英美国家社会与文化论文
美国社会与文化论文中文
学习了美国社会与文化后，我对美国的传统价值观有了更深更好的理解一般而言，美国的传统价值观共包括六个方面，即：individual freedom, equality of opportunity, material wealth 和self-reliance, competition, hard work. 其中，前三个方面集中代表了世界各地的人们移民到美国的原因，亦即我们通常所讲的“美国之梦”所包含的主要内容；而后三个方面则是为了实现这些梦想所应付出的代价。
在美国人看来，individual freedom 和self-reliance, equality of opportunity 和competition, material wealth 和hard work 是一一对应的。
你要想实现前一个梦想，就必须付出后边那个代价。
个性自由起源于美国祖先追求宗教信仰自由的传统。
包括自主动机，自主抉择，自力更生，尊重他人，个性自由，尊重隐私等层面。
美国的自由观"不仅指免除对肉体的约束，而且指个人有权签订契约；有权从事任何一种普通谋生职业；有权获取有用的知识；有权结婚、建立家庭和抚养孩子；受自己良心的支配崇拜上帝，以及普遍地享有历来被认为是自由和平等地追求幸福所必不可少的那些特权自力更生每一个人生下来就是自由的，但要真正享受自由就必须要靠自己。
这种观念体现在语言上就是在与美国人交谈时，他们很少通过炫耀自己的家庭或社会关系来抬高自己；如果你要那么做了只能让别人觉得你是个孩子，一个没有自己生活的人永远只能是个孩子。
机会平等美国人永远愿意倾听别人的意见，给别人机会；一个人在一方面犯了错误，并不剥夺他在其他方面出色的权利。
美国人认为在大自然面前，人人有生存权利，只要有力气，有能力，谁都可以获得自然，谁都可以发财当富翁；在政治上，他们主张投票箱面前人人平等，也就是说，人人有选举权；在受教育上，资产阶级进步思想家提倡人人有受教育的机会，公立学校人人均可上学；运动场上，美国人也有他们的标准，只要有体育才能和技术的人，都可以参加竞争；在社交场合，美国人喜欢平等待人，也喜欢被别人平等相待，摆架子、高人一等的表现为人们所不取；在官兵关系方面，美国人认为，官兵之间应该是平等的，指挥官不能向士兵摆资格，不能把权威当宝杖使用；在宗教方面，美国人认为人人有信仰宗教的权利，只要是新教徒，不要经任何神职人员作中介，都可以与上帝相通。
英美文化毕业论文
英美文化毕业论文英美文化毕业论文随着全球化的发展，英美文化在世界范围内影响深远。
作为英语为母语的国家，英美文化不仅包括语言，还涉及文学、艺术、音乐、电影等方方面面。
本文将从不同角度探讨英美文化的特点和影响。
一、英美文化的多样性英美文化的多样性是其最大的特点之一。
英国和美国都是移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的人们。
这些移民带来了自己的语言、宗教、风俗和文化，丰富了英美文化的内涵。
在英美文化中，我们可以看到英国的皇家仪式、英式下午茶、英国乐队的摇滚音乐以及美国的独立精神、西部牛仔文化、好莱坞电影等。
这些多样性使得英美文化独具魅力，吸引了全球观众的关注。
二、英美文化的影响英美文化对世界产生了深远的影响。
首先，英美文化对语言的影响不可忽视。
英语作为全球通用语言，其词汇、语法和发音都源自英美文化。
其次，英美文化在文学领域也有着重要的地位。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等英国作家以及马克·吐温、海明威、福克纳等美国作家的作品被翻译成多种语言，影响了全球读者。
此外，英美文化在音乐、电影、时尚等领域也有着广泛的影响力。
披头士乐队、迈克尔·杰克逊、碧昂斯等英美音乐人的音乐风格和影响力跨越了国界。
好莱坞电影更是成为了全球电影产业的中心，许多经典电影和电影明星都来自英美文化。
三、英美文化的传统与现代英美文化既有传统的一面，也有现代的一面。
在传统方面，英美文化保留了许多古老的习俗和仪式。
例如，英国的圣诞节、复活节和美国的感恩节等节日都有着悠久的历史和独特的庆祝方式。
此外，英美文化中的传统艺术形式如戏剧、芭蕾舞和交响乐也一直保持着活力。
然而，英美文化也不断与时俱进，融入了现代元素。
现代英美文化注重个人自由、多元文化和创新。
在音乐领域，英美文化涌现出了流行音乐、摇滚乐、爵士乐和嘻哈音乐等各种风格。
电影工业的发展也使得英美文化更加多元化和现代化。
四、英美文化的挑战和机遇随着全球文化交流的加深，英美文化也面临着一些挑战。
“英美社会与文化”课程论文
British generally don’t show their own inner world to others and this feature is very evident in the upper classes of society. It is difficult to know a reserved person: he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that.
英美社会与文化课英语作文
英美社会与文化课英语作文The United States and the United Kingdom, two of the most influential countries in the world, have long been known for their rich cultural heritage and diverse societies. As neighboring nations with a shared history and language, the two countries have developed distinct social and cultural identities that have significantly impacted the global landscape. In this essay, we will explore the intricacies of English and American society and culture, examining the similarities and differences that make these nations unique.One of the most striking aspects of both English and American society is the emphasis placed on individualism and personal freedom. In both countries, the notion of the individual as the fundamental unit of society is deeply ingrained, with a strong emphasis on personal rights, self-expression, and the pursuit of personal goals. This individualistic ethos has shaped the social and political landscapes of both nations, leading to the development of robust democratic institutions and a vibrant civil society.However, the expression of this individualism can take differentforms in the two countries. In the United Kingdom, the concept of the "stiff upper lip" and a more reserved, formal approach to social interactions are often seen as hallmarks of English culture. Britons are often perceived as more polite, reserved, and deferential to authority, with a strong sense of tradition and social hierarchy. In contrast, American society is often characterized by a more casual, outgoing, and egalitarian approach to social interactions, with a greater emphasis on informality and self-expression.These cultural differences are reflected in the educational systems of the two countries as well. The English education system is often seen as more rigorous and academically focused, with a strong emphasis on traditional academic subjects and a more structured, hierarchical approach to learning. In contrast, the American education system is often more diverse and flexible, with a greater emphasis on practical, hands-on learning and a more individualized approach to student development.Another key aspect of both English and American society is the role of religion and spirituality. In the United Kingdom, the Church of England, the official state church, has played a significant role in shaping the country's cultural and social landscape. While religious observance has declined in recent decades, the influence of the Anglican church can still be felt in many aspects of English life, from the architecture of historic cathedrals to the observance of religiousholidays.In the United States, the religious landscape is much more diverse, with a wide range of Christian denominations, as well as significant populations of adherents to other faiths, such as Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism. The separation of church and state enshrined in the US Constitution has led to a more pluralistic religious environment, where individuals are free to practice their faith without state interference.Despite these differences, both England and the United States share a deep appreciation for the arts and cultural expression. From the literary masterpieces of Shakespeare and Hemingway to the iconic works of art in the National Gallery and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the two countries have made invaluable contributions to the global cultural landscape.In the realm of popular culture, the influence of both nations is equally profound. The music, film, and television industries of the UK and the US have captivated audiences around the world, with iconic artists, actors, and directors shaping the cultural zeitgeist. From the Beatles to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the cultural exchange between the two countries has been a two-way street, with each nation's creative output influencing and inspiring the other.Despite these shared cultural ties, there are also significant differences between English and American society that are worth exploring. One of the most notable is the role of government and the relationship between the individual and the state. In the United Kingdom, the monarchical system and the tradition of parliamentary democracy have led to a more centralized and hierarchical approach to governance, with a stronger emphasis on social welfare and collective responsibility.In contrast, the United States has a more decentralized, federalist system of government, with a stronger emphasis on individual rights and a more limited role for the federal government. This difference in political philosophy has shaped the social and economic landscapes of the two countries, leading to divergent approaches to issues such as healthcare, education, and social welfare.Another key difference between English and American society is the role of class and social stratification. In the UK, the legacy of the aristocratic system and the enduring influence of the upper classes have led to a more rigid social hierarchy, with a stronger emphasis on tradition, privilege, and social status. In the US, the notion of a classless society and the "American Dream" of social mobility have led to a more fluid and dynamic social structure, with a greater emphasis on individual achievement and entrepreneurship.Despite these differences, however, both England and the United States share a deep commitment to democratic values and a belief in the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. From the Magna Carta to the US Constitution, the two countries have played a pivotal role in shaping the global discourse on human rights, civil liberties, and the rule of law.In conclusion, the societies and cultures of England and the United States are complex and multifaceted, shaped by a rich history, diverse populations, and a shared commitment to democratic ideals. While the two nations may differ in their specific cultural expressions and social structures, they are united by a common language, a deep appreciation for the arts and creativity, and a shared belief in the power of the individual to shape the world around them. As the world continues to evolve and change, the enduring influence of English and American society and culture will undoubtedly continue to shape the global landscape for generations to come.。
英美国家社会与文化论文
The British Educational SystemAs far as we know, there are pre-primary schools, primary schools, secondary schools and university or college. Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools. And many of them are private. The emphasis of pre-primary schools is on group work, creative activity and guided play.Two systems of primary and secondary education in Britain: 1. State Schools: 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16), we can know that there is comprehensive school (84%), grammar school (3%) or secondary modern school (7%) from the state primary school. 2. Public schools/Independent schools: there is an only 7% public (independent) school from prep school.What are the main differences between the two? We can find four points. 1. School Funding. In state schools, state funding from central government; supplemented by local finance. And in public schools, funding from tuition fees; endowments or donations from society (esp. alumni to their ammeters). 2. Attendance. There are 93% in state schools, only 7% in the public schools. 3. Teaching Staff and Facilities. Public schools have better teaching staff & facilities. 4. Graduates. Students from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.Compulsory education begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland. Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants schools have equal to the first schools (for 2 years from 5). Junior schools (for 4 years to 11). There’s little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years.Compulsory education ends at age 16. At 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job. Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (GeneralNational V ocational Qualification).In my opinion, about the entrance procedures, in the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. Applications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions. Admission-selection on basis of A level results & an interview.In teaching methods, we can see, the UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods: lectures, seminars, tutorials, independent workand coursework.There are two famous universities in Britain. They are the Cambridge and Oxford. Cambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford. Cambridge is one of the world’s great universities, and has the ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.Oxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well-being as a civilized community in the future.The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829.The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has beenwon by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.In Chinese higher education, we can find five dilemmas. There is enrollment expansion, elite education vs mass education, intense competition in the job market, resources are straining and education quality is suffering.There are five defects of Chinese higher education. Defect 1: Blind Enrollment Expansion. Universities seem to have enrolled more than they can accommodate! Limited facilities & space, insufficient resources, shabby dorms (slum)…Expansion means a lot more! Fierce competition in the job market. Defect 2: Awkward Teaching Method. Teachers tend to spoon-feed their students who are in turn spoon-fed and force-fed!More trust, freedom, interactions and responsibilities for the students! Teachers should serve as advisors & assistants!Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated Textbooks. A lack of flexibility (few alternative choices), Outdated contents (keep pace with), The prescribed textbooks can be replaced by …Defect 4: Unreasonable Curriculum. Many outdated courses should be abolished! More utilitarian courses are welcome! (Computer Science, Business, Finance, Accounting and Law)One shouldn’t be confined to one’s specific field.Moral education is in urgent demand! (campus violence, suicide, theft, murder) Defect 5:Unfair Assessment System. Exam-oriented style! (Scores talk!)Students: exams of lottery(memory test / work overtime shortly before the test)How can we improve it? I will show my answer. It’s a time-consuming & systematic project.Never wait for the improvement! Get a move now! You and me are part of Chinese higher education! Try to make the best and most of the current situation! Stop complaining and try to make a difference from now on.。
美国社会与文化论文英文精编WORD版
美国社会与文化论文英文精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】After the study of American society and culture, I have a deeper and better understanding of the traditional values of traditional values of the United States. In general, the United States traditional values ,includes six aspects, namely: individual freedom, equality of opportunity, material wealth and self-reliance, competition, hard work. Among them, the first three aspects concentrated represent the people from all over the world to U.S. immigration reasons, that we often speak of "American dream" contains the main content; Then three aspects is to achieve these dreams should pay a price. For the United States people, individual freedom and self-reliance, equality of opportunity and competition, material wealth and hard work is the one-to-one.B e f o r e y o u w a n t t o r e a l i z e a d r e a m,i t m u s t p a y b a c k t h e c o s t. Individual freedom , It originated in the tradition of the liberty of individuality ancestors of the us pursuing religious freedom. Including independent motivation, independent choices, self-reliance, and respect for others, the liberty of individuality, respect the privacy and other aspects. America's idea of "not only refers to exempt from the physical constraints,and refers to the individual has the right to sign a contract; has the rightto engage in any kind of common career; has the right to make a living toobtain useful knowledge, has the right to get married, a family and raising children and by your conscience, and a general dominate worship god always considered the right to liberty and equality to the pursuit of happiness of those essential privilegeSelf-reliance. every life down there is free, but to really enjoy free will have to rely on yourself. This kind of idea embodied in the language is in the United States and talk to people, they rarely by showing off their family or social relationship to drive up; If you want to do so can only let others feel that you are a child, not his life forever can is a child.The equality of opportunity. Americans always willing to listen to the opinions of others, give other people opportunities; A person on the one hand made a mistake, and does not take away his good rights in other ways. Americans believe that before in nature, and everyone has the right to live, so long as has the strength, the ability, who can get natural, who can make a fortune when millionaire; In politics, they contend that everyone is equal before the ballot box, that is, everyone has the right to vote; In education by, bourgeois progressive thinker advocate everyone has the opportunity to by education, public schools every person can go to school; The playground, Americans have their standards, so long as has the sports ability and technology can attend competition; In a social situation, the American people like equal to them, also like to be others treat one another as equals, put on AIRS, superior performance for people do not take; In the officers andsoldiers on the relationship between the United States people think, between officers and men should be equal, not a qualification to the soldiers commander, cannot treat authority when treasure staff use; In religion, Americans believe that everyone has the right to religious freedom, as long as it is protestants, don't the clergy any for intermediaries, can be interlinked with god.Competition. consciousness competition is eternal, is also a person to prove his position in society the means, but at the same time he may want to colleagues and cooperation. But please note, the American people understand "competition" and not the victory "self-centered", but by others understand and recognition; In addition, Americans in order to clear understanding of the victory can only show the past, tomorrow there will be a more challenges, to be optimistic face challenges, to participate in the competition.Material wealth. American ancestors come from mostly in the poor, the pursuit of wealth and improve the quality of life for the vast majority of immigrant dream. Today Americans now for wealth far beyond the understanding of their ancestors, time, health, and the power, and the information, etc, are beyond the value of paper money, money become a representative symbol. In short, in the American people, a person should have the pursue, this is your personal motivation.Hard work. Most Americans would "work, progressive" as yourself for wealth and keep wealth. In the big us store, a "DIY" goods the most popular. Many people in the United States has to work, as a kind of the pleasure of life. Before in the competition, and only professional and keep making progress, to maintain our unbeaten in the competition.Here are some subclasses can help group we understand I mentioned the United States in front of traditional values.1, American business emphasizes the "free market", this and the United States has been since the beginning of the liberal values are closely linked. American value system is and economic reform related. Precisely, and "free market" produce relates in together, the free market in American life is the root of all kinds of basic contradiction: economic efficiency for service, political equality for services, cultural for self realization of the three standards service form the American society of three kinds of the most important restrict each other values. A century and a half since, these three different value orientation always happens between tension and conflict.2, the American public education in order to realize the equality of opportunity, the social mobility of social and economic justice aspects of equality as a goal.American education, self-reliance and responsibility spirit, is the starting point of the education for their children. Let the child learn to independence The moral education that the President of the United States in the establishment of a democratic country will up quite important role. Development education to help my fellow citizens aware of their moral responsibility, this no matter to guarantee the safety of their fellow citizens, or to establish a state of the normal order, is very necessary. Religion, morality and knowledge to the government are needed, they can human welfare services, and schools and legislative institution is should rely on the support of the country.3. The United States and the separation of isn't unique, because all European countries for religious freedom of the constitution provides a guarantee. The mainstream American religious really is unique because of the existence of free church. The world's religious freedom will soon from the belief systems, to fully liberalism, and in the United States, free the secularization of sectarian very slowly, of which a large degree is the liberalization of religion and a series of the compulsory religious worship combine together.4. The Americans to a person in the family background, parents position have little interest in this kind of thing, because a man can succeed in life, parents' name is not much help, and no one bought this bill. The son of a President can still to wipe the car, could come out on top in the individual's struggle to get. For example in the school, the students to get scholarships or other encouragement, premise condition is to strive to academic performance than the other students. University teachers promotion, pay conditions, except I writings, but must see the students to his teaching job evaluation. At the end of each learn, all the students have to fill out an to teacher teaching evaluation table, and the content includes: the teachers teach how ability; After school counseling if adequate; This professional knowledge is proficient in and so on. The result of the comparison to the school. Therefore, one who promotion salary isn't at school who long depends on the length of the time, but look at the above conditions. In this kind of environment, teachers' performance means and colleague's compare, also is a kind of competition. The small company staff, even if is a typing or filing documents of, also want to try to do better than colleagues well, you have hope a promotion or a raise.These reflect the United States six big traditional values, and the influenceof American life.The last time we saw a movie called cold mountain, from the movie, inside tell him about the American civil war, black for their rights, fight for individual liberty. After the war the political position of blacks have improved, participating in the number increases ceaselessly.The black economy may be improving. The life of the Negro than ever with improved, in law won and white equal rights, but as it is just a little bit a little bit better than before the war. Inman fled from the war on the way home, I met many difficulties, hunger, the temptation to pursue the defector the army, but he was overcome these difficulties return to the home, it is also a kind of self-reliance. But in the film's most major or speak to individual freedom, one of the traditional values. Personal freedom is always Americans have been constantly seeking to realize the rights.Americans have been in constant innovation, but in the United States in the development of the traditional values plays a big part, the conventional stuff also is not necessarily bad, as long as reasonable use, not only will it not hinder it will promote development. American society and culture this courselet I to the United States had a deeper understanding, although English levelis not much, but something to me very pretty good.。
英美文化赏识论文-英国和美国的文化比较
英美文化赏识论文-英国和美国的文化比较英国和美国的文化比较上了近十多周的“英美文化赏识”我的感触很深，这让我知道了以前从来都不知道的东西，如：教育，政策，习俗……这双方的差异很值得人们去思考，下面就让我简单地说一下英美文化的特点首先是政治：英国的实质就是君主立宪制，君主虽然予以保留，代表国家元首，但只在特定时期是在具有一定实权，并且权利不能超越宪法。
而美国是共和制中的总统责任制，总统拥有党政军大权，集政府首脑、国家元首于一身，但是受三权分立制约。
英国有着悠久的议会民主传统，实行君主立宪制，君主为国家元首，目前是伊莉莎白二世。
英国的立法机关，也就是议会，目前拥有两个议院。
下议院地位较重要，上议院主要是修订法律的机构。
行政机关由首相领导，英国现任首相为工党的托尼〃布莱尔。
通常，首相是在下议院拥有最多席位的政党领袖。
该政党其他主要成员与首相一起组成内阁，即主要的行政机构。
从严格意义上讲，英国并非是一个联邦制的国家，但现任政府最近在苏格兰及威尔士成立了地方分权机构，如设在爱丁堡的苏格兰议会及设在卡地夫的威尔士议会。
英国还试图成立北爱地方分权政府，但是由于各政党之间存在纷争，以至于被暂时搁臵下来。
英格兰和威尔士的立法、司法制度与苏格兰、北爱尔兰大不相同。
同样，苏格兰的法律与英格兰的法律也有不少的差异。
美国是联邦制国家，政权组织形式为总统制，实行三权分立与制衡相结合的政治制度和两党制的政党制度。
由此而进，美国现代自由主义与保守主义关于大、小政府之争的帷幕正式拉开。
美国的国家组织是依据三权分立与联邦制度、二大政治思想而制定，当初在起草宪法时因恐权力过分集中于个人或某一部门将危害人民的自由，因而将立法、司法，行政三种权力分别独立，互相制衡，以避免政府滥权，行政机关是以由人民直接选举的总统为最高行政首长，并以副总统辅之，下设几个行政部门。
政府的权力有联邦政府、州政府之分，宪法起草人根据政府必须接近百姓才不致剥夺人民自由的原则，将有关各州自治权保留给州政府，各州政府本身拥有立法、司法、行政诸权限，联邦政府的权力系以一州政府无法单独行使者为限，如课税、财政、国防、外交、货币银行、出入境管理、对外贸易、国民福利、邮政，以及科学艺术的发展援助等。
美国社会与文化课程论文
American welfare systemI have seen the movie -The Pursuit of Happiness two years ago. To be honest, this move was really a big shock to me, and the strong power in Chris has been influencing me all the time. I believe that most of us who have seen the movie should remember the plot that the government took $600 from Chris Gardner´account and he only had $21.33 left, and he was broke again . During that time, he and his son spent a night in the WC, and lived in the church hospice for many days. The church hospice in the movie is a part of American welfare system .And in this essay I will talk something about the system.In the American vocabulary, "welfare" has often had a limited meaning, most commonly associated in public discourse with public assistance to mothers with dependent children. Y et government welfare can also be given a broader definition, as a general social safety net designed to support citizens in need. Under this definition, "welfare" refers to government protections for workers' incomes, which are often threatened by structural economic change under the free market system .In an economy in which workers rely on wages to support themselves.In the United States, then, government welfare has been a collection of different programs that includes unemployment insurance, health insurance, old age pensions, accident insurance, and support for families with dependent children.The American present welfare measures for import from 1935 of Social Security Act and its later improvement. And the American present social system includes: the federal social insurance, unemployment subsidy, public aid, pregnant women and children´s welfare and Social security tax.Federal social insurance is established for the inaugural personage, on-the-job or once worked for oneself and family members can attend. It mainly includes retirement, consolation, disable gold and medical benefits, etc. As to the unemployment subsidy, as long as one is unemployed, regardless of the savings they can apply for subsidy until they find another job.The public aid is designed for low or no income blind person, old people, disabled and no income family. According to their own living conditions, the state decide whether the applicants have qualifications to apply for .Pregnant women and children's welfare is to protect and promote the health of women and children, but it has not assigned cash, but provides health services. What is more, it also provides orphans education fees and cost of living.Therefore, US´s welfare systems are quite perfect. It contained generally the life aspects. It plays an important part in people’s lives. But such perfect welfare system also has the shortcoming, is only the money subsidies, for one person who has the house to live or not, is always regardless of. There is no doubt that such system has its institutional shortcomings. Such as aggravating financial burden, weakening people to alter their fate´s morale , improper using lots of money and fair questions.From my point of view, welfare institution´s purpose is to give people a better life. From American´s institution we can learn a lot which can apply to our country. And I hope people all over the world will live a better life with the improvement of the system of social welfare.。
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The British Educational SystemAs far as we know, there are pre-primary schools, primary schools, secondary schools and university or college. Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools. And many of them are private. The emphasis of pre-primary schools is on group work, creative activity and guided play.Two systems of primary and secondary education in Britain: 1. State Schools: 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16), we can know that there is comprehensive school (84%), grammar school (3%) or secondary modern school (7%) from the state primary school. 2. Public schools/Independent schools: there is an only 7% public (independent) school from prep school.What are the main differences between the two? We can find four points. 1. School Funding. In state schools, state funding from central government; supplemented by local finance. And in public schools, funding from tuition fees; endowments or donations from society (esp. alumni to their ammeters). 2. Attendance. There are 93% in state schools, only 7% in the public schools. 3. Teaching Staff and Facilities. Public schools have better teaching staff & facilities. 4. Graduates. Students from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.Compulsory education begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland. Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants schools have equal to the first schools (for 2 years from 5). Junior schools (for 4 years to 11). There’s little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years.Compulsory education ends at age 16. At 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job. Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (GeneralNational V ocational Qualification).In my opinion, about the entrance procedures, in the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. Applications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions. Admission-selection on basis of A level results & an interview.In teaching methods, we can see, the UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods: lectures, seminars, tutorials, independent workand coursework.There are two famous universities in Britain. They are the Cambridge and Oxford. Cambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford. Cambridge is one of the world’s great universities, and has the ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.Oxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well-being as a civilized community in the future.The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829.The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has beenwon by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.In Chinese higher education, we can find five dilemmas. There is enrollment expansion, elite education vs mass education, intense competition in the job market, resources are straining and education quality is suffering.There are five defects of Chinese higher education. Defect 1: Blind Enrollment Expansion. Universities seem to have enrolled more than they can accommodate! Limited facilities & space, insufficient resources, shabby dorms (slum)…Expansion means a lot more! Fierce competition in the job market. Defect 2: Awkward Teaching Method. Teachers tend to spoon-feed their students who are in turn spoon-fed and force-fed!More trust, freedom, interactions and responsibilities for the students! Teachers should serve as advisors & assistants!Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated Textbooks. A lack of flexibility (few alternative choices), Outdated contents (keep pace with), The prescribed textbooks can be replaced by …Defect 4: Unreasonable Curriculum. Many outdated courses should be abolished! More utilitarian courses are welcome! (Computer Science, Business, Finance, Accounting and Law)One shouldn’t be confined to one’s specific field.Moral education is in urgent demand! (campus violence, suicide, theft, murder) Defect 5:Unfair Assessment System. Exam-oriented style! (Scores talk!)Students: exams of lottery(memory test / work overtime shortly before the test)How can we improve it? I will show my answer. It’s a time-consuming & systematic project.Never wait for the improvement! Get a move now! You and me are part of Chinese higher education! Try to make the best and most of the current situation! Stop complaining and try to make a difference from now on.。