(完整word版)名词解释
一、名词解释。
1、速率分离过程：在某种推动力(浓度差、压力差、温度差、电位差等)的作用下，有时在选择性透过膜的配合下，利用各组分扩散速度的差异实现组分的分离。
2、平衡分离过程：借助分离媒介(如热能、溶剂或吸附剂)，使均相混合物系统变成两相系统，再以混合物中各组分在处于相平衡的两相中不等同的分配为依据而实现分离
3.泡点：在温度一定的情况下，开始从液相中分离出第一批气泡的压力，或在压力一定的情况下，开始从液相中分离出第一批气泡的温度。
4.绝热闪蒸：已知流率、组成、压力和温度(或焓)的液体进料节流膨胀到较低压力产生部分汽化。
5.
至某一数值，使为达到规定的分离程度所需理论板数趋于无穷多时，此回流比即为最小回流比
6.清晰分割：指的是多组分精馏中馏出液中除了重关键组分（HK）之外，没有其它轻组分；釜液中除了轻关键组分((LK)之外，没有其它轻组分。
7.反应精馏：反应精馏是一种将反应过程和精馏过程结合在一起，且在同一个设备内进行的藕合过程。
8.吸附过程：当用多几性的固体处理流体时，流体的分子和原子附着在固体表面上的现象叫吸附过程。
9.超临界流体萃取：以超临界流体作为萃取剂，从固体或液体中萃取出某种溶质的单元操作过程。
二、填空。
1.分离作用是由于加入分离剂而引起的，因为分离过程是混合过程的逆过程。
2.衡量分离的程度用分离因子表示，处于相平衡状态的分离程度是固有分离因子。
3.分离过程是混合过程的逆过程，因此需加入分离剂来达到分离目的
4.汽液相平衡是处理气液传质分离过程的基础，相平衡的条件是所有相中温度压力相等，每一组分的化学位相等。
5.
，其值可反应吸收过程的难易程
度
6.吸收剂的再生常采用的是用蒸汽或惰性气体的蒸出塔、用再沸器的蒸出塔、用蒸馏塔。
7.精馏塔计算中每块板由于组成改变而引起的温度变化，可用泡露点方程确定。
8.用于吸收过程的相平衡关系可表示为L = AV 。
9.多组分精馏根据指定设计变量不同可分为设计型计算和操作型计算。
10.在塔顶和塔釜同时出现的组分为 分配组分 。
11.吸收的相平衡表达式为 L = A V ，在 温度降低，压力升高 操作下有利于吸收，吸收操作的限度是
i N x i K i N y ,,1≥+，
i x i K i y ,0,1≤。
12.解吸收因子定义为 S’= VK / L ，由于吸收过程的相平衡关系为 V = SL 。
13.在多组分精馏计算中为了给严格计算提供初值，通常用 清晰分割 或 清晰分割 方法进行物料预分布。
14.严格计算法有三类，即 逐板计算、矩阵法、松弛法
15.为表示塔传质效率的大小，可用 级效率 表示。
三、简答题。
1.简述绝热闪蒸过程的特点。
绝热闪蒸过程是等焓过程，节流后压力降低，所以会有汽化现象发生，汽化要吸收热量，由于是绝热过程，只能吸收本身的热量，因此，体系的漫度降低。
2.普通精馏塔的可调设计变量是几个？试按设计型和操作型指定设计变量。
普通精馏塔由4个可调设计变量。
按设计型：两个分离要求、回流比、再沸器蒸出率； 按操作型：全塔理论板数、精馏段理论板数、回流比、塔顶产品的流量。
3.简述精馏过程最小回流比时的特点。
最小回流比是馏的极限情况之一，此时，未完成给
定的分离任务，所需要理论经板数无穷多，如果回流比小于最小回流比，则无论多少理论板数也不能完成给定的分离任务。
4.简述萃取塔操作要注意的事项。
a.气液相负荷不均，液相负荷远大于气相负荷；
b.塔料的温度要严控制；
c.回流比不能随意调整。
5.吸收的有利条件是什么？
低温、高压、高的气相浓度、低的液相浓度、高的用量、低的气相量。
6.反应精馏的特点。
（1）选择性高；（2）转化率高；（3）生产能力高；（4）产品纯度高；（5）能耗低；（6）投资省；（7）系统容易控制
7.吸附分离的优点和缺点。
、
优点：有机客剂掺入少；操作简便，安全，设备简单；pH变化小，适于稳定性差的物。
缺点：选择性差；收率低；无机吸附剂性能不稳定；不能连续操作，劳动强度大；碳粉等吸附剂有粉尘污染。
(完整word版)动物学名词解释
1、组织：是由一些形态相同或相似、机能相同的细胞群构成的。
2、器官：是由几种不同类型的组织联合形成的，具有一定的形态特征和一定生理机能的结构。
1. 辐射对称：是指通过身体的中轴可以有二个以上的切面把身体分成两个相等的部分。
2. 两辐射对称：某些腔肠动物，通过中轴，只有两个平面把它们的身体切成相等的两半。
3. 消化循环腔：腔肠动物消化腔内水的流动，可把消化后的营养物质输送到身体各部分，兼有循环作用，故也称为消化循环腔。
4.刺细胞：是腔肠动物所特有的，每个刺细胞有一核位于细胞的一侧，并有囊状的刺丝囊，囊内贮有毒液及一盘旋的丝状管，对捕食和防御起作用。
1.两侧对称：通过身体的中轴，只有一个切面能把身体分成左右相等的两个部分。
2.皮肌囊：肌肉与外胚层形成的表皮相互紧贴而形成的体壁成为皮肤肌肉囊。
即皮肌囊。
3.原肾型排泄系统：由排泄管，焰细胞组成，起源于外胚层，并沿途多次分枝，许多分支相互连接成网状，每个分枝的末端有管细胞，管细上覆盖有帽细胞，两者共同组成焰细胞，原肾型排泄系统主要功能是调节体内水分的渗透压，同时也排出一些代谢产物。
4.焰细胞：它是原肾型排泄系统的基本单位，有管细胞及帽细胞组成。
是一中空细胞，内有一束纤毛，经常均匀不断的摆动，通过细胞膜的渗透而收集其中的水分，液体，废物，经收集管，排泄管，排泄孔送出体外。
完全消化道：发育为完善的消化管，即有口有肛门，如线虫消化道，食物由口进入，消化后的残渣有肛门排出。
1. 同律分节：除了前端 2 节和最后一节外，其余体节的形态构造基本相同。
2. 次生体腔：位于体壁内侧中胚层和肠壁外侧中胚层之间的空腔。
3. 疣足：是体壁凸出的扁平状突起双层结构，体腔伸入其中，一般每体节一对。
典型的疣足分为背肢和腹肢，背肢垢背侧具一指状的背须，腹肢的腹侧有一腹须，有触觉功能。
4. 闭管式循环：为较完善的循环系统，结构复杂，由纵行血管和环行血管及分支血管组成。
各血管以微血管网相连，血液始终在血管内流动。
(完整word版)马原名词解释汇总
1马克思主义基本原理概论（名词解释）1. 哲学：世界观的理论形态，或者说是系统化、理论化的世界观；世界观和方法论的统一。
2. 世界观：对人与世界关系的根本看法、根本观点。
3. 方法论：认识世界和改造世界的根本方法。
方法论与世界观是统一的，有什么样的世界观就有什么样的方法论。
4. 哲学基本问题：存在和思维、物质和意识的关系问题。
哲学基本问题有两个方面，第一个方面是思维和存在谁是第一性的问题，这是划分唯物主义和唯心主义哲学派别的依据；第二方面是思维和存在有无同一性的问题，是划分可知论和不可知论的依据。
5. 唯物主义：在哲学基本问题上，主张物质第一性、意识第二性的哲学派别。
唯物主义有三种历史形态：古代朴素唯物主义、近代机械唯物主义、现代辩证唯物主义。
6. 唯心主义：在哲学基本问题上，主张意识第一性、物质第二性的哲学派别。
唯心主义有主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义两种形式。
7. 马克思主义哲学：辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，关于自然。
社会和思维发展的普遍规律的学说，无产阶级世界观的理论体系。
8. 一元论与二元论：对世界本原问题的不同回答而形成的哲学派别。
认为世界本原是一个的是一元论哲学，唯物主义和唯心主义都是一元论哲学。
认为世界有物质和意识两个独立自存的本原的是二元论哲学。
9. 可知论与不可知论：对哲学基本问题第二个方面的不同回答而形成的哲学派别。
凡认为思维和存在有同一性的哲学派别都属于可知论哲学，认为思维和存在没有同一性的哲学是不可知论哲学。
10．物质：标志客观实在的哲学范畴。
物质的根本特征是客观实在性。
11．运动：物质的存在方式，是标志物质世界一切事物和过程的变化的哲学范畴。
12．时间：物质运动过程的持续性，它的特点是一维性或不可逆性，即时间只能沿着过去、现在、将来的方向进行。
13．空间：运动着的物质的广延性，指事物的体积、形态、位置、距离和排列次序等。
空间的特点是三维性，即任何物体都有长、宽、高三个方向。
(完整word版)名组织行为学名词解释
组织行为学名词解释第一章绪论组织（organization）是由一定的人群构成，通过专业化分工协作来实现组织目标的开放性社会技术系统。
组织行为（organizational behavior）组织内部的个人和群体所产生的行为，以及组织与外部环境之间的交互作用和自身的运行状态。
组织环境（organizational environment）任何组织的生存与发展依赖于特定的客观物质基础和社会条件，存在于组织之外并对组织产生一定影响作用的外部环境和现象就构成了组织环境。
利益相关者（party interested）组织与环境的相互作用具体表现为组织环境中的各种要素、其他组织与个人的相互作用，这些与组织直接作用的其他组织和各人称为利益相关者。
是组织外部环境中受组织决策和行动影响的任何相关者。
技术技能（technical skill）技术技能包括专门知识和技能水平。
是指管理者对业务领域相关专业知识和方法的掌握程度。
人际技能（interpersonal skill）是指与人共事、理解别人、激励别人的能力。
概念技能（conception skill）管理者必须具备心智能力去分析和诊断复杂的情况。
是指管理者面对纷繁复杂的环境，通过分析、判断、抽象和概括，洞察事物，分辨各种因素的作用，认清主要矛盾，抓住问题实质，形成正确的概念，从而做出正确的判断。
组织行为学（organization behavior）是研究一定组织体系中人的心理和行为表现及其规律，提高管理人员预测、引导和控制人的行为的能力，以实现组织目标的能力。
需要（need）是个体对生理和社会客观需求在人脑中的反映。
它是指客观刺激作用于人的大脑所引起的个体缺乏某种东西时产生的一种心理状态。
动机（motivation）是一种驱使人们进行活动，从而满足需要、达到目标的内部动力。
对个体而言，动机往往是一以愿望、兴趣、意图、信念、理想等形式表现出来的是激励人们行动的主要因素，是推动人们行为的直接原因。
(完整word版)语言学名词解释
Chapter 1: Introduction1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.11.performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13.design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection between meaning and sound.15. productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences that they have never heard before.16. duality: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker no matter how far away from the topic of conversation in time or space.18. cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned from one generation to the next, rather than by instinct.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in t he world’s languages.3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. howa speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language. 12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels, and functions as a single one.19. phone : The speech sound we use when speaking a language.20. phoneme : The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : any different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments.22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.23. phonemic contrast : two similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except one sound and occurs in the same position. The two sounds are said to form a minimal pair.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments----syllable, word, sentence.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.Chapter 3: Morphology1. morphology: A branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and rules for word formation.2. open class: A group of words, which contains an unlimited number of items, and new words can be added to it.3. closed class: A relatively few words, including conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns, and new words are not usually added to them.4. morpheme: The smallest unit of meaning of a language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.5. affix: a letter or a group of letter, which is added to a word, and which changes themeaning or function of the word, including prefix, infix and suffix.6. suffix: The affix, which is added to the end of a word, and which usually changes the part of speech of a word.7. prefix: The affix, which is added to the beginning of a word, and which usually changes the meaning of a word to its opposite.8. bound morpheme: Morpheme that can not be used alone, and it must be combined wit others. E.g. –ment.9. free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.10. derivational morpheme: Bound morpheme, which can be added to a stem to forma new word.11. inflectional morpheme: A kind of morpheme, which are used to make grammatical categories, such as number, tense and case.12. morphological rules: The ways words are formed. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words.13. compound words: A combination of two or more words, which functions as a single words14. inflection: the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification, e.g. in The rains came, rain is inflected for plurality and came for past tense.Chapter 4: Syntax1. syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.6. phrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase, the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.8. head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.9. specifier: The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.10. complement: The words on the right side of the heads are complements.11. phrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. 14. coordination: Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon is known as coordination.15. subcategorization: The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed suncategorization.16. complementizer: Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizer.17. complement clause: The sentence introduced by the complementizer is called a complement clause.18. complement phrase: the elements, including a complementizer and a complement clause is called a complement phrase.19. matrix clause: the contrusction in which the complement phrase is embedded iscalled matrix clause.20. modifier: the element, which specifies optionally expressible properties of heads is called modifier.21. transformation : a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another22. inversion : the process of transformation that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the left of the subject, is called inversion.23. Do insertion : In the process of forming yes-no question that does not contain an overt Infl, interrogative do is inserted into an empty Infl positon to make transformation work.24. deep structure : A level of abstract syntactic representation formed by the XP rule.25. surface structure : A level of syntactic representation after applying the necessary syntactic movement, i.e., transformation, to the deep structure. (05)26. universal grammar: the innateness principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.Chapter 5: Semantics1. semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.3. sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.4. reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.6. dialectal synonyms: synonyms that are used in different regional dialects.7. stylistic synonyms: synonyms that differ in style, or degree of formality.8. collocational synonyms: Synonyms that differ in their colllocation, i.e., in the words they go together with.9. polysemy : The same word has more than one meaning.10. homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.11. homophones: When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.12. homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.13. complete homonymy: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms.14. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.15. superordinate: The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate.16. co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.17. antonymy: The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning.20. relational opposites: Pairs if words that exhibit the reversal of a relationshipbetween the two items are called relational opposites. For example, husband---wife, father---son, buy---sell, let---rent, above---below.21. entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead.22. presupposition: What a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the massage already knows. e.g. Some tea has already been taken is a presupposition of Take some more tea.Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers.3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context.5. utterance: expression produced in a particular context with a particular intention.6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking.7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable.8. performatives: Pe rformatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. illocutionary act: The act of expressing the speaker’s i ntention and performed in saying something.11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.12. representatives: Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.13. directives: Trying to get the hearer to do something.17. cooperative Principle: The principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.18. conversational implicature: The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation.Chapter 7: Language Change8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.9. protolanguage: The original form of a language family, which has ceased to exist.10. Language family: A group of historically related languages that have developed from a common ancestral language.Chapter 8: Language And Society1. sociolinguistics: The subfield of linguistics that study language variation and language use in social contexts.2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at leastone speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.7. idiolect : A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations.8. linguistic reportoire : The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his linguistic repertoire.9. register theory : A theory proposed by American linguist Halliday, who believed that three social variables determine the register, namely, field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C) 18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each having a definite role to play.19. Lingua Franca : A variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people, who speak different native languages or dialects20. code-switching: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same sentence or discourse.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acqui sition: It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normalhuman child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language.3. Universal Grammar: A theory which claims to account for the grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.5. Critical Period Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during which children can acquire language without formal instruction successfully and effortlessly.6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.8. telegraphic speech: Childre n’s early multiword speech that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.9. content word: Words referring to things, quality, state or action, which have lexical meaning used alone.10. function word: Words with little meaning on their own but show grammatical relationships in and between sentences.11. taboo: Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of religion, politeness etc.12. atypical development: Some acquisition of language may be delayed but follow the same rules of language development due to trauma or injury.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language ina country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of thattarget language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.18. input: language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.19. intake: the input which is actually helpful for the learner.20. Input Hypothesis: A hypothesis proposed by Krashen , which states that in second language learning, it’s necessary f or the learner to understand input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s present linguistic competence. Eventually the ability to produce language is said to emerge naturally without being taught directly.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.23. comprehensible input: Input language which contains linguistic items that are slightly beyond the learner’s pre sent linguistic competence.24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation: motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc.27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture.28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes.29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.Chapter 12 : Language And Brain1. neurolinguistics: It is the study of relationship between brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.2. psycholinguistics: the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language acqisition, comprehension and production.7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accident and so on.13. spoonerism: a slip of tongue in which the position of sounds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let’s have chish and fips instend of Let’s have fish and chips.14. priming: the process that before the participants make a decision whether the string of letters is a word or not, they are presented with an activated word.15. frequency effect: Subjects take less time to make judgement on frequently used words than to judge less commonly used words . This phenomenon is calledfrequency effect.16. lexical decision: an experiment that let participants judge whether a string of letter is a word or not at a certain time.18. priming effect: Since the mental representation is activated through the prime, when the target is presented, response time is shorter that it otherwise would have been. This is called the priming effect.。
(完整word版)中国现代文学史名词解释
1“大河小说”又指“超长篇小说”，意指用多卷本连续长篇小说的形式来表现历史的变迁，各部小说自成体系又互相关联，能够规模宏大的表现出一个时代的较完整画面。
李劫人曾留学法国，受其影响。
30年代中期，他以中国近现代历史的发展变迁为基本线索，完成了三部曲式的历史性宏篇巨著《死水微澜》、《暴风雨前》、《大波》，具有宏伟的构架与深广度，被人称为是"大河小说"，其长篇巨著亦被称为"小说的近代史"。
2、普罗小说：1928-1930年革命文学初期，是普罗文学阶段，创造社、太阳社作家是普罗文学的主要作者。
普罗文学反映了北伐大革命时期和革命失败后的某些社会现实，描写了工农的生活和斗争，表现了一些小资产阶级革命家在革命低潮时期白色恐怖下的心态。
作品很多，具有很强的革命气息，一时风靡文坛，产生很大社会影响。
但是普罗文学存在严重缺陷，最主要的错误倾向是“革命的浪漫蒂克”，把残酷的现实斗争理想化，浪漫蒂克化，同时，革命文学初期的图解左倾盲动的政策等偏向未得到清算，因此成功的作品不多。
代表作有蒋光慈《短裤党》《菊芬》等。
3、“革命的浪漫谛克”是指1928～1930年间普罗作家创作中存在的一种倾向，即不从社会生活的真实面貌出发，而是按照小资产阶级对革命生活的幻想，任意编造情节，表现小资产阶级的思想情调，在题材上多写“革命加恋爱”，突变式英雄等；在艺术上用形象突解政治、公式化、概念化、标语口号化的倾向盛行。
总之，“革命的浪漫谛克”是指在当时特定条件下，革命文学创作中表现出来的小资产阶级的幻想与狂热，导致任意违反现实主义原则的虚假编造和作品的浮嚣气氛。
4东北作家群:是指“九一八”事变以后，一群从东北流亡到关内的文学青年在左翼文学运动推动下共同自发地开始文学创作的群体。
他们的作品反映了处于日寇铁蹄下的东北人民的悲惨遭遇，表达了对侵略者的仇恨、对父老乡亲的怀念及早日收回国土的强烈愿望。
他们的作品具有粗犷宏大的风格，写出了东北的风俗民情，显示了浓郁的地方色彩。
名词解释(1)Word文档
名词解释国内生产总值（GDP）：在一定时期内，一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值。
国民生产总值（GNP）：一个国家的居民在一定时期内生产的各种最终产品和劳务按当年市场价格计算的价值总和。
边际消费倾向：收入增加一元，消费的增加量。
消费曲线上某点切线的斜率。
边际储蓄倾向：增加一单位收入，用于储蓄的数量。
投资乘数：其他因素不变的条件下，均衡收入增量与导致这一增量的投资增量之间的比值。
交易动机：个人与企业为了正常的交易活动而需要货币的动机。
谨慎动机：为预防诸如事故，疾病，失业，等意外开支，而需要事先持有一部分货币的动机。
投机动机：人们为了抓住有利的购买有价证券的机会而持有货币的动机。
流动性偏好陷阱：由于收益太小，人们不愿意购买有价证券，无论手中有多少货币，人们都不会去购买有价证券。
因此人们手中用于投机货币的数量为无穷大，则货币投机性需求为无穷大。
挤出效应：由于政府支出增加而导致私人投资减少的作用机制。
法定存款准备金：法律规定金融机构必须将其所吸收存款中的一部分存放在中央银行。
公开市场业务：指央行通过在金融市场上公开买卖金融和政府债券来投放和回笼基础货币，以调控货币供应量的政策行为。
失业:在一定年龄范围内的人有劳动能力，愿意接受现行工资水平但仍然找不到工作的社会现象。
居民消费价格指数（CPI）：是一个反映居民家庭所购买的消费商品和服务价格水平变动情况的宏观经济指标。
生产者价格指数（PPI）：只通过计算生产者在生产过程中所有阶段上所获的产品的价格水平变动而的得到的指数。
国际收支平衡：一个国家在一定时期内，全部对外往来的系统的货币记录大体持平。
简答题1.流动性陷阱的定义及产生的原因。
答：定义：凯恩斯提出的一种假说，指当一段时间内利率降到很低水平，市场参与者对其变化不敏感，对利率调整不再作出反应，导致货币政策失效。
产生原因：在市场经济条件下，人们一般是从利率下调刺激经济增长的效果来认识流动性陷阱的。
(完整word版)病理生理学名词解释
✧血氧分压（partial pressure of oxygen，PO2）：指物理溶解于血液中的氧所产生的张力。
✧血氧容量（oxygen binding capacity，CO2max）：指100ml血液中得血红蛋白完全氧和后的最大带氧量,取决于血液中血红蛋白的量及其与O2结合的能力。
✧血氧含量（oxygen content,CO2)：指100ml血液中实际含氧量，包括物理溶解的和与Hb结合的氧量。
✧血氧饱和度（oxygen saturation，SO2）：指Hb结合氧的百分数，约等于血氧含量/血氧容量.✧低张性缺氧(hypotonic hypoxia）：动脉氧分压降低，动脉血氧含量降低，又称乏氧性缺氧；吸入氧分压过低、外呼吸功能障碍和静脉血分流是其主要原因。
✧血液性缺氧(hemic hypoxia）：主要因为血红蛋白含量减少或性质改变引起的血氧含量降低，但动脉氧分压正常,故又称等张性缺氧（isotonic hypoxia)，主要特点为血氧含量降低或血红蛋白氧亲和力过高。
✧循环性缺氧（circulatory hypoxia）：是指因组织血流量减少引起的组织供氧不足，又称低血流性缺氧或低动力性缺氧(hypokinetic hypoxia）。
主要特点是动—静脉血氧含量差增大。
✧组织性缺氧（histogenous hypoxia）：指组织、细胞对氧的利用障碍,故又称氧利用障碍性缺氧（dysoxidative hypoxia）。
线粒体功能和结构障碍是主要原因，主要特点是动-静脉血氧含量差减少。
✧低氧通气反应(hypoxia ventilation reation HVR）：动脉血氧分压降低时呼吸加深加快,肺通气量增加✧氧中毒（oxygen intoxication）：吸入氧分压过高、吸氧时间过长,可引起细胞损害、器官功能障碍，称为氧中毒。
✧低渗性脱水（hypotonic dehydration):体液容量减少,以失纳多于失水，血清钠浓度＜130mmol/L、血浆渗透压＜280mOsm/L为主要病理变化过程。
(完整word版)思修名词解释汇总
1.民族精神：民族精神是指一个民族在长期共同生活和社会实践中形成的，为本民族大多数成员所认同的价值取向、思维方式、道德规范、精神气质的总和。
2.时代精神：是一个时代的人们在文明创建活动中所体现出来的精神风貌和优良品格是激励一个民族奋发图强、振兴祖国的强大精神动力。
3.爱国主义：爱国主义体现了人民群众对自己祖国的深厚感情，反映了个人对祖国的依存关系，是人们对自己故土家园，民族和文化的归属感，认同感，尊严感与荣誉感的统一。
它是调节个人与祖国之间关系的道德要求，政治原则和法律规范，也是民族精神的核心。
4.世界观：就是人们对生活在其中的世界以及人与世界的关系的总体看法和根本观点。
5.价值观：是人们关于什么是价值，怎样评判价值，如何创造价值等问题的根本观点，集中反映一定社会经济，政治，文化，代表了人们对生活现实的总体认识，基本理念和理想追求。
6.人生观：是人们在实践中形成的对于人生目的和意义的根本看法和态度。
它是世界观的一部分，用世界观来观察和对待人生问题，就形成了人生观。
人生观的主要内容是三个方面：人生目的、人生态度、人生价值7.人生价值：是一种特殊的价值，是人的生活实践对于社会和个人所具有的作用和意义。
8.个人品德：是通过个人自觉的道德修养和社会道德教育所形成的稳定的心理状态和行为习惯。
它表现为个体对某种道德要求的强烈认同，对道德情感的充分表达，对社会道德规范的执着践履。
9.道德的本质：认为道德是属于上层建筑的范畴，是一种特殊的社会意识形态，是由社会经济基础决定的，是社会经济关系的反映，并为社会的经济基础服务10.职业道德：是指从事一定职业的人在职业生活中应当遵循的具有职业特征的道德要求和行为准则。
11.爱情：爱情是一对男女基于一定的社会基础和共同的生活理想，在各自内心形成的相互倾慕，并渴望对方成为自己终生伴侣的一种强烈，纯真，专一的感情。
性爱，理想和责任是构成爱情的三个基本要素。
12.社会公德：是指人们在社会交往和公共生活中应该遵守的行为准则，是维护社会成员之间最基本的社会关系秩序，保证社会和谐稳定的最起码的道德要求。
完整word版名词解释
一、名词解释。
浓度差、压力差、温度(1、速率分离过程：在某种推动力的作用下，有时在选择性透过膜的配合下，差、电位差等)利用各组分扩散速度的差异实现组分的分离。
，溶剂或吸附剂)、平衡分离过程：借助分离媒介(如热能、2使均相混合物系统变成两相系统，再以混合物中各组分在处于相平衡的两相中不等同的分配为依据而实现分离开始从液相中分离出第一在温度一定的情况下，泡点： 3.批气泡的压力，或在压力一定的情况下，开始从液相中分离出第一批气泡的温度。
)或焓绝热闪蒸：已知流率、组成、压力和温度的液体( 4.进料节流膨胀到较低压力产生部分汽化。
5.最小回流比：是精馏操作条件的一个极限。
当回流比减至某一数值，使为达到规定的分离程度所需理论板数趋于无穷多时，此回流比即为最小回流比6.清晰分割：指的是多组分精馏中馏出液中除了重关键组分（HK）之外，没有其它轻组分；釜液中除了轻关键组分((LK)之外，没有其它轻组分。
7.反应精馏：反应精馏是一种将反应过程和精馏过程结合在一起，且在同一个设备内进行的藕合过程。
8.吸附过程：当用多几性的固体处理流体时，流体的分子和原子附着在固体表面上的现象叫吸附过程。
．从固体或以超临界流体作为萃取剂，9.超临界流体萃取：液体中萃取出某种溶质的单元操作过程。
二、填空。
因为分离过而引起的，分离剂 1.分离作用是由于加入的逆过程。
程是混合过程表示，处于相平衡状态分离因子 2.衡量分离的程度用。
固有分离因子的分离程度是分离因此需加入混合过程的逆过程， 3.分离过程是来达到分离目的剂过程的基础，相气液传质分离汽液相平衡是处理 4.所有相中温度压力相等，每一组分的化学位平衡的条件是。
相等L A=，其值可反应吸收过程的 5.吸收因子为难易程KV度6.吸收剂的再生常采用的是用蒸汽或惰性气体的蒸出塔、用再沸器的蒸出塔、用蒸馏塔。
7.精馏塔计算中每块板由于组成改变而引起的温度变化，可用泡露点方程确定。
8.用于吸收过程的相平衡关系可表示为L = AV 。
(完整word版)名词解释
名词解释语音音素：音素是从音色角度划分出来的最小语音单位音位:一种语言或方言里能区别词义的最小语音单位。
语音：语音就是人类说话时发出的代表一定意义的声音。
它包括生理属性,物理属性、社会属性三个方面。
音高:就是声音的高低，决定于声波的频率。
音高在汉语里的作用非常重要.音强：就是声音的强弱,决定于声波的振幅普通话里的轻音与音强有关。
音长：就是声音的长短，决定于发音体振动的时间。
音量与音高、音强、音长有关。
音色:又叫音质，就是声音的特色、本质，是不同的声音能够互相区别的最基本的特征，它决定于声波振动的形式。
音节：音节是语音的基本结构单位,是人们在听觉上自然感受到的最小的语音片断。
元音:发音时气流不受阻碍、声带一定振动、响亮清晰的音素，称为元音辅音：发音时气流受到发音器官各种阻碍，声带不一定振动，不够响亮清晰的音素称为辅音。
声母：音节开头的部分韵母：音节结构声母后头的部分复韵母：有两个或三个元音组合而成的韵母鼻韵母:有一个或两个元音和一个鼻辅音做韵尾组成的韵母单韵母：有一个元音构成的韵母韵腹:韵母中开口度最大、最清晰响亮的原因，韵腹是韵母中不可缺少的，必须有元音充当。
声调：音节高低升降变化而有区别意义的作用的一种语音现象。
儿化：普通话的卷舌韵母“er”不与声母拼合，除自成音节外,还可以附加在别的音节的后面，和前面的韵母融为一体。
使前面的韵母变成卷舌韵母。
这种现像叫“儿化”。
轻声：一个词或一句话里有的音节失去原有的声调，变得又短又弱的声调，这种语音现象就是轻声。
调值：声调的实际读法，音节高低升降屈指的音高变化调类:一种方言里，调值相同的字归为一类，有多少种基本调值就有多少种调类开口呼：没有韵头且韵腹不是i ǖü的韵母。
普通话共16 个齐齿呼：韵头或韵腹是i的韵母,共10个合口呼：韵头或韵腹是u 的韵母，共9个撮口呼：韵头或韵腹是ü的韵母，共4个句法重音：由句法成分决定的重音句子重音：由说话者强调表意重心的潜在意识决定的重音。