20EM Bacterial Test I-chi
Kung I-chi《孔乙已》部分译文
The taverns in Lu Town are distinguishingly arranged compared with them in other towns. There are always, in the streets, carpenter's –square-shaped counters, in which prepared hot water is ready to warm the wine. Every day at noon and dusk, workers knocked off would spend four cents on a bottle of wine——that was the price twenty years ago, and it costs them ten now. They just stand in the street, against the counter, and enjoy their relaxing drinking time. And if you are ok with one cent more, you will get a dish of salty boiled bamboo shoot or beans flavored with aniseed as your appetizer. And over ten cents is needed if you even want some meat. However, the customers here are almost in short blouses, which kind of indicate their empty pockets. Only the ones with long gowns that show their wealth are qualified to step into the hall next to the tavern, sitting down and leisurely enjoy their food and wine.I have been a waiter in Xian Heng tavern since I was twelve. For the shopkeeper considered my appearance too foolish to serve the customers in long gowns inside, he just let me do some chores outside. Although it was easier to communicate with the short -blouses customers, I could be troubled by a fairly large of people who were always being wordy and inarticulate. They tended to watch the whole process from scooping out the rice wine from the jars to pouring the wine into the flagon, finally, staring the flagon in the hot water. Then, they were relieved, because they knew that it was difficult for me to add water in the wine under such close observation. So I was told to suspend the job just after a few days. Thanks to the broker, I was narrowly keptin Xian Heng tavern. But, instead, the shopkeeper shifted me to solely take charge of the wine-warming job.Since then I had to stay inside the counter all the day, focusing on my preoccupation. The job was a little bit monotonous despite my never-appeared dereliction of duty. Facing the fierce face of the shopkeeper and the discourtesy of the customers, I felt stiffness all the time. Only came Kung I-chi, I was offered the reason to laugh a little, which was so unforgettable.Kung I-chi was the only one who had his wine standing in the street while in long gown. He was a big man with jumbled grizzled beard. And there always were some scars on his wrinkled pale face. Long gown as he wore, the gown was dirty and shabby, which seemingly had been forgotten to get darned and even washed for over a decade. There were so many archaisms in his words that made the listeners difficult to fully understand him. Because his surname was Kung, so people just toke part of the elusive words on the copybook as his nickname. When Kung came to the tavern, all the people having their wine would look at him with smiles. And some of them would shout:―Kung I-chi! We see more scars on your face!‖No responding to them, he turned to the counter, and ordered:―Two bottles of wine and a dish of beans flavored with aniseed.‖Then he strugglingly pulled out all his treasure——nine cents.The people around Kung I-chi, on purposely, in a high-decibel voice, yelled to him again:―You must steal something again!‖―How can you frame innocent people without reasons?‖ Kung widened his eyes.―What innocence you are talking about? I personally saw you were hung up and beaten because you stole books from the Ho family!‖―Book stealing is not stealing! Stealing books is kind of scholar’s business, so can that be called stealing? ‖ Kung was blushing and exposing his blue veins on his forehead.And a string of incomprehensible words that quoted from some classics followed, making people around guffaw. So a merry atmosphere filled the tavern.I had heard something about Kung I-chi from people’s private talks. Kung used to be a scholar, but he failed the examination. Ignorance of making a living added to his poverty, and he was on the edge of begging. Fortunately, he mastered a good hand-writing, so he could struggle to live by some copy work. But he got a problem of his character, that is, he was addicted in drinking and was lazy. So after a few days he would disappear, taking books, paper, brushes and inkstone with him. After few times he did this, nobody let him do the copy work again. So doing some stealing is a natural and inevitable choice to make a living. But his character was ranked the top in our tavern. Namely, he never left debts. Although sometimes his name would be written on the blackboard because of his temporary lack of cash, he would clean his name by the laterpayment within a month.After half bottle wine, his reddened face gradually came to normal. And people around his asked him again:―Kung I-chi, are you really literate?‖Kung shot a glance at the asker with self-evident conceit.They asked continually:―How can you fail the examination the n?‖On hearing this, Kung’s gray face showed his gloominess and anxiety, murmuring all the archaisms, which were even more elusive. People at present guffawed at this scene, so a merry atmosphere filled the tavern again.The shopkeeper would not blame me if I echoed my laughter at this moment. Moreover, every time he met Kung I-chi, he was likely to ask him as usual to amuse people. Kung knew himself that it would be difficult to talk to adults, so he just turned his mouth to kids. Once he asked me:―Have you ever read some classics?‖I slightly nodded.―I see. So, let me test you. Do you know how to write the character hui in hui-xiang beans (beans flavored with aniseed)?‖I turned my back, thinking that a beggar was not qualified to test me.He waited for a long time, then, with earnest, he told me:―I know you can’t. I teach you, and you should remember this character, because it will be useful when you do the bookkeeping as a shopkeeper.‖I pondered that it would be so long for me to be a shopkeeper, and our shopkeeper never included beans flavored with aniseed in the bookkeeping.Thinking it funny but kind of tedious, I responded in an idle tone:―I don’t need your teaching. Isn't it the character hui with the grass radical?"Apparently he was happy about that, tapping the counter with his two long finger nails and nodding.―Yes, yes, you are right. Em…but do you know there are four forms for this same character?‖I finally lose my patience and left away in the pouts. And Kung just soaked his finger with wine, preparing to write them on the counter. My indifference made him sign and feel disappointed.Sometimes, the laughter attracted the kids in the neighborhood to join the merriment. Kung would hand out his beans one for each to the kids if they surrounded him. When they finished the only bean, they still stayed and stared at the dish. Kung, in a hurry, covered his beans with hand. Bent over, he said: ―L ittle, I only got little left.‖He straightened up and again peered at the dish, shaking his head, he said:―Little! Little! Indeed, not much!‖Then the kids dispersed with laughter.Kung I-chi owned such a power to make people happy; however, peoplestill live in this way without his presence.One day, two or three days before the Mid-Autumn Festival, the shopkeeper was dealing with accounting. After he took the blackboard, he suddenly shouted:―It has been so long since Kung I-chi came here last time, and he still owed me nineteen cents.‖I finally found his long-term absence was true.A customer responded:―How come he would turn up? His leg was beaten to fracture.‖―I see.‖ The shopkeeper said.―He still stole as usual. But this time, it was a huge mistake of him to steal from Mr. Ding, the provincial scholar! Nobody could steal in his house!‖―What happened then?‖―What happened then? First he was told to write a confession and a fierce beaten followed till midnight, and then his leg was in fracture.‖―Then?‖―Then they broke his leg.‖―And after that?‖―After? Who knows! He may be dead.‖The shopkeeper stopped his questions, and focused on the accounting.It was getting colder and colder after the Mid-Autumn Festival, which seemed like the beginning of winter. I had to wear padded coat and stay closeto the stove all day.One day afternoon, there is no business, so I sat with my eyes closed. All of a sudden, I heard something:―Warm a bowl of wine for me.‖The voice was low but familiar. I looked outside, nobody. And when I stood and looked, I found Kung I-chi sitting opposite to the threshold under the counter. His face was dark and skinny and was beyond image. He, with a shabby padded jacket, crossed his legs on a calceolaria hung on his neck with a rope.He saw me, and repeated:―Warm a bowl of wine for me‖The shopkeeper as well headed out to Kung, and said:―Are you Kung I-chi? You still owe me nineteen cents!‖He turned his face upwards, and shamefully said:―I… …I will settle it next time. I’ll pay you on cash today; the wine must be good. ‖The shopkeeper still talked to him with a smiley face as usual:―Kung I-chi, I heard you have stolen again!‖He didn’t try to argue on that this time. Instead, he briefly said:―No teasing me.‖―Teasing you? How come you were beaten to fracture if you didn’t steal?‖―Fell down… … fell… … I fell down.‖ He said in a low voice. And his eyeswere like to beg the shopkeeper to forget that.People gathered here, together with the shopkeeper, bursted into laughter.I warmed the wine, carried it outside, and put it on the threshold. He pulled out four cents from his pocket of the ragged jacket and laid them on my palm. Noticing his muddy hands, I guessed he must ―walk‖ here with them.A while later, after he finished his wine, he, sitting, slowly ―walked‖ away with his hands, accompanied with the talking and laughing of people.Since the n, I, again, haven’t seen Kung I-chi for such a long time. Time reached the near end of the year. The shopkeeper took down the blackboard and said:― Kung I-chi still owed me nineteen cents!‖ On the next Dragon Boat Festival, the shopkeeper repeated the same thing.But when the Mid-Autumn Festival came, he did not mention it. And another New Year came, and we still lose his news.I haven’t seen him ever since--maybe Kung I-chi is really dead.。
OECD 471 bacteria reverse mutation test 9747101E
471Adopted:21st July 1997 OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALSBacterial Reverse Mutation TestINTRODUCTION1.The bacterial reverse mutation test uses amino-acid requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli to detect point mutations, which involve substitution, addition or deletion of one or a few DNA base pairs (1)(2)(3). The principle of this bacterial reverse mutationtest is that it detects mutations which revert mutations present in the test strains and restore the functional capability of the bacteria to synthesize an essential amino acid. The revertant bacteria are detected by their ability to grow in the absence of the amino acid required by the parent test strain.2.Point mutations are the cause of many human genetic diseases and there is substantial evidence that point mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes of somatic cells are involved in tumour formation in humans and experimental animals. The bacterial reverse mutationtest is rapid, inexpensive and relatively easy to perform. Many of the test strains have several features that make them more sensitive for the detection of mutations, including responsive DNA sequences at the reversion sites, increased cell permeability to large molecules and elimination of DNA repair systems or enhancement of error-prone DNA repair processes. The specificity of the test strains can provide some useful information on the types of mutations that are induced by genotoxic agents. A very large data base of results for a wide variety of structures is available for bacterial reverse mutation tests and well-established methodologies have been developed for testing chemicalswith different physico-chemical properties, including volatile compounds.3.Definitions used are set out in the Annex.INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS4.The bacterial reverse mutation test utilises prokaryotic cells, which differ from mammalian cells in such factors as uptake, metabolism, chromosome structure and DNA repair processes. Tests conducted in vitro generally require the use of an exogenous source of metabolic activation. In vitro metabolic activation systems cannot mimic entirely the mammalian in vivo conditions. The test therefore does not provide direct information on the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of a substance in mammals.5.The bacterial reverse mutation test is commonly employed as an initial screen for genotoxic activity and, in particular, for point mutation-inducing activity. An extensive data base has demonstrated that many chemicals that are positive in this test also exhibit mutagenic activity in other tests. There are examples of mutagenic agents which are not detected by this test; reasons for these shortcomings can be ascribed to the specific nature of the endpoint detected, differences in metabolic activation, or differences in bioavailability. On the other hand, factors which enhance the sensitivity of the bacterial reverse mutation test can lead to an overestimation of mutagenic activity.471OECD/OCDE6.The bacterial reverse mutation test may not be appropriate for the evaluation of certainclasses of chemicals, for example highly bactericidal compounds (e.g. certain antibiotics) and those which are thought (or known) to interfere specifically with the mammalian cell replication system(e.g. some topoisomerase inhibitors and some nucleoside analogues). In such cases, mammalianmutation tests may be more appropriate.7.Although many compounds that are positive in this test are mammalian carcinogens, thecorrelation is not absolute. It is dependent on chemical class and there are carcinogens that are not detected by this test because they act through other, non-genotoxic mechanisms or mechanisms absent in bacterial cells.PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST METHOD8.Suspensions of bacterial cells are exposed to the test substance in the presence and in theabsence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. In the plate incorporation method, these suspensions are mixed with an overlay agar and plated immediately onto minimal medium. In the preincubation method, the treatment mixture is incubated and then mixed with an overlay agar before plating onto minimal medium. For both techniques, after two or three days of incubation, revertant colonies are counted and compared to the number of spontaneous revertant colonies on solvent control plates.9.Several procedures for performing the bacterial reverse mutation test have been described.Among those commonly used are the plate incorporation method (1)(2)(3)(4), the preincubation method (2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8), the fluctuation method (9)(10), and the suspension method (11).Modifications for the testing of gases or vapours have been described (12).10.The procedures described in this guideline pertain primarily to the plate incorporation andpreincubation method s. Either of them is acceptable for conducting experiments both with and without metabolic activation. Some compounds may be detected more efficiently using the preincubation method. These compounds belong to chemical classes that include short chain aliphatic nitrosamines, divalent metals, aldehydes, azo-dyes and diazo compounds, pyrollizidine alkaloids, allyl compounds and nitro compounds (3). It is also recognised that certain classes of mutagens are not always detected using standard procedures such as the plate incorporation method or preincubation method. These should be regarded as "special cases" and it is strongly recommended that alternative procedures should be used for their detection. The following "special cases" could be identified (together with examples of procedures that could be used for their detection): azo-dyes and diazo compounds (3)(5)(6)(13), gases and volatile chemicals(12)(14)(15)(16), and glycosides (17)(18). A deviation from the standard procedure needs to bescientifically justified.DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODPreparationsBacteria11.Fresh cultures of bacteria should be grown up to the late exponential or early stationaryphase of growth (approximately 109 cells per ml). Cultures in late stationary phase should not be used. It is essential that the cultures used in the experiment contain a high titre of viable bacteria.The titre may be demonstrated either from historical control data on growth curves, or in each assay through the determination of viable cell numbers by a plating experiment.OECD/OCDE47112.The recommended culture temperature is 37°C.13.At least five strains of bacteria should be used. These should include four strains of S. typhimurium (TA1535; TA1537 or TA97a or TA97; TA98; and TA100) that have been shown to be reliable and reproducibly responsive between laboratories. These four S. typhimurium strains haveGC base pairs at the primary reversion site and it is known that they may not detect certain oxidising mutagens, cross-linking agents and hydrazines. Such substances may be detected by E.coli WP2 strains or S. typhimurium TA102 (19) which have an AT base pair at the primary reversion site. Therefore the recommended combination of strains is:1.S. typhimurium TA1535, and2.S. typhimurium TA1537 or TA97 or TA97a, and3.S. typhimurium TA98, and4.S. typhimurium TA100, and5. E. coli WP2 uvrA, or E. coli WP2 uvrA (pKM101), or S. typhimurium TA102.In order to detect cross-linking mutagens it may be preferable to include TA102 or to add a DNA repair-proficient strain of E.coli [e.g. E.coli WP2 or E.coli WP2 (pKM101).]14.Established procedures for stock culture preparation, marker verification and storage shouldbe used. The amino-acid requirement for growth should be demonstrated for each frozen stock culture preparation (histidine for S. typhimurium strains, and tryptophan for E. coli strains). Other phenotypic characteristics should be similarly checked, namely: the presence or absence of R-factor plasmids where appropriate [i.e. ampicillin resistance in strains TA98, TA100 and TA97a or TA97,WP2 uvrA and WP2 uvrA (pKM101), and ampicillin + tetracycline resistance in strain TA102]; the presence of characteristic mutations (i.e. rfa mutation in S. typhimurium through sensitivity to crystal violet, and uvrA mutation in E. coli or uvrB mutation in S. typhimurium, through sensitivity to ultra-violet light) (2)(3). The strains should also yield spontaneous revertant colony plate counts withinthe frequency ranges expected from the laboratory's historical control data and preferably within the range reported in the literature.Medium15.An appropriate minimal agar (e.g. containing Vogel-Bonner minimal medium E and glucose) and an overlay agar containing histidine and biotin or tryptophan, to allow for a few cell divisions, is used (1)(2)(9).Metabolic activation16.Bacteria should be exposed to the test substance both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system. The most commonly used system is a cofactor-supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction (S9) prepared from the livers of rodents treated with enzyme-inducing agents such as Aroclor 1254 (1)(2) or a combination of phenobarbitone and ß-naphthoflavone (18)(20)(21). The post-mitochondrial fraction is usually used at concentrations in the range from 5 to 30% v/v in the S9-mix. The choice and condition of a metabolic activation systemmay depend upon the class of chemical being tested. In some cases it may be appropriate to utilizemore than one concentration of post-mitochondrial fraction. For azo-dyes and diazo-compounds,using a reductive metabolic activation system may be more appropriate (6)(13).471OECD/OCDETest substance/Preparation17.Solid test substances should be dissolved or suspended in appropriate solvents or vehiclesand diluted if appropriate prior to treatment of the bacteria. Liquid test substances may be added directly to the test systems and/or diluted prior to treatment. Fresh preparations should be employed unless stability data demonstrate the acceptability of storage.Test conditionsSolvent/vehicle18.The solvent/vehicle should not be suspected of chemical reaction with the test substanceand should be compatible with the survival of the bacteria and the S9 activity (22). If other than well-known solvent/vehicles are used, their inclusion should be supported by data indicating their compatibility. It is recommended that wherever possible, the use of an aqueous solvent/vehicle be considered first. When testing water-unstable substances, the organic solvents used should be free of water.Exposure concentrations19.Amongst the criteria to be taken into consideration when determining the highest amount oftest substance to be used are cytotoxicity and solubility in the final treatment mixture. It may be useful to determine toxicity and insolubility in a preliminary experiment. Cytotoxicity may be detected by a reduction in the number of revertant colonies, a clearing or diminution of the background lawn, or the degree of survival of treated cultures. The cytotoxicity of a substance may be altered in the presence of metabolic activation systems. Insolubility should be assessed as precipitation in the final mixture under the actual test conditions and evident to the unaided eye. The recommended maximum test concentration for soluble non-cytotoxic substances is 5 mg/plate or5 µl/plate. For non-cytotoxic substances that are not soluble at 5 mg/plate or 5 µl/plate, one or moreconcentrations tested should be insoluble in the final treatment mixture. Test substances that are cytotoxic already below 5 mg/plate or 5 µl/plate should be tested up to a cytotoxic concentration.The precipitate should not interfere with the scoring.20.At least five different analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used withapproximately half log (i.e. √10) intervals between test points for an initial experiment. Smaller intervals may be appropriate when a concentration-response is being investigated.21.Testing above the concentration of 5 mg/plate or 5 µl/plate may be considered whenevaluating substances containing substantial amounts of potentially mutagenic impurities.Controls22.Concurrent strain-specific positive and negative (solvent or vehicle) controls, both with andwithout metabolic activation, should be included in each assay. Positive control concentrations that demonstrate the effective performance of each assay should be selected.23.For assays employing a metabolic activation system, the positive control referencesubstance(s) should be selected on the basis of the type of bacteria strains used. The following chemicals are examples of suitable positive controls for assays with metabolic activation:OECD/OCDE471Chemical and CAS No.9,10-Dimethylanthracene [CAS no. 781-43-1]7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene [CAS no. 57-97-6]Congo Red [CAS no. 573-58-0] (for the reductive metabolic activation method)Benzo(a)pyrene [CAS no. 50-32-8]Cyclophosphamide (monohydrate) [CAS no. 50-18-0 (CAS no. 6055-19-2)]2-Aminoanthracene [CAS no. 613-13-8]2-Aminoanthracene should not be used as the sole indicator of the efficacy of the S9-mix. If 2-aminoanthracene is used, each batch of S9 should also be characterised with a mutagen that requires metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes, e.g., benzo(a)pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene.24.For assays performed without metabolic activation system, examples of strain-specific positive controls are:Chemical and CAS No.Strain(a)Sodium azide [CAS no. 26628-22-8]TA1535 and TA100(b)2-Nitrofluorene [CAS no. 607-57-8]TA98(c)9-Aminoacridine [CAS no. 90-45-9]or ICR191 [CAS no. 17070-45-0]TA1537, TA97 and TA97a(d)Cumene hydroperoxide [CAS no. 80-15-9]TA102(e)Mitomycin C [CAS no. 50-07-7]WP2 uvrA and TA102(f)N-Ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine [CAS no. 70-25-7] or4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide [CAS no. 56-57-5]WP2, WP2 uvrA and WP2 uvrA (pKM101)(g)Furylfuramide (AF-2) [CAS no. 3688-53-7]plasmid-containing strains25.Other appropriate positive control reference substances may be used. The use of chemical class-related positive control chemicals may be considered, when available.26.Negative controls, consisting of solvent or vehicle alone, without test substance, and otherwise treated in the same way as the treatment groups, should be included. In addition, untreated controls should also be used unless there are historical control data demonstrating that no deleterious or mutagenic effects are induced by the chosen solvent.471OECD/OCDEPROCEDURETreatment with test substance27.For the plate incorporation method (1)(2)(3)(4), without metabolic activation, usually 0.05ml or 0.1 ml of the test solutions, 0.1 ml of fresh bacterial culture (containing approximately 108 viable cells) and 0.5 ml of sterile buffer are mixed with 2.0 ml of overlay agar. For the assay with metabolic activation, usually 0.5 ml of metabolic activation mixture containing an adequate amount of post-mitochondrial fraction (in the range from 5 to 30% v/v in the metabolic activation mixture) are mixed with the overlay agar (2.0 ml), together with the bacteria and test substance/test solution.The contents of each tube are mixed and poured over the surface of a minimal agar plate. The overlay agar is allowed to solidify before incubation.28.For the preincubation method (2)(3)(5)(6) the test substance/test solution is preincubatedwith the test strain (containing approximately 108 viable cells) and sterile buffer or the metabolic activation system (0.5 ml) usually for 20 min. or more at 30°-37°C prior to mixing with the overlay agar and pouring onto the surface of a minimal agar plate. Usually, 0.05 or 0.1 ml of test substance/test solution, 0.1 ml of bacteria, and 0.5 ml of S9-mix or sterile buffer, are mixed with 2.0 ml of overlay agar. Tubes should be aerated during pre-incubation by using a shaker.29.For an adequate estimate of variation, triplicate plating should be used at each dose level.The use of duplicate plating is acceptable when scientifically justified. The occasional loss of a plate does not necessarily invalidate the assay.30.Gaseous or volatile substances should be tested by appropriate methods, such as in sealedvessels (12)(14)(15)(16).Incubation31.All plates in a given assay should be incubated at 37°C for 48-72 hours. After theincubation period, the number of revertant colonies per plate is counted.DATA AND REPORTINGTreatment of results32.Data should be presented as the number of revertant colonies per plate. The number ofrevertant colonies on both negative (solvent control, and untreated control if used) and positive control plates should also be given.33.Individual plate counts, the mean number of revertant colonies per plate and the standarddeviation should be presented for the test substance and positive and negative (untreated and/or solvent) controls.34.There is no requirement for verification of a clear positive response. Equivocal resultsshould be clarified by further testing preferably using a modification of experimental conditions.Negative results need to be confirmed on a case-by-case basis. In those cases where confirmation of negative results is not considered necessary, justification should be provided. Modification of study parameters to extend the range of conditions assessed should be considered in follow-up experiments.Study parameters that might be modified include the concentration spacing, the method of treatment (plate incorporation or liquid preincubation), and metabolic activation conditions.OECD/OCDE471 Evaluation and interpretation of results35.There are several criteria for determining a positive result, such as a concentration-related increase over the range tested and/or a reproducible increase at one or more concentrations in the number of revertant colonies per plate in at least one strain with or without metabolic activation system (23). Biological relevance of the results should be considered first. Statistical methods maybe used as an aid in evaluating the test results (24). However, statistical significance should not bethe only determining factor for a positive response.36. A test substance for which the results do not meet the above criteria is considered non-mutagenic in this test37.Although most experiments will give clearly positive or negative results, in rare cases thedata set will preclude making a definite judgement about the activity of the test substance. Resultsmay remain equivocal or questionable regardless of the number of times the experiment is repeated.38.Positive results from the bacterial reverse mutation test indicate that a substance inducespoint mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts in the genome of either Salmonella typhimuriumand/or Escherichia coli. Negative results indicate that under the test conditions, the test substance isnot mutagenic in the tested species.Test report39.The test report must include the following information:Test substance:-identification data and CAS no., if known;-physical nature and purity;-physicochemical properties relevant to the conduct of the study;-stability of the test substance, if known.Solvent/Vehicle:-justification for choice of solvent/vehicle;-solubility and stability of the test substance in solvent/vehicle, if known.Strains:-strains used;-number of cells per culture;-strain characteristics.Test conditions:-amount of test substance per plate (mg/plate or µg/plate) with rationale for selection of dose and number of plates per concentration;-media used;-type and composition of metabolic activation system, including acceptability criteria;-treatment procedures.471OECD/OCDEResults:-signs of toxicity;-signs of precipitation;-individual plate counts;-the mean number of revertant colonies per plate and standard deviation;-dose-response relationship, where possible;-statistical analyses, if any;-concurrent negative (solvent/vehicle) and positive control data, with ranges, means and standard deviations;-historical negative (solvent/vehicle) and positive control data, with e.g. ranges, means and standard deviations.Discussion of the results.Conclusion.LITERATURE(1)Ames, B.N., McCann, J. and Yamasaki, E. (1975). Methods for Detecting Carcinogens andMutagens with the Salmonella/Mammalian-Microsome Mutagenicity Test. Mutation Res., 31,347-364.(2)Maron, D.M. and Ames, B.N. (1983). Revised Methods for the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test.Mutation Res., 113, 173-215.(3)Gatehouse, D., Haworth, S., Cebula, T., Gocke, E., Kier, L., Matsushima, T., Melcion, C.,Nohmi, T., Venitt, S. and Zeiger, E. (1994). Recommendations for the Performance ofBacterial Mutation Assays. Mutation Res., 312, 217-233.(4)Kier, L.D., Brusick D.J., Auletta, A.E., Von Halle, E.S., Brown, M.M., Simmon, V.F., Dunkel,V., McCann, J., Mortelmans, K., Prival, M., Rao, T.K. and Ray V. (1986). The SalmonellaTyphimurium/Mammalian Microsomal Assay: A Report of the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency Gene-tox Program. Mutation Res., 168, 69-240.(5)Yahagi, T., Degawa, M., Seino, Y.Y., Matsushima, T., Nagao, M., Sugimura, T. andHashimoto, Y. (1975). Mutagenicity of Carcinogen Azo Dyes and their Derivatives. CancerLetters, 1, 91-96.(6)Matsushima, M., Sugimura, T., Nagao, M., Yahagi, T., Shirai, A., and Sawamura, M. (1980).Factors Modulating Mutagenicity Microbial Tests. In: Short-term Test Systems for DetectingCarcinogens. Ed. Norpoth K.H. and Garner, R.C., Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. pp.273-285.(7)Gatehouse, D.G., Rowland, I.R., Wilcox, P., Callender, R.D. and Foster, R. (1990). BacterialMutation Assays. In: Basic Mutagenicity Tests: UKEMS Part 1 Revised. Ed. D.J. KirklandCambridge University Press, pp. 13-61.(8)Aeschbacher, H.U., Wolleb, U. and Porchet, L. (1987). Liquid Preincubation Mutagenicity Testfor Foods. J. Food Safety, 8, 167-177.OECD/OCDE471 (9)Green, M. H. L., Muriel, W. J. and Bridges, B.A. (1976). Use of a simplified fluctuation test todetect low levels of mutagens. Mutation Res., 38, 33-42.(10)Hubbard, S.A., Green, M.H.L., Gatehouse, D., and J.W. Bridges (1984). The Fluctuation Test inBacteria. In: Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures. 2nd Edition. Ed. Kilbey, B.J.,Legator , M.,Nichols, W. and Ramel C., Elsevier, Amsterdam-New York-Oxford,pp. 141-161. (11)Thompson, E.D. and Melampy, P.J. (1981). An Examination of the Quantitative SuspensionAssay for Mutagenesis with Strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Environmental Mutagenesis,3, 453-465.(12)Araki, A., Noguchi, T., Kato, F. and T. Matsushima (1994). Improved Method forMutagenicity Testing of Gaseous Compounds by Using a Gas Sampling Bag. Mutation Res.,307, 335-344.(13)Prival, M.J., Bell, S.J., Mitchell, V.D., Reipert, M.D. and Vaughn, V.L. (1984). Mutagenicityof Benzidine and Benzidine-Congener Dyes and Selected Monoazo Dyes in a ModifiedSalmonella Assay. Mutation Res., 136, 33-47.(14)Zeiger, E., Anderson, B. E., Haworth, S, Lawlor, T. and Mortelmans, K. (1992). SalmonellaMutagenicity Tests. V. Results from the Testing of 311 Chemicals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 19,2-141.(15)Simmon, V., Kauhanen, K. and Tardiff, R.G. (1977). Mutagenic Activity of ChemicalsIdentified in Drinking Water. In Progress in Genetic Toxicology, D. Scott, B. Bridges and F.Sobels (Eds.)., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 249-258.(16)Hughes, T.J., Simmons, D.M., Monteith, I.G. and Claxton, L.D. (1987). VaporizationTechnique to Measure Mutagenic Activity of Volatile Organic Chemicals in theAmes/Salmonella Assay. Environmental Mutagenesis, 9, 421-441.(17)Matsushima, T., Matsumoto, A., Shirai, M., Sawamura, M. and Sugimura, T. (1979).Mutagenicity of the Naturally Occurring Carcinogen Cycasin and Synthetic MethylazoxyMethane Conjugates in Salmonella typhimurium. Cancer Res., 39, 3780-3782.(18)Tamura, G., Gold, C., Ferro-Luzzi, A. and Ames. B.N. (1980). Fecalase: A Model forActivation of Dietary Glycosides to Mutagens by Intestinal Flora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,77, 4961-4965.(19)Wilcox, P., Naidoo, A., Wedd, D. J. and Gatehouse, D. G. (1990). Comparison of Salmonellatyphimurium TA 102 with Escherichia coli WP2 Tester strains. Mutagenesis, 5, 285-291.(20)Matsushima, T., Sawamura, M., Hara, K. and Sugimura, T. (1976). A Safe Substitute forPolychlorinated Biphenyls as an Inducer of Metabolic Activation Systems. In: "In vitroMetabolic Activation in Mutagenesis Testing", Eds F.J. de Serres et al. Elsevier, North Holland,pp. 85-88.(21)Elliott, B.M., Combes, R.D., Elcombe, C.R., Gatehouse, D.G., Gibson, G.G., Mackay, J.M. andWolf, R.C. (1992). Alternatives to Aroclor 1254-induced S9 in in vitro Genotoxicity Assays.Mutagenesis, 7, 175-177.(22)Maron, D., Katzenellenbogen, J., and Ames, B.N. (1981). Compatibility of Organic Solventswith the Salmonella/Microsome Test. Mutation Res., 88, 343-350.471OECD/OCDE(23)Claxton, L.D., Allen, J., Auletta, A., Mortelmans, K., Nestmann, E., and Zeiger, E., (1987).Guide for the Salmonella typhimurium/Mammalian Microsome Tests for BacterialMutagenicity. Mutation Res., 189, 83-91.(24)Mahon, G.A.T., Green, M.H.L., Middleton, B., Mitchell, I., Robinson, W.D. and Tweats, D.J.(1989). Analysis of Data from Microbial Colony Assays. In: UKEMS Sub-Committee onGuidelines for Mutagenicity Testing Part II. Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data.Ed. Kirkland, D.J., Cambridge University Press, pp. 28-65.OECD/OCDE471ANNEXDEFINITIONSA reverse mutation test in either Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli detects mutation in an amino-acid requiring strain (histidine or tryptophan, respectively) to produce a strain independent of an outside supply of amino-acid.Base pair substitution mutagens are agents that cause a base change in DNA. In a reversion test this change may occur at the site of the original mutation, or at a second site in the bacterial genome.Frameshift mutagens are agents that cause the addition or deletion of one or more base pairs in the DNA, thus changing the reading frame in the RNA11/11。
食品微生物自动化仪器检测
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01
第一节 全自动微生物鉴定仪器
02
第二节 全自动微生物总数和大肠杆菌快速测定仪器
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第三节 其他快速测定仪器
第十五章 食品微生物自动化仪器检测
检测和鉴定细菌的标准方法是什么？
ATB Expression 细菌鉴定智能系统
自动菌落计数系统
全自动酶联荧光免疫分析系统（mini VIDAS）
应用电阻抗技术的全自动微生物监测系统 —— BACTOMETER
API—细菌鉴定系统
第三节 其他快速测定仪器
第三节 其他快速测定仪器
自动菌落计数系统
第三节 其他快速测定仪器
二、应用电阻抗技术的全自动微生物监测系统 —— BACTOMETER P351 电阻抗检测法是应用于细菌检测的一项电化学技术，５０年代美国开始出现以此为原理的自动化仪器。７０年代～８０年代欧洲也陆续开发出类似的仪器。1998年电阻抗分析法成为除平板分析法外其他微生物检测法中首先被German standardization institution接受的微生物测定方法。
主要操作程序
用光电比浊仪配制菌悬液，将待检菌液浓度调节至各试条要求的范围。
将试条置入普通培养箱35℃培养4或24小时。
将试条置入读数器读数，并打印报告。 报告内容包括细菌鉴定、药敏试验S、I、R（部分试条含MIC）的结果，有丰富的专家系统信息，严格控制报告质量。
ATB Expression 细菌鉴定智能系统
第三节 其他快速测定仪器
全自动酶联荧光免疫分析系统（mini VIDAS）
Mini VIDAS performs assays using ELFA (Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay) technology.
大肠埃希氏菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的检测
出率为 ６ ０ ％ 。结论 ．３
笔者所在医院大肠埃 希氏菌主要产 Ｅ Ｂ ｓ ， Ｓ Ｌ 酶 其次是 Ａ ｐ ｍ Ｃ酶 ， 酶菌株临床经验 用药应首 产
选碳青霉烯 类， 其次是 Ｂ一内酰胺类抗菌素 ＋酶抑制剂 、 头霉素类 ， 及其 它敏感抗菌素 。
【 关键词 】 大肠埃希氏菌 ； 超广谱 ｐ 一内酰胺酶 （ Ｓ Ｌ ） 头孢菌 素酶（ Ｍ Ｃ ＥＢｓ； Ａ Ｐ）
１ ５例 ， 列 腺 液 ６例 ， 汁 ７例 ， 髓 １例 。 前 胆 骨 １２ 细 菌 鉴 定 ． 进行鉴定。 １２ １ Ｅ Ｂ ． ． Ｓ Ｌ确 证 实 验 以 大 肠 埃 希 氏 菌 （ Ｔ Ｃ ５２ ） 肺 Ａ Ｃ ２９２ 、 采 用 法 国梅 里 埃 公 司 Ｖ Ｋ Ｉ Ｅ一２细 菌 分 析 仪
菌 环 直 径 ≥５ｍ 即判 断 为 产超 广谱 Ｂ一内 酰 胺 酶 。 ｍ，
１２ ２ Ａ Ｃ酶 表 型 筛 选 ． ． ｍｐ
行 药 敏 试 验 ， 进 行 表 型筛 选 。判 断 标 准 按 照 Ｎ Ｃ Ｓ推 荐 的 并 ＣＬ
１ １ 菌株来源 ．
３ ５株大肠埃希 氏菌菌来 自 ２０ ６ ０ ６年 １月 ～
２０ ０ ８年 １ ２月笔者所 在 医院分 离 的 阳性标 本 ， 中痰 液 １０ 其 ３ 例， 气管刷取 物 ５例 ， 尿液 ９ ， ４例 血液 １ ， ７例 胸水 ２例 ， 腹水 ２ 例， 脑脊液 １ ， 例 分泌物 ７ ２例 ， 引流物 ８例 ， 穿刺液 ５例 ， 脓液
埃希 氏菌 中有 ９ ８株 单 产 Ｅ Ｂ ｓ 检 出 率 ２． ％ ， ＳＬ， ６ ８ ６株单 产 Ａ ｐ ｍ Ｃ酶 ， 检出率 １６ ，２株 同时 产 Ｅ Ｂ ｓ和 Ａ Ｃ酶 ， ．％ ２ ＳＬ ｍｐ 占
免疫胶体金技术快速检测大肠杆菌O157和志贺毒素
上海交通大学硕士学位论文免疫胶体金技术快速检测大肠杆菌O157和志贺毒素姓名：高成秀申请学位级别：硕士专业：预防兽医学指导教师：严亚贤;孙建和20080101免疫胶体金技术快速检测大肠杆菌O157和志贺毒素摘要大肠杆菌O157是产志贺毒素大肠杆菌（Shiga-producing Escherichia coli, STEC）的主要血清型，可以引起人和动物的腹泻、出血性结肠炎、溶血性尿毒综合征、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜。
志贺毒素（Shiga toxin，Stxs）是大肠杆菌 O157的主要毒力因子之一，有两个生物型：Stx1和Stx2，只产生Stx2的菌株毒力比只分泌Stx1和两者同时分泌的菌株毒力都强。
Stx2致病剂量极低，且分泌胞外，Stx2的检测将直接有助于对分离菌株致病力强弱的判定，提高对高致病性大肠杆菌O157菌株的检出。
因此本课题研究大肠杆菌O157和Stx2的胶体金层析法(Ｇｏｌｄ Ｉｍｍｕｎｏｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ Ａｓｓａｙ， ＧＩＣＡ)，进行高致病性大肠杆菌O157菌株检测和鉴定，以便更好的预防和控制大肠杆菌O157所致的人和动物的疾病。
将本实验室构建的重组Stx2B亚单位的质粒pGEX-Stx2B转化入大肠杆菌BL21，然后采用PCR和酶切进行鉴定，将阳性转化菌进行重组蛋白的表达、鉴定、纯化，用纯化的融合蛋白多次免疫新西兰大白兔制备抗重组Stx2B的多克隆抗体。
同时用大肠杆菌O157 ATCC43889全菌体抗原多次免疫新西兰大白兔，制备抗大肠杆菌O157多克隆抗体。
用硫酸胺法、辛酸-硫酸胺法、Protein G亲和层析3种方法分别纯化制备的多克隆抗体，结果表明：Protein G法纯化的抗重组Stx2B IgG纯度较其前两者纯，其金标多抗的稳定性较好，辛酸-硫酸胺法纯化的抗大肠杆菌O157 IgG的活性较Protein G纯化的好，其金标多抗的稳定性较好，因此本试验采用Protein G法纯化抗Stx2B 血清，用辛酸-硫酸胺法纯化抗大肠杆菌O157血清。
API20E生化鉴定条在致病菌检验中的应用
API20E生化鉴定条在致病菌检验中的应用摘要】目的提高API20E鉴定系统在肠道致病菌鉴定中的应用。
方法应用API20E和国产生化鉴定管对13株阳性菌株（4株致病性大肠埃希氏菌、7株志贺氏菌、2株甲型副伤寒菌）进行鉴定比较，并经血清学凝集验证。
结果表明API20E鉴定系统方法程序简化，检测结果准确可靠，对致病菌鉴定有现实的指导意义，可作为常规致病菌检测方法。
【关键词】API20E生化鉴定条、生化鉴定管、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌【中图分类号】R446 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752（2014）30-0305-02近年来新的生化鉴定系统不断推出，以传统的试验方法来鉴定致病菌已不能适应准确、快速诊断的需求。
API20E生化鉴定系统是由法国生物梅里埃公司生产细菌数值分类鉴定系统，它的鉴定能力强，数据库不断更新和补充完善，已被许多国家和组织列入标准方法。
现在就API20E生化鉴定系统与国产生化鉴定官的鉴定效果进行比较对比，报告如下：1、样品、材料和检测依据1.1样品来源：本地区历年检测出的阳性菌株13株（4株致病性大肠埃希氏菌、7株志贺氏菌、2株甲型副伤寒菌）1.2、材料：API20E生化反应试剂条（法国生物梅里埃公司生产），批号：1002230950；API-Plus鉴定软件；国产细菌生化鉴定管（北京路桥公司生产），批号：20140218；志贺氏菌属诊断血清22种（宁波天润生物药业公司生产），批号：20140201；肠道致病性大肠埃希氏菌诊断学清15种（宁波天润生物药业公司生产）批号：20140201；沙门氏菌属诊断血清30种（宁波天润生物药业公司生产），批号：20140201。
1.3、检验依据：沙门氏菌检验方法：GB/T4789.4-2010、志贺氏菌检验方法：GB/T4789.5-2012、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌检验方法：GB/T4789.6-2003。
API20E生化反应试剂条和国产细菌生化鉴定管按厂家操作说明书进行操作。
梅里埃微生物药敏鉴定分析仪操作规程
梅里埃ATB微生物药敏鉴定分析仪操作规程1 主要技术指标梅里埃ATB微生物鉴定／药敏分析系统融合了自动化、电脑化及微生物微量生化反应测试方法，可同时进行微生物分析鉴定（ID）与药敏（MIC）检测，使细菌鉴定／药敏分析规范化、标准化、现代化。
1.1完善的分析系统：微生物鉴定分析系统，微生物药敏分析系统统计分析／院内感染监测专家系统联网功能1.2药物种类：呋喃类，磺胺类，喹诺酮类，青霉素类大环内酯类，氨基糖甙类，头孢菌素类1.2鉴定范围：肠杆菌科，非发酵菌，葡萄球菌属，真菌，微球菌属，链球菌属，肠球菌属，弧菌属1.3院内感染检测环境空气，物体表面，医疗用品，消毒剂及保存液，血液透析2 适用范围梅里埃ATB微生物分析系统(包括微生物鉴定和药敏分析两大功能)；是对己分离培养出来的细菌、真菌等微生物进行种、属鉴定，并同时测定该菌对各种抗菌药物敏感/耐药程度的专用设备。
3 工作原理自1880年郭霍(Koch)发明固体培养基，对细菌的研究技术有了重大的突破之后，一个多世纪以来，人类对细菌的研究和认识已经得到了极大的成就，对细菌分类的理论根据和方法已趋成熟，命名已经统一，对繁浩的各种细菌众多的生物学、物理学特性己基本明确，从20世纪初开始，形成了利用各种细菌之间生物学、物理学特性的差异或不同，来区别和鉴定细菌种类的方法，不断丰富发展，沿用至今，成为细菌鉴定的常规方法。
但由于细菌种类繁多，生物学性状错综复杂，实验操作繁琐、费时，不仅初学者不易掌握，有经验者也常感困惑。
20世纪70年代，由于电子计算机的发展，有人首先利用信息编码来签定细菌，将复杂的各种细菌的生物学性状建立数据库，被检菌的各种生物性状测出后，输入电脑与贮存信息相比较即刻可判断未知菌的种属。
八十年代初己设计出各种多项生物学试验的套装组合，与电脑贮存的项目内容相对应，即细菌的编码鉴定法，很快在全球得到了重视，迅速推广应用。
随后，在上述编码鉴定的基础上，又开发研究了各种类型的半自动和全自动的细菌鉴定药敏分析仪器。
梅里埃全自动微生物鉴定仪参数
梅里埃全自动微生物鉴定仪参数设备名称：全自动微生物鉴定及药敏分析系统一、具体用途：对食品，环境中的微生物进行快速，全自动的鉴定及药物敏感性测试。
二、技术参数与性能要求：1. 系统可同时处理》30个标本，系统具有扩容功能，至少可以两台联机；2. 分析组件可对环境中和食品中的细菌进行全自动鉴定，种类包括革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性球菌、革兰氏阳性杆菌、酵母样真菌、假丝酵母类真菌、苛养菌、厌氧菌及棒状杆菌等的鉴定；3. ★分析组件可对芽孢杆菌进行全自动鉴定；4. ★大于500种可鉴定细菌，鉴定结果通过美国FDA认证，细菌鉴定采用GB推荐生化鉴定显色法，药敏检测采用比浊法，并且鉴定方法原理可在GB4789中查询（提供具体细菌库）；5. ^分析组件可自动进行革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、酵母样真菌、肺炎链球菌等药敏试验，以上所有药敏试验均得到美国FDA批准用于临床应用（提供FDA 证明资料）；6. ★在对标本的鉴定及药敏试验过程中，无需添加任何额外附加试剂；7. 快速全自动对细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验，采用实时检测系统，系统每隔15分钟对试剂卡进行一次扫描读数，一旦确认结果，可马上出报告；& ★细菌最快鉴定时间V 4个小时，平均鉴定时间不超过5小时；9?最快药敏实验时间5小时，平均药敏实验时间不大于6小时；10. ★系统可同时进行鉴定和药敏实验，并且可同时上机的鉴定试剂卡种类不少于4种，可同时上机的药敏试剂卡的种类不少于6种；11. ★系统自动填充悬浮液至试剂卡，自动密封拭卡，并自动将拭卡装载于设备内置读数系统/孵育系统，测试结束时可自动丢弃拭卡，操作都在仪器内部自动进行，不需要额外设备；12. 卡片填充菌液后为封闭式卡片，不会造成污染；13. ★鉴定卡和药敏卡必须独立包装；14. 鉴定卡应至少提供3种不同试剂的SFDA注册证；15. 药敏卡应至少提供5种不同试剂的SFDA注册证；16. 测试完成后，经分析软件分析后得出结果并可自动打印报告，并保存结果；17. 具备中文报告软件系统；18?双向联网软件，可传输报告结果；19?具有三重售后服务保证体系（国内有分支机构、本地有生产厂家办事处、销售商有专职工程师），必须提供终身售后服务支持;20.售后服务时效：有仪器故障，厂方能在4小时作出响应。
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Report 检验报告
OUR REF NO: ATS/MED/77/04/pl
DATE: 31 March, 2004 Page 1 of 2
COMPANY: Okada Ecotech Pte Ltd
Blk 1 Pasir Panjang Road
Distripark #07-15/17
Alexandra
118478
Singapore
文件编号：ATS/MED/77/04/pl
日期： 2004年3月31日第1/2页
送检公司：冈田生态技术私人有限公司
地址：新加坡亚历山大分销园长滩路1区07－15/17号
邮编： 118478
DATE SAMPLE RECEIVED: 23 March, 2004
DATE ANALYZED: 23 March, 20004
DATE TEST COMPLETED: 31 March, 2004
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION: One bottle said to be Biovectrol 20EM (Indoor) was
received with references :-
2004030801
BN
送检日期： 2004年3月23日
检验日期： 2004年3月23日
完成日期： 2004年3月31日
样品描述：名称为Biovectrol 20EM（室内用）样品一瓶，样品号：
BN
2004030801
Method: Chemical Disinfectants & antiseptics – Basic Bactericidal Activity (BS EN 1040:1997)
检验方法：化学消毒剂和杀菌剂 – 基础试验（BS EN 1040:1997）
Procedure:
检验程序：
1. 1ml of sample was transferred to 79ml of sterile water to make dilution of 1:79.
1. 将1毫升样品掺入79毫升的无菌水中，稀释比例为1:79。
2. 8ml of diluted samples was transferred to 50ml sterile tubes and 1ml of water was added.
2. 将8毫升上述稀释样品倒入50毫升的无菌试管中，再加入1毫升水。
3. 1ml of the bacterial test suspension was inoculated into the tube.
3. 将1毫升的细菌悬液注入无菌试管中。
4. The test mixture was mixed well and placed in 20ºC ± 1ºC water bath.
4. 混合均匀后，将试管置于20ºC ± 1ºC的水槽中。
5. After 40min and 60min ± 10sec contact time, 1ml of the test mixture was transferred into a tube containing 8ml neutralizer and 1ml water.
5. 分别静置40分钟及60分钟 ± 10秒后，将1毫升混合液注入盛有8毫升中和剂和1毫升水的试管中。
6. The test mixture was mixed well and placed in 20ºC ± 1ºC water bath.
6. 混合均匀后，将试管置于20ºC ± 1ºC的水槽中。
7. After a neutralization time of 5mins ± 10sec, 1ml of the mixture was tested immediately using pour-plate method with Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA).
7. 中和时间至5分钟 ± 10秒后，将1毫升混合液取出，立即用胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(TSA) 通过平皿灌浇法进行试验。
8. The plates were incubated at 35ºC for 48 hours.
8. 将平皿置于35ºC培养48小时。
9. This procedure was repeated for the other bacterial test suspensions.
9. 此程序亦重复应用于其它细菌悬液。
Results: On analysis, the following results were obtained:
试验结果：经试验分析得出以下结果：
Test organism 测试细菌类型Initial Bacterial Load (cfu/ml)
最初菌落群数
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538)
金黄色葡萄球菌
3.80 x 108 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)
绿脓杆菌
1.55 x 108 Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028)
鼠伤寒沙门氏菌
3.20 x 108 Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)
大肠埃希杆菌
1.31 x 108
OUR REF NO: ATS/MED/77/04/pl 31 March, 2004
文件编号： ATS/MED/77/04/pl 2004年3月31日COMPANY: Okada Ecotech Pte Ltd Page 2 of 2
送检公司: 冈田生态技术私人有限公司第2/2页
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEST RESULTS FOR SAMPLE AT DILUTION OF 1:79
稀释比例为1:79的样品试验结果
Test organism 测试细菌类型After contact time
of 40 mins
静置40分钟后
After contact time of 60 mins
静置60分钟后
Observation of
plates
平皿观察
Total Viable
Count (cfu/ml)
活细菌数合计
Observation of plates
平皿观察
Total Viable
Count (cfu/ml)
活细菌数合计
Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Colonies observed
观察到菌落
1.20 x 106
Colonies observed
观察到菌落
1.05 x 106
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 绿脓杆菌Colonies observed
观察到菌落
1.50 x 106
No Colonies observed
未观察到菌落
1.40 x 106
Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Colonies observed
观察到菌落
3.60 x 104
Colonies observed
观察到菌落
2.20 x 103
Escherichia coli 大肠埃希杆菌Colonies observed
观察到菌落
80
No Colonies observed
未观察到菌落
30
Test organism 测试细菌类型
Reduction in viability (% killed)
菌落群数减少率(杀死率%)
After contact time of 40 mins
静置40分钟后
After contact time of 60 mins
静置60分钟后
Staphylococcus aureus
金黄色葡萄球菌
99.68% 99.72% Pseudomonas aeruginosa
绿脓杆菌
99.03% 99.10%
Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌99.99% >
99.99%
Escherichia coli 大肠埃希杆菌>99.99% >
99.99%
NOTES:
注：
cfu – colony forming unit cfu – 菌落形成单位。