?B. New Contents:1. Sense and reference (20’)a. senseb. referencec. sense Vs. reference2. Major sense relations on the lexical level (58’):a. Synonymyi. dialectalii. stylisticiii. differing in their emotive or evaluative meaningiv. collocationalv. semantically differentb. polysemyc. homonymyd. hyponymye. antonymyi. gradable antonymsii. complementary antonymsiii. relational oppositesC. Home work(2’)1. Review2. Qs 2-4, Pp82. (oral)3. Prepare 5.4: Sense relations between sentencesLecture 9Chapter 5 Semantics (5.4/5.5)I. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. Major sense relations between sentences:a. X is synonymous with Yb. X is inconsistent with Yc. X entails Yd. X presupposes Ye. X is a contradictionf. X is semantically anomalous2. Major presupposition triggersII. ProceduresA. Review questions (10’):1. What’s the difference between sense and reference?2.What are the major sense relations on the lexical level? Explain.B. New Contents:1. Major sense relations on the syntactic level (35’):a. X is synonymous with Yb. X is inconsistent with Yc. X entails Yd. X presupposes YA brief introduction of presupposition triggers1) definite descriptions2) factive verbs3) implicative verbs4) change of state verbs5) iteratives6) verbs of judging7) adverbial clauses of time8) cleft sentences9) structures and expressions indicating comparison10) counterfactual conditionals11) non-restrictive attributive clauses12) questionse. X is a contradictionf. X is semantically anomalous2. Componential analysis (23’):1. Definition2. Examples3. Classification of semantic features4. Abstraction of semantic features5. Strong Points6. Weak Points3. Predication analysis (20’)1. Sentence Meaning2. Grammatical meaning3. Selection Restriction4. Predication Analysis5. Examples6. More Examples7. CA+PN8. Strong points of formalization of meaning9. Weak points of formalization of meaningC. Home work (2’)1. Review2. P82: 2-5 (written)3. Prepare 6: PragmaticsLecture 10Chapter 6 Pragmatics6.1 Some Basic NotionsI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. definition of pragmatics2. difference between pragmatics and semantics3. context4. difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning II. ProceduresA. Review question (10’):1. Define the following 2 terms:(1) Componential analysis(2) Predication analysis2. What does a predication consist of?B. New Contents:1. Definition (25’):1. different definitons2. common place3. topics in pragmatics4. origin and development of pragmatics2. pragmatics vs. semantics (15’)1. research methods2. scope3. key in the distinction3. Context (15’)1. definiton2. cognitive context3. importance of context4. examples4. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning (23’)1. Sentence vs. utterance2. sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning3. examples4. more examplesC. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 94: Ex. 1-3 (oral)3. Prepare 6.2Lecture 11Chapter 6 Pragmatics6.2 Speech Act TheoryI. Objectives: Ss are to know the following from this lecture1. Austin’s model of speech acts2. Searle’s classification of speech acts3. Speech act theory and indirectness of speechII. ProceduresA. Review question (15’):• 1. What’s the difference between pragmatics and semantics?• 2. What’s the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?• 3. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentence can be used for other purposes than just stating a fact:•“The final examination is drawing near.”B. New Contents:1. Austin’s model of speech acts(35’)1. Origin of the theory2. Examples of performatives3. Main idea4. Felicity/Happiness conditions5. Grammatical and lexical criteria6. Counter examples7. More counter examples8. Cancellation of the distinction9. Development of the theory10.“Three act” model11. Example12. Austin’s classification of I A13. Austin’s Place2. Searle’s classification of speech acts (25’)1. Criteria for the classification2. 5/6 types of IA3. Speech act theory and indirect speech (13’)1. Indirectness of speech2. Examples3. Speech act theory and indirect speechC. Home work (2’)• 1. Review• 2. Pp. 94: Ex. 4-6 (oral)• 3. Prepare 6.3Lecture 12Chapter 6 Pragmatics6.3 Principle of ConversationI. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:2. The flouting of the maxims and conversational implicature3. The flouting of the maxims and rhetoric4. Development of CPII. ProceduresA. Review questions (10’)1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Explain with the following example:“Oh! What nice apples!”2. Explain with examples the five types of illocutionary act classified by Searle:(1) representatives(2) directives(3) commissives(4) expressives(5) declarationsB. New Contents:1. CP Proper (25’)1. Origin of the theory2. Main idea3. CP explained4. The maxims2. The flouting of the maxims and conversational implicature (35’)1. Main idea2. Examples3. Exercises4. More exercises5. Features of conversational implicature3. Flouting of the maxims and rhetoric (10’)1. Main idea2. Examples3. More Example4. Post-Gricean Developments (8’)2.Post-Gricean developmentsC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (1’)1. Review2. Pp. 94: Ex. 7 (written)3. Prepare Chapter 7Lecture 13Chapter 7 Language ChangeI. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:1. Changes at different levels of languagea. soundb. grammarc. vocabulary2. Recent change in normal English usage3. Causes of language changeII. ProceduresA. Review question (10’)What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting of these maims gives rise to conversational implicature.B. New Contents (77’)1. Sound change2. morphological and syntactic changea. change in “agreement” ruleb. change in negation rulec. process of simplificationd. loss of inflections3. V ocabulary changea. addition of new wordsb. loss of wordsc. changes in the meaning of words4. Some recent trends1). Moving towards greater informality2). The influence of American English3). The influence of science and technologya. space travelb. computer and internet languagec. ecology5. Causes of language change1). The rapid development of science and technology2). Social and political changes and political needs3). The way children acquire the language4). Economy of memory5). The desire to be intelligibleC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 109: 1-8 (oral)3. Prepare Chapter 8 (1-2)Lecture 14Chapter 8 Language and Society (8.1-8.2)I. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:1. The scope of sociolinguisticsa. The relatedness between language and societyb. Speech community and speech varietyc. Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies2. Varieties of languagea. dialectal varietiesb. registerc. degree of formalityII. ProceduresA. Review question (20’)1. Define the following 4 terms:1) bound morpheme2) free morpheme3) derivational morpheme4) inflectional morpheme2. List as many as possible methods for the addition of new words.3. What are the 3 processes for semantic change of words?B. New Contents (67’)1. The scope of sociolinguisticsa. The relatedness between language and societyb. Speech community and speech varietyc. Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies2. Varieties of languagea. dialectal varieties1). regional dialect2). sociolect3). language and gender4). language and age5). idiolect6). ethnic dialectb. registerc. degree of formalityC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 126 Ex.1-6 (oral)3. Prepare Chapter 8 (3-5)Lecture 15Chapter 8 Language and Society (8.3-8.5)I. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:1. standard dialect2. pidgin and Creole3. bilingualism and diglossiaII. ProceduresA. Review question (15’)1. What are the ways that language is related with society?2. List as many dialectal varieties as possible.3. What are the three social variables that determine the register? What is each concerned with?B. New Contents (72’)1. standard dialecta. definitionb. features2. pidgin and Creolea. pidgin1). definition2). featuresb. Creole1). definition2). features3. bilingualism and diglossiaa. bilingualismb. diglossiaC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 126 Ex. 7-8 (oral)3. Prepare Chapter 9 (1-4)Lecture 16Chapter 9 Language and Culture (9.1-4)I. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:1. the scope of the study2. what culture is3. the relationship between language and culture4. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisII. ProceduresA. Review question (15’)Define the following 4 terms:1. Pidgin2. Creole3. Bilingualism4. diglossiaB. New Contents (72’)1. the scope of the studya. language and cultureb. language and thought2. what culture isa. definitionb. culture Vs. nature3. the relationship between language and culturea. exampleb. specific relationshipsc. summary4. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisa. definitionb. weak versionc. strong versionC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 141 Ex. 1-2 (oral)3. Prepare Chapter 9 (5-8)Lecture 17Chapter 9 Language and Culture (9.5-9.8)I. ObjectivesSs are to know the following through this lecture:1. linguistic evident of cultural differences2. significance of cultural teaching and learning3. cultural overlap and diffusion4. intercultural communicationII. ProceduresA. Review question (15’)Define the term:Sapir-Whorf hypothesisB. New Contents (72’)1. linguistic evident of cultural differencesa. greetings and terms of addressb. thanks and complimentsd. privacy and taboose. rounding off numbersf. words and cultural-specific connotationsg. cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors2. significance of cultural teaching and learning3. cultural overlap and diffusiona. cultural imperialismb. linguistic imperialismc. linguistic nationalism4. intercultural communicationC. Summary (1’)III. Home work (2’)1. Review2. Pp. 141: 3-6 (oral)3. Get prepared for the exam。