商业银行管理第10,11作业
商业银行实务——第11章
商业银行客户关系的维护
11.3.2 商业银行客户关系维护的内容
1. 银行硬件维护 2. 客户经理软件维护 3. 功能维护 4. 心理维护 5. 特色维护
商业银行客户关系的维护
11.3.3 商业银行客户经理客户 维护的方法
1.上门维护 2.情感维护 3.知识维护 4.超值维护 5 .顾问式营销维护 6. 交叉销售维护
商业银行客户经理概述
11.1.5 客户经理制的内容与实施
2.客户经理制的实施 （1）科学制定客户经理制的实施方案。 （2）调整内设部门，组建客户经理队伍。 （3）检查考评阶段。
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商业银行客户经理概述
11.1.6 客户经理制的任务与工作程序
1.客户经理的任务 （1）发展客户 （2）推销产品和服务 （3）客户关系管理 （4）情报收集与市场调研 （5）与行内其他部门的工作衔接与协调
商业银行客户开发
11.2.3 商业银行客户开发流程
1.搜寻和选 定目标客户 （1）搜寻目标客户的方法 （2）商业银行选择客户的标准 （3）收集目标客户信息 （4）制定客户开发计划
2.拜访客户
（1）制定拜访计划和拜访方案 （2）预约拜访 （3）实地拜访
商业银行客户开发
11.2.3 商业银行客户开发流程
商业银行客户关系的维护
11.3.4 培养忠诚客户
1.客户忠诚度的内涵 商业银行与客户的关系来源于客户的忠 诚，客户的忠诚来源于客户的满意。
商业银行客户关系的维护
11.3.4 培养忠诚客户
2. 忠诚客户的培育策略 （1） 积极地处理客户投诉 （2） 有效利用电话为客户服务。 （3） 培养忠诚的员工。
商业银行客户经理管理
11.4.3商业银行客户经理的考核 商业银行客户经理的考核 与激励制度
商业银行经营管理形成性考核册及参考答案.doc
《商业银行经营管理》形成性考核册及参考答案《商业银行经营管理》作业1一、名词解释1、商业银行：商业银行是以吸收公众存款、发放贷款、办理结算为主要业务的企业法人，是以追求利润最大化为经营目标，以货币信用业务和综合金融服务为经营对象的综合性、多功能的金融企业。
2、信息披露：信息披露是指商业银行依法将反映其经营状况的主要信息，如财务会计报告、各类风险管理状况、公司治理、年度重大事项等真实、准确、及时、完整地向投资者、存款人及相关利益人予以公开的过程。
3、存款保险制度：存款保险制度是保护存款人的利益、稳定金融体系的事后补救措施。
它要求商业银行将其吸收的存款按照一定的保险费率向存款保险机构投保，当商业银行经营破产不能支付存款时，由存款保险机构代为支付法定数额的保险金。
4、抵押贷款：抵押贷款是指按照《中华人民共和国担保法》规定的保证方式以借款人或第三人的财产作为抵押物发放的贷款。
5、贷款风险分类：贷款风险分类又称为贷款五级分类，是指商业银行按照借款人的最终偿还贷款本金和利息的实际能力，确定贷款的遭受损失的风险程度，将贷款质量分为正常、关注、次级、可疑和损失五类的一种管理方法，其中后三类被称为不良资产。
6、分级授权：分级授权是商业银行进行贷款业务活动时应当遵循的基本原则之一，是指在统一法人管理体制下，总行、一级分行、二级分行逐级向下授权和转授权，下级行必须在上级行的授权范围内和权限内从事信贷业务，超过权限必须向上级行审批。
7、不良贷款：不良贷款是指借款人未能按照原定的贷款协议按时偿还商业银行的贷款本息，或者已有迹象表明借款人不可能按照原定的贷款协议按时偿还商业银行的贷款本息而形成的贷款。
8、信贷资产证券化：信贷资产证券化是指将缺乏流动性但又具有未来现金流的信贷资产集中起来，进行结构性重组，将其转变为可以在金融市场上进行流通的证券，据以融通资金的过程。
二、判断正误并说明理由1、商业银行具有信用创造功能，其信用创造有一定的限度。
第11章 商业银行资产负债管理
了解资产管理理论产生的背景和基本内容； 了解负债管理理论的产生背景和内容； 掌握资产负债协调管理的方法; 能有效运用利率敏感性缺口管理方法。
第一节 商业银行的资产管理理论
一、商业银行资产管理理论
从商业银行的出现到20世纪50年代，各国商 业银行大都一直奉行资产管理战略。 （一）核心 商业银行经营管理的重要决策领域不是负债而 是资产。商业银行通过仔细管理其资产来满足 流动性需求，保证银行取得利润。
（三）演进
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二、商业银行资产管理理论简介
（一）真实票据理论（商业贷款理论） 1、产生背景
英国产业革命初期，占支配地位的还是工厂手 工业，生产所需要的资金主要是短期流动资金。
商业银行尚未具有较大的规模，其业务经营的 范围还很有限。
2、基本内容
认为商业银行的资金来源主要是流动性很强的 活期存款，因此商业银行在分配资金时应着重 考虑保持高度的流动性。
（二）背景
主观原因：商业银行发展初期，其资金来源主要是活 期存款，定期存款的数量有限，银行家首先是将注意 力集中于如何保持资产的流动性以应付客户的提款， 至于如何扩大资金来源，增加盈利，还未及考虑。
客观原因：商业银行发展初期，工商企业贷款需求比 较单一，数量也有限；金融市场还不够发达，这就使 商业银行没有必要也没有可能去努力增加资金来源， 扩大盈利，而只需要进行资产结构的合理安排，以满 足客户贷款和提款的要求。
负债经营，经营管理的重点由资产方转向负债 方。通过在货币市场上的主动负债，或者"购买" 资金来支持资产规模扩张，实现银行三性原则 的最佳组合。
福建师范大学16年8月期课程考试《商业银行经营与管理》作业考核试题(标准答案)
福建师范大学网络教育学院商业银行经营与管理试卷一、名词解释 (共10题，每题3分)1商业银行制度答：是一个国家用法律形式所确定的该国商业银行体系、结构及组成这一体系的原则的总和。
2欧洲货币市场借款答：传统意义上的欧洲货币市场是指非居民间以银行为中介在某种货币发行国国境之外从事该种货币借贷的市场，又可以称为离岸金融市场。
3回购协议答：指商业银行在出售证券等金融资产时签订协议，约定在一定期限后按原定价格或约定价格购回所卖证券，以获得即时可用资金的交易方式。
4抵押贷款答：指贷款人按《担保法》规定的质押方式以借款人或第三人的动产或权利为质押物发放的贷款。
5可用资金成本答：所谓可用资金是指银行可以实际用于贷款和投资的资金，它是银行总的资金来源扣除应交存的法定存款准备金和必要的储备金后的余额，即扣除库存现金、在中央银行存款、在联行或往来行的存款及其他现金项目之后的资金。
6远期利率协议答：远期利率协议是指交易双方为避免将来利率波动的风险，或为在将来利率波动时获取投机收益而签订的一种协议。
即银行和客户交易双方约定在将来一段时间内的协议利率，并规定以何种利率为参考利率。
在未来清算日，按照规定的期限和本金，根据市场市场参考利率的变化，由一方支付协议利率和参照利率差额的贴现额。
7票据发行便利答：票据发行融资安排，是指银行同客户签订一项具有法律约束力的承诺，期限一般为5-7年，银行保证客户以自己的名义发行短期票据，银行则负责包销或提供没有销售出部分的等额贷款8商业银行负债答：商业银行承担的能以货币计量的到期需要偿还的债务，这种债务由过去的交易事项形成现在依然承担，并且履行该债务预期会导致经济利益流出银行。
9补偿余额答：补偿性余额是银行要求借款人在银行中保持按贷款限额或实际借用额一定百分比（一般为10%至20%）计算的最低存款余额。
10 利率敏感资金答：也称浮动利率或可变利率资金，意指在一定期间内展期或根据协议按市场利率定期重新定价的资产或负债。
中级银行管理真题及解析：第10章内部控制、合规管理和审计
中级银行管理真题及解析：第10章内部控制、合规管理和审计1、单选：根据《商业银行内部控制指引》，下列关于员工岗位的内部控制措施的说法，不正确的是（）。
A．商业银行应当根据各分支机构和各部门的经营能力、管理水平、风险状况和业务发展需要，建立相应的授权体系，明确各级机构、部门、岗位、人员办理业务和事项的权限，并实施动态调整B．商业银行应当全面系统地分析、梳理业务流程和管理活动中所涉及的不相容岗位，实施相应的分离措施，形成相互制约的岗位安排C．商业银行应当明确重要岗位，并制定重要岗位的内部控制要求，对重要岗位人员实行轮岗或强制休假制度，不相容岗位人员之间不得同时轮岗D．商业银行应当根据经营管理需要，合理确定部门、岗位的职责及权限，形成规范的部门、岗位职责说明，明确相应的报告路线答案：C解析：商业银行要明确重要岗位，并制定重要岗位的内部控制要求，对重要岗位人员实行轮岗或强制休假制度，原则上不相容岗位人员之间不得轮岗。
2、单选：根据《商业银行内部审计指引》，商业银行应配备充足的内部审计人员，原则上不得少于员工总数的（）。
A．3%B．5%C．1%D．2%答案：C解析：商业银行应设立独立的内部审计部门，审查评价并督促改善商业银行经营活动、风险管理、内控合规和公司治理效果，编制并落实中长期审计规划和年度审计计划，开展后续审计，评价整改情况，对审计项目的质量负责。
商业银行应配备充足的内部审计人员，原则上不得少于员工总数的1%。
3、单选：商业银行董事会应下设审计委员会，审计委员会负责人原则上应由（）担任。
A．部委董事B．独立董事C．外部监事D．股东董事答案：B解析：董事会应下设审计委员会。
审计委员会成员不少于3人，多数成员应为独立董事。
审计委员会成员应具有财务、审计和会计等与业知识和工作经验。
审计委员会负责人原则上应由独立董事担任。
4、单选：根据《商业银行内部控制指引》，商业银行内部控制应遵循的基本原则是（）。
A．全面性原则、适应性原则、独立性原则、融合发展原则B．全面性原则、审慎性原则、有效性原则、独立性原则C．全覆盖原则、制衡性原则、审慎性原则、相匹配原则D．全面性原则、重要性原则、制衡性原则、适应性原则、成本效益原则答案：C解析：内部控制的基本原则是为实现内部控制目标，在建立和实施内部控制过程中，都应遵循的具有普遍性和指导性的要求。
第十一章 商业银行资产负债管理策略
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第一节 资产负债管理理论和策略的发展
一、资产管理思想 （一）资产管理理论 3、预期收入理论 该理贷款的按期还本付息，这与借 款人未来的预期收入和银行对贷款的合理安排密 切相关。贷款期限并非一个绝对的控制因素，只 要贷款的偿还是有保障的，银行按照贷款各种期 限合理组合，使资金回流呈现出可控制的规律性， 同样可保障银行的流动性。
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三、资产负债联合管理思想 资产负债管理也称相机抉择资金管理，其管理的基 本思想是：在融资计划和决策中，银行主动地利用对 利率变化敏感的资金，协调和控制资金配置状态，使 银行维持一个正的净利息差额和正的资本净值。
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在资金正缺口状态下，如果利率下降，则较多负债的 利率固定在较高水平上，较多资产的利率必须随着不 断下降的市场利率下调，从而使银行净利差减少。在 资金负缺口状态下，如果利率上升，则较多负债的利 率必然随着市场利率上升，而较多资产的利率则固定 在相对低水平上，也会使银行净利息差减小。
利率敏 感性缺 口 正值 正值 负值 负值 零值 零值 净利息 敏感性 利率 利息收 变动 利息支 收入变 比率 变动 入变动 幅度 出变动 动 ＞1 ＞1 ＜1 ＜1 ＝1 ＝1 上升 增加 下降 减少 上升 增加 下降 减少 上升 增加 下降 减少 ＞ ＞ ＜ ＜ ＝ ＝ 增加 减少 增加 减少 增加 减少 增加 减少 减少 增加 不变 不变
X 1 X 2 100 资产总额受资金来源总额的限制 X 2 0.2 X 1 X 2 流动性的限制 X 25 贷款数额的限制 1
解上式，得：X1=80，X2=20，P=7．2
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第一节 资产负债管理理论和策略的发展
二、负债管理思想（主要购买理论） （一）负债管理理论 负债管理思想的基本内容是：商业银行资产按照 既定的目标增长，主要通过调整资产负债表负 债方的项目，通过在货币市场上的主动性负债， 或者“购买”资金来实现银行三性原则的最佳 组合。 （二）管理方法 准备金头寸管理法和全面头寸管理法
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap10
CHAPTER 10OFF-BALANCE-SHEET FINANCING IN BANKING AND CREDIT DERIVATIVESGoal of This Chapter: To learn about some of the newer financial instruments that banks have used in recent years to help reduce the risk exposure of their bank, and in some cases, to aid in generating new sources of fee income and in raising new funds to make loans and investments.Key Terms Presented in This ChapterSecuritization Contingent obligationCredit Enhancement IssuerLoan Sales Account partyServicing Rights BeneficiaryParticipation Loans Credit derivativesAssignments Credit swapLoan strip Credit optionFinancial guarantees Credit default swapStandby letter of credit (SLC)Chapter OutlineI. Introduction: Sources of Funds Shortages and Credit Risk for BanksII. Securitizing Bank Loans and Other AssetsA. Nature of SecuritizationB. Advantages of SecuritizationC. The Rate Structure of SecuritizationD. Beginnings of Securitization – The Home Mortgage Market1. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations – CMOs2. Securitization of Home Equity LoansE. Examples of Other Assets That Have Been SecuritizedF. Subordinated SecuritizationsG. Trends in Securitizations TodayH. Impact of Securitization on BanksIll. Sales of Loans to Raise FundsA. Nature of Loan SalesB. Loan Participations and Loan StripsC. Reasons Behind Loan SalesD. The Risks in Loan SalesIV. Standby Credit LettersA. The Nature of Standby Credits (Contingent Obligations)B. Types of Standby Credit LettersC. Advantages of StandbysD. The Structure of Standby Letters of CreditE. The Value and Pricing of Standby LettersF. Sources of Risk with Standby CreditsG. Regulatory Concerns about Standby Credit ArrangementsH. Research Studies of Standbys and Other Contingent ObligationsV. Credit DerivativesA. An Alternative to SecuritizationB. Credit SwapsC. Credit OptionsD. Credit Default SwapsE. Credit Linked NotesF. Risks Associated With Credit DerivativesVI. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks10-1. What does securitization of assets mean?Securitization involves the pooling of groups of earning assets, removing those pooled assets from the bank’s balance sheet, and issuing securities against the pool. As the pooled assets generate interest income and repayments of principal the cash generated by the pooled earning assets flows through to investors who purchased those securities.10-2. What kinds of assets are most amenable to the securitization process?The best types of assets to pool are high quality, fairly uniform loans, such as home mortgages or credit card receivables.10-3. What advantages does securitization offer for banks?Securitization gives banks the opportunity to use their assets as sources of funds and, in particular, to remove lower-yielding assets from the balance sheet to be replaced with higher-yielding assets. 10-4. What risks of securitization should bank managers be aware of?Banks often have to use the highest-quality assets in the securitization process which means the remainder of the portfolio may become more risky, on average, increasing the bank’s capital requirements.10-5. Suppose a bank securitizes a package of its loans that bear an expected gross annual interest yield of 13 percent. The securities issued against the loan package promise interested investors an annualized yield of 8.25 percent. The expected default rate on the packaged loans is 3.5 percent. The bank agrees to pay an annual fee of 0.35percent to a security dealer in order to cover the cost of underwriting and advisory services and a fee of 0.25 percent to Arunson Mortgage Servicing Corporation to process the payments generated by the packaged loans. If the above items represent all the costs associated with this securitization transaction can you calculate the percentage amount of residual income the bank expects to earn from this particular transaction?The bank’s estimated residual income should be about:Gross Loan Security Expected Default On Underwriting Yield - Interest Rate - Packaged Loans - And Advisory Fee13% 8.25% 3.5% .35%Servicing Expected- Fee = Residual Income.25% .65%10-6. What advantages do sales of loans have for banks trying to raise funds?Loan sales permit a bank to get rid of less desirable or lower-yielding loans and allow them to raise additional funds.10-7. Are there any disadvantages to using loan sales as a significant source of bank funding? Loans may have to be sold at deep discounts and result in a higher average level of risk for the loans the bank still retains on its balance sheet.10-8. What is loan servicing?Loan servicing involves monitoring borrower compliance with a loan’s terms, collecting and recording loan payments, and reporting to the current holder of the loan.10-9. How can servicing be used to increase bank income?Many banks have retained servicing rights on the loans they have sold, earning fees from the current owners of those loans.10-10. What are standby credit letters? Why have they grown so rapidly in recent years? Standby credit letters are promises of a bank or other lender to pay off an obligation of one of its customers in case that customer cannot pay. There are several reasons that standby credit agreements have grown. There has been a tremendous growth in direct financing by companies (issuance of commercial paper) and with growing concerns about default risk on these direct obligations banks have been asked to provide a credit guarantee. Another reason for their growth is the ability of the bank to use their skills to add fee income to the bank Another reason is that these have a relatively low cost for the bank. Finally banks and customers perceive that there has been an increase in economic fluctuations and there has been increased demand for risk reducing devices.10-11. Who are the principal parties to a standby credit agreement?The principal parties to a standby credit agreement are the issuing bank or other institution, the account party who requested the letter, and the beneficiary who will receive payment from the issuing institution if the account party cannot meet its obligation.10-12. What risks accompany a standby credit letter for (a) the issuing bank and (b) the beneficiary?Standbys present the issuing bank with the danger that the customer whose credit the bank has backstopped with the letter will need a loan. That is, the bank’s contingent obligation will become an actual liability, due and payable. The beneficiary that has to collect on the letter must be sure it meets all the conditions required for presentation of the letter or it will not be able to recover its funds.10-13 How can a bank mitigate the risks inherent in issuing standby credit letters?Bankers can use various devices to reduce risk exposure from the standby credit letters they have issued, such as:1. Frequently renegotiating the terms of any loans extended to customers who havestandby credit guarantees so that loan terms are continually adjusted to thecustomers’ changing circumstances and there is less need for the beneficiaries ofthose guarantees to press for collection.2. Diversifying standby letters issued by region and by industry to avoidconcentration of risk exposure.3. Selling participations in standbys in order to share risk with a variety of lendinginstitutions.10-14. Why were credit derivatives developed? What advantages do they have over other loan sales and securitizations, if any?Credit derivatives were developed because not all loans can be pooled. In order to be pooled, the group of loans has to have common features such as maturities and cash flow patterns and many business loans do not have those common features. Credit derivatives can offer the beneficiary protection in the case of loan default and may help the bank reduce its credit risk and possibly its interest rate risk as well.10-15. What is a credit swap? For what kinds of situations was it developed?A credit swap is where two lenders agree to swap portions of their customer’s loan repayments. It was developed so that banks do not have to rely on one narrow market area. They can spread out the risk in the portfolio over a larger market area.10-16. What is a total return swap? What advantages does it offer the swap’s beneficiary’s institution?A total return swap is a type of credit swap where the dealer guarantees the swap parties a specific rate of return on their credit assets. A total return swap can allow a bank to earn a more stable rate of return than it could earn on its loans. This type of arrangement can also shift the credit risk and the interest rate risk from one bank to another.10-17. How do credit options work? What circumstances result in the option contract paying off?A credit option helps guard against losses in the value of a credit asset or helps offset higher borrowing costs. A bank which purchases a credit option contract will exercise their option if the asset declines significantly in value or loses its value completely. If the assets are paid off as expected then the option will not be exercised and the bank will lose the premium they paid for the option. A bank can also purchase a credit option which will be exercised if their borrowing costs rise above a specified spread between their cost and a riskless asset.10-18. When is a credit default swap useful? Why?A credit default swap is a credit option written on a portfolio of assets or a credit swap on a particular loan where the other bank in the swap agrees to pay the first bank a certain fee if the loan defaults. This type of arrangement is designed for banks that can handle relatively small losses but want to protect themselves from serious losses.10-19. Of what use are credit-linked notes?A credit-linked note allows the issuer of a note to lower the coupon payments if some significant fact changes. For example, if more loans on which the notes are based default than expected, the coupon payments on the notes can be lowered. The lender has taken on credit-related insurance from the investors who have purchased the note.10-20. What risks do credit derivatives pose for banks using them? What is the attitude of the regulatory community, thus far, toward banks using these credit-related instruments? In your opinion what should regulators do about the recent rapid growth of this market, if anything? There are several risks associated with these instruments. One risk is that the other party in the swap or option may fail to meet their obligation. Courts may rule that these instruments are illegal or improperly drawn. These types of instruments are relatively new and the markets for these instruments are relatively thin. If a bank needs to resell one of these contracts they may have difficulty finding a buyer or they may not be able to sell it at a reasonable price. So far regulators have left this market virtually unregulated, although this could change any time. Regulators need to understand clearly the benefits and risks of these types of credit instruments and act to ensure the safety of the banks.Problems10-1. Deltone National Bank has placed a group of 10,000 consumer loans bearing an average expected gross annual yield of 14.5 percent in the securitization process. The expected costs are:Interest on Securities Issued 10.08%Expected Default Rate 2.67Investment Banking Fees 0.65Liquidity Facility 0.45Credit Guarantee 0.55Sum of Expected Costs 14.40%The estimated residual income for Deltone National Bank is:Gross Annual Sum of Estimated ResidualYield on Loans - Expected Costs of = Income ofof 14.50% 14.40% .10%10-2. Ryfield Corporation is requesting a loan for repair of some assembly-line equipment in the amount of $5 million. The 9-month loan is priced by First National Bank at a 9 ¼ percent rate of interest. However, the bank tells Ryfield that if it obtains a suitable credit guarantee the loan will be priced at 9 percent. Quinmark Bank agrees to sell Ryfield a standby credit guarantee for $10,000. Is Ryfield likely to buy the standby credit agreement. Please explain.The interest savings from having the credit guarantee would be:[$5 mill. * 0.0925 * ¾] - [$5 mill. x 0.0900 * ¾] = $9,375Clearly, the $10,000 guarantee is overpriced and will not be accepted.10-3. First Security National Bank has a $30 million, 5-year term loan request from United Safeco Industries, about half of which will be used to buy new stamping machines used in the manufacture of metal toys and containers. The remainder of the funds are to be used to help fund a leveraged buyout of Calem Corporation which imports video equipment. However, the bank wishes to reduce its aggregate risk exposure from funding leveraged buy-outs. A forecast of higher interest rates argues against locking the bank in to longer-term, less flexible loan agreements currently.Does the bank have any service option in the form of off-balance-sheet instruments that could help this customer meet its credit needs while avoiding committing $30 million in reserves for afive-year loan? What would you recommend that management do to keep United Safeco happy with its current banking relationship? Could the bank earn any fee income if it pursued your idea? In view of these reasonable objectives on the part of First Security National Bank’s management, the bank should consider recommending that the leveraged buy-out portion of the request be handled by an offering of bonds or, perhaps, 5-year notes, with the bank issuing a standby letter of credit for a portion (though probably not all) of the bond or note issue. Armed with First Security’s standby credit agreement, United Safeco should be able to borrow through a security issue at a substantially lower interest rate. First Security could sell participations in the standby credit to share its risk exposure.For the portion of the loan that calls for the purchase of new assembly-line equipment, management might seriously consider proposing a shorter-term loan for about one-third toone-half the total amount requested by Safeco. This loan would be secured by a pledge of the new equipment plus sufficient covenants to insure the maintenance of adequate liquidity and require bank approval before significant amounts of other forms of debt are undertaken.First Security could generate fee income from this relationship by assessing a fee for issuing the standby letter of credit. The fee for a standby letter of credit typically ranges from ½ percent to 1 percent of the amount of the standby guarantee, depending upon the bank’s assessment of the degree of risk exposure in the guarantee.Currently, the interest rate on three-month Eurodollar deposits in London is 8.4 percent. Federal funds and six-month CDs are trading in the United States at 8.55 percent and 8.21 percent, respectively. Term loans to comparable-quality corporate borrowers are trading at 1/8 to ¼ percentage point above the three-month Eurodollar rate and ¼ to ½ point over thesecondary-market CD rate.Is there a way that First Security National could earn at least as much fee income by providing United Safeco with support services as it could from making the loan United Safeco has asked for (after all loan costs are taken into account)? Please explain how the customer could also benefit even if the bank does not make the loan requested.If United Security National issues a standby letter of credit on behalf of United Safeco as described above, both parties should benefit. United Security, by issuing the standby credit agreement, does not have to tie up $30 million in reserves for an extended period of time as it would if it made the requested loan, particularly in a projected rising interest rate environment. The ½ percent to 1 percent fee would compare favorably in amount to the 1/8 to ¼ percent spread over the Eurodollar rate or the ¼ to ½ percent spread over the federal funds or CD rate that currently prevails in the market. Under the risk-based capital standards now in effect, the standby letter of credit will require the bank to hold capital in an amount equal to the capital requirement for the loan. Therefore, United Security National will have the same capital requirement for either transaction, the loan or the standby letter of credit.Also, as stated above, United Safeco should be able to issue bonds or notes at a more favorable rate with United Security National’s standby letter of credit behind them.Alternative Scenario:Given: The market rate on 90-day Eurodollar deposits drops to 7.60 percent and market interest rates on federal funds and six-month CDs fall to 7.45 percent and 7.55 percent, respectively. All other factors remain constant.Would this substantial rate decline change the relative attractiveness of First Security National’s options in this instance? Why or why not?In view of management’s position rega rding the funding of leveraged buy-outs, it is unlikely that the decline in interest rates, although significant, would change the relative attractiveness of First Security National’s options. Since the rate on a loan would be quoted relative to these bas e ratesand the spread will not change, the fee income generated by issuing the standby letter of credit would still be the more attractive option for the bank.10-4 Ellis Money Center Bank has served as the principal banker for Red Hills Corporation (RHC) for 15 years and their relationship has been both rewarding and friendly during all that time. However, Ellis bank’s senior management is somewhat troubled over recent developments at RHC.The management of the company, which manufactures selected electronic components for two computer firms, has recently launched a new on-line affiliate that sells office products via the internet. RHC has asked the bank for a renewal of its existing $15.75 million operating credit at prime (currently 8.75%) plus half. To be sure cash flows from the on-line sales operation have grown at an “adequate” pace (about 12 percent annually) but the new division has not yet become profitable despite a flurry of on-line activity and there are indications that operating costs are now rising more rapidly than before. Moreover, new on-line competition has appeared within the last 4 months.Ellis’ commercial loan committee believes that RHC’s market share in both its traditional product lines and in its new on-line venture have peaked and begun to decline lately. John Thomas, Ellis’ principal loan officer involved in this relationship, has tried to encourage senior management at RHC to seek more outside capital, especially as a support for its internet sales affiliate., but RHC’s management has, so far, declined to comment. Instead RHC contends that the renewal of its bank credit line should be “automatic” at this point in their long relationship.Mr. Thomas has asked your advice on this possibly troublesome problem, noting that with inflation apparently now under control the bank’s economics department is forecasting a lower prime rate in the near future. Moreover, the most recent bank examiners’ report on Ellis’ own financial condition has just lowered the bank’s overall qu ality rating from 1 to2 (on a 1 to 5 scale) due, in part, to a decline in the bank’s capital to risk-assets ratio and its higher loan-loss provision. Based on what you read in this chapter can you suggest a way for the bank to preserve its satisfactory relationship with RHC and still protect its financial position and loan portfolio quality?One possible answer to this problem is to make the loan to RHC and then consider a loan sale after the loan is made. This can help preserve the relationship between RHC and Ellis but at the same time allow a riskier asset to be removed from the balance sheet. This will also help Ellis improve its capital position and reduce both its credit risk and interest rate risk. This should help reduce pressure from regulators at the same time they maintain their relationship with a valuable customer. In addition, if Ellis keeps the servicing rights to the loan they can also generate fee income fro m this loan.Other possibilities for solving this problem include Ellis entering into a total return swap for this loan with another bank. Ellis would agree to give all interest and principal payments to the other bank as well as any increase in the loan’s market value. In return Ellis would get LIBOR plus some spread. In essence, the other bank would bear the credit risk on the loan. One last way to handle this problem is for Ellis to purchase a credit option on this loan after it is made. They couldenter into a contract that would pay off if the loan declines significantly in value or defaults. This would be the same as purchasing insurance against this particular loan. If the loan is good and pays off in full they would lose the premium they paid for the option. However, they would be protected against loss on this loan. These possibilities might not solve their regulatory problems as well but would help protect them from loss.10-5 What type of credit derivatives contract would you recommend for each of the following situations:a. A bank plans to issue a group of bonds backed by a pool of credit card loans but fears that the default rate on these credit card loans will rise above 6 percent of the portfolio – the default rate it has projected. The bank wants to lower the interest costs on the bonds in case the loan default rate is too high.The best solution to this problem is to use credit linked notes. The interest payments on these notes will change if significant factors change.b. A bank is about to make a $50 million project loan to develop a new gas field and is concerned about the risks involved if petroleum geologists’ estimates of the field’s potential yield turn out to be much too high and the borrowing developer cannot repay.One possibility for solving this problem is to use a credit option. If the developer cannot repay the loan then the option would pay off. They would lose their premium if the developer can repay the loan but they are protected against significant loss.c. A bank holding company plans to offer new capital notes in the open market next month, but knows that the company’s credit rating is being reevaluated by two credit-rating agencies. The holding company wants to avoid paying sharply higher credit costs if its rating is lowered by the investigating credit-rating agencies.A credit risk option would be a good solution to this problem because it protects the bank from higher borrowing costs in the future. If the borrowing costs rise above the spread spec ified in the option contract, the contract would pay off.d. A bank is concerned about possible excess volatility in its cash flow off a recently made group of commercial real estate loans supporting the building of several apartment complexes. Moreover, many of these loans were made at fixed interest rates, and the bank’s economics department has forecast a substantial rise in capital market interest rates. The bank’s management would prefer a more stable cash flow emerging from this group of loans if it could find a way to achieve it.One possibility to solve this problem would be to enter into a total return swap with another bank. The other bank would receive total payments of interest and principal on this loan as well as the price appreciation on this loan. The original bank would receive LIBOR plus some spread in return as well as compensation for any depreciation in value of the loan.e. First National Bank of Ashton serves a relatively limited geographic area centered around a moderate-sized metropolitan area. It would like to diversify its loan income based upon loans from other market areas it does not presently serve, but does not wish to make loans itself in these other market areas due to its lack of familiarity with loan markets outside the region it has served for many years. Is there a credit derivative contract that could help the bank achieve the loan portfolio diversification it seeks?This bank could enter into a credit swap with another bank. This swap agreement means that the two banks simply exchange a portion of their customers’ loan repayments. The purpose of this type of swap agreement is to help the two banks diversify their market area with having to make loans in an unfamiliar area.Web Site Problems1. As a stock analyst following the banking industry, you are especially concerned about the growth of off-balance sheet financing relative to the size of several leading banks in the industry. Your argument is that these off-balance sheet financial tools have, in fact, increased rather than reduced bank risk in many cases. What web sites do you think you could use to help you prove your point?One web site that would be somewhat helpful would be the FDIC web site. From this web site you could go to the UBPR and examine the growth of off-balance sheet items relative to the size of the bank over the last several years. You could determine whether these items have, in fact grown over the last several years. However, this does not tell you anything about the risk of these items or any changes in the risk of the bank as a result. There are a couple of ways to examine this issue. One way is to look at the reports by the Federal Reserve and the FDIC on these issues to see what their opinions of the changing risks of banks are. Another way is see what is being discussed is to do a search on risk of off-balance sheet items for banks and see if there have been any prominent discussions of these issues. As of this time, there does not appear to be much discussion ofoff-balance sheet items on the web so it may be that the risk of banks has not increased recently asa result of using off-balance sheet items.2. Is it true that risk is increasing in banking due, in part, to the rise of many off-balance sheet activities? Are there any web sites that appear to discuss this possible trend and could provide you with more information about what may be happening to bank risk?As mentioned in the previous question, two sites that would be good to check for trends in bank risk and the influence of off-balance sheet activities are the FDIC and the Federal Reserve. Both of these agencies are keeping a close eye on off-balance sheet activities of banks and would quickly notice any changes in bank risk. One article that was found at the current time is located at /publ/bcbsc134.pdf. It appears that one of the issues that is gaining attention now is the issue of adequate reporting of major off-balance sheet activities so that regulators and investors can be completely informed about the risks that banks face. As new types of o ff-balance sheet items are developed this will continue to be an important issue.。
《商业银行经营与管理》(毛秋容)作业集答案(专本科函授)
1、商业银行具有信用创造功能，其信用创造功能有一定的限度。
答：正确。
商业银行信用创造要受诸多因素的制约，一是要以存款为基础，二是要受中央银行准备金率，自身现金准备率的制约，三是要以有贷款要求为前提，如果没有足够的贷款需求，存款贷不出去就不能信用创造。
2、现金结算发展到非现金结算。
3、从买卖双方的直接结算向以银行为中介的结算发展。
4、货物单据化、履约证书化。
5、国际结算的发展趋势：电子化、无纸化、标准化和一体化。
1、按照国际惯例进行国际结算。
2、国际结算使用可兑换货币进行结算。
3、实行“推定交货”的原理。
4、商业银行成为结算和融资的中心。
4、答：主要有三大类：（1）汇款方式（International Remittance）通过银行的汇兑来实现国与国之间的债权债务的清偿和国际资金的转移。
（2）托收方式（Collection）出口方委托本地银行，通过进口地银行向进口方提2、按照目前的法律规定，中国公民可以成为商业银行的股东。
答：在目前的条件下，中国政府允许民间借款的存在，但不允许私人钱庄的存在。
3、深圳发展银行属于公开发行股份的银行，因此其股份可以上市交易。
答：深圳发展银行股份由三部分组成，一是国家股，二是企业股，三是社会公众股，前两部分股份不参考答案第一章导论一、名词解释1、商业银行：是以追求最大利润为目标，以多种金融负债筹集资金，以多种金融资产为其经营对象，能利用负债进行信用创造，并向客户提供多功能、综合性服务的金融企业。
2、信用创造：指商业银行利用其可以吸收活期存款的有利条件，通过发放借款，从事投资业务，而衍生出更多存款，从而扩大社会货币供给量。
3、单元制银行：指那些不设立或不能设立分支机构的商业银行，这种银行主要集中在美国。
4、分行制银行：是指那些在总行之下，可在本地或外地设有若干分支机构，并都可从事银行业务的商业银行，这种商业银行的总部一般都设在大都市，下属所有分支行处须由总行领导指挥。
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第10章
5. Tiger 国民银行常常购入其周内小的农村社区发行的市政债券。
现在，该银行正考虑购入Youngstown社区所发行的800万美元的一般债务证券。
该债券是该区今年计划发行的唯一债券，15年到期，名义年收益率为%。
Tiger国民银行处于35%的最高公司税级，它必须支付%的平均利率来为购入该市政债券筹借资金。
你会建议它购买该市政债券吗？
（1）计算该银行合资格市政债券的净税后收益率。
合资格债券的税赋优势是什么？
（2）该银行合资格市政债权的等税收益是多少？
参见书P268例题
答：
（1）合资格债券的税赋优势是：银行借款买入银行合资格债券——由较小的地方政府发行（政府每年发行公共证券不得超过100万美元）——而支付的任何利息都可以享受80%的折扣，但购买非银行合资格债券则不能享受该项优惠。
该银行合资格市政债券的净税后收益率：
%%+%**35%=%
（2）该银行合资格市政债权的等税收益：
%/( 1-35%) =%
国民银行也购买了克里夫兰市发行的市政债券。
目前，该银行正在考虑买入非合资格普通市政债券。
这种债券将在10年内到期，名义年收益率为%。
Tiger国民银行的筹资成本和税率与上题相同。
（1）计算该非合资格市政债券的净税后收益率。
（2）该非合资格市政债券的等税收益是多少？
（3）讨论购买非合资格市政债券而不购买上题中银行合资格市政债券的利弊。
答：
（1）该非合资格市政债券的净税后收益率：
%%=%
（2）该非合资格市政债券的等税收益：
%/(1-35%)=%
非合资格市政债券的净税后收益率较低，但名义年收益率和等税收益较高，利息较高，且期限较短，有利于银行较早收回本金。
储蓄和信托公司正打算做一些投资组合转换。
到目前为止，银行当年经营状况良好，贷款需求旺盛，贷款收入比去年增长了16%。
Lakeway 公司须缴35%的公司所得税。
公司投资经理对其投资组合中已持有一段时间的各种形式的债券有几种选择：
（1）出售400万美元，息票利率为%，期限为12年的达拉斯市政债券。
购入400万美元利率为8%由贝克萨县平价发行的债券（期限同样为12年）。
达拉斯市政债券的当前市场价值为3750000美元，但在银行账簿上以平价计帐。
（2）出售400万美元，期限为12年，利率为12%的美国长期国债，其账面按银行购入的票面价格计帐。
这些债券的市值已涨到4330000美元。
你建议采用上述投资转换中的哪一种？有什么充分的理由不出售长期国债吗？为做出最佳决策，还需要什么信息？请做出解释。
参见课本P269例题
答：在选择（1）的情况下，Lakeway 银行出售息票利率为%的达拉斯市政债券时即蒙受了$4000，000-$3750，000=$250,000的税前损失（税后损失$162,500），这一损失可以用来弥
补该年度较高的应税贷款收入。
此外，银行每年可以获得$4000，000*8%=$320，000的利息，
比目前持有的债券年利息高出$4，000，000*（8%%）=$20，000。
（当然，如果该银行只能购
买$3，750，000的新市政债券，则可以产生$300，000的税后利息，没有多余的利息收入，
但仍然有可以减免税收的损失。
）
在选择（2）的情况下，美国国债出售可以获得$330,000的应税收入，由于该银行不需要另
外的应税收入，第二种选择没有第一种选择好。
此外国债溢价发行，这说明它的票面利率高
于类似风险投资的现行利率，意味着在投资组合中保留这些证券直到贷款收入下降，银行需
要其他应税收入，或直到利率上升超过当前水平，出现拥有更好的利息收益的新证券是有理
智的。
第11章
1.Clear Hills 州立银行估计，在未来24小时里，将发生下述现金流入和流出(所有数字
以100万美元计)，在未来的24小时里，银行的净流动性头寸是多少？银行能从什么来
源满足其流动性需求？
答：
Cash Inflows Cash Outflows
存款流入$87存款提取$68
非存款服务收入95已接受的贷款要求32
客户还贷89偿还借款67
资产出售16其他经营费用45
从货币市场借款 61向股东支付股利
178 Total Cash Inflows$348Total Cash Outflows$390
未来24小时的Total Cash Total Cash
净流动性头寸= Inflows- Outflows
348-390=-42（百万美元）
银行能从这些来源满足其流动性需求：新的客户存款，客户偿还贷款和从投资组合中
出售资产，非储蓄服务产生的收入和货币市场借款也会增加流动性供给。
2.Hillpeak银行预测下周的净流动性盈余为200万美元，具体来说，预期优质贷款需求
2400万美元，必须偿还的借款1500万美元，支付经营费用1800万美元；计划支付股东
股利500万美元；估计存款为2600万美元，非存款服务收入1800万美元，客户偿还贷
款2300万美元，出售银行资产1000万美元，货币市场借款1100万美元。
银行预测下
周的存款提现额是多少？
答：单位：百万美元Cash Inflows Cash Outflows
存款流入$26存款提取$X 非存款服务收入18已接受的贷款要求24客户还贷23偿还借款15资产出售10其他经营费用18从货币市场借款 11向股东支付股利 5
Total Cash Inflows$88Total Cash Outflows$62+X
预测下周的Total Cash Total Cash
净流动性头寸= Inflows- Outflows
88-（62+X）=2（百万美元）
银行预测下周的存款提现额：X=24（百万美元）
3．Los Alamos 第一国民银行已经预测出在未来8个月里，其支票存款，定期和储蓄存款、
商业和家庭贷款的状况将如下表所示。
用资金来源和使用法支出，如果这些预测正确，那么
哪一个月可能有流动性赤字，哪一个月可能有流动性盈余。
详细解释你将怎样处理每个月预
测的流动性头寸。
月份支票存款定期和储蓄存款商业贷款家庭贷款
1111543682137 2102527657148
3 98508688153
4 91491699161 5101475708165
6 87489691170
7 84516699172
8 99510672156
答：
月份总存款比上月变化总贷款比上月变化来源使用净值
1654----819----
2629-25805-141425-11 3606-23841+36059-59 4582-24860+19043-43 5576- 6873+13019-19 6576 0861-12120+12 7600+24871+102410+14 8609+ 9828-43520+52一月，二月，三月，四月，五月由于存款下降，贷款上升而面临流动性赤字，而六月，七月，
八月由于存款上升，贷款下降而面临流动性盈余。
第一国民银行有如下选择：
一月到五月，第一国民银行将面临$11 to $59 million的流动性赤字，这些赤字可以通过
如下方式弥补：
（1）积极的广告来吸引NOW存款
（2）在货币市场上发行大额可转让定期存单（negotiable CDs）
（3）如果他们有控股公司，控股公司可以销售商业票据，并将获得的资金转入银行子公司中。
（4）借联邦基金。
（5）从联邦储备银行借款（虽然这不是一个很好的选择）
（6）销售可回购证券
（7）卖出一些贷款
（8）卖出一些证券
（9）将以上方法结合起来用。
6月到8月该银行面临$12 to $52 million 的预期流动性盈余。
这些盈余将给该银行提供如下机会：
（1）积极寻求新贷款
（2）投资多种货币市场工具，如国库证券
（3）将以上方法结合起来用。
由于两个时期都相对较短，该银行应选择更为暂时的方法。
如使用货币市场。
然而，如果他们的长期预测要求持续增长，他们同时应当发展措施来吸引更多的存款和贷款。