(完整版)西安交通大学医学部博士入学考试诊断学2017年试题
《诊断学》试题及答案(带解析)
诊断学试题及答案一、 A 型题（以下每道考题下面有A、B、C、 D、E 五个备选答案。
请从中选择一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应题号的相应字母所属的方框涂黑）第1 题（1 分)体温在 40℃以上， 24 小时内波动〈1℃，这种热型为A.弛张热B.间歇热C.稽留热D.波状热E.回归热【正确答案】：C【您的答案】：C本题分数： 1 分，您的得分： 1 分试题解析:稽留热是指体温恒定地维持在 39℃~ 40 ℃以上的高水平,达数天或数周， 24 小时内体温波动范围不超过 1℃,常见于大叶性肺炎、斑疹伤寒及伤寒高热期。
弛张热又称败血症热型，体温常在 39℃以上，波动幅度大， 24 小时内体温波动范围超过 2℃，但都在正常水平以上,常见于败血症、风湿热、重症肺结核及化脓性炎症等。
间歇热指体温骤升达高峰后持续数小时，又迅速降至正常水平, 无热期可持续 l 天至数天，如此高热期与无热期反复交替出现，常见于疟疾、急性肾盂肾炎等。
波状热指体温逐渐上升达 39℃或以上，数天后又逐渐下降至正常水平，持续数天后又逐渐升高，如此反复多次。
不规则热发热的体温曲线无一定规律，可见于结核病、风湿热、支气管肺炎、渗出性胸膜炎等。
第2 题（1 分)下列哪种物质能直接作用于体温调节中枢A.白细胞致热原B.细菌毒素C.抗原抗体复合物D.坏死物质E.细菌【正确答案】：A【您的答案】：A本题分数： 1 分，您的得分： 1 分试题解析：白细胞致热源属于内源性致热原，如白介素、肿瘤坏死因子和干扰素等。
可以通过血一脑屏障直接作用于体温调节中枢的体温调定点，使调定点上升, 体温调节中枢必须对体温加以重新调节发出冲动，使产热增多,散热减少。
B、C、D、 E 均为外源性致热源, 不能通过血一脑屏障直接作用于体温调节中枢，而是通过激活血液中的中性粒细胞、嗜酸性细胞和单核一巨噬细胞系统, 使其产生并释放内源性致热源引起发热.第3 题（1 分)一位发热患者,体温在39℃以上,未用任何退热降温措施，24 小时内体温波动达2℃以上,最低时体温仍高于正常。
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。
诊断学考试试题及答案
诊断学考试试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 以下哪项不是诊断学的基本方法？A. 病史采集B. 体格检查C. 实验室检查D. 影像学检查答案：C2. 诊断学中，病史采集包括以下哪项内容？A. 主诉B. 现病史C. 既往史D. 所有选项答案：D3. 体格检查中，以下哪项不属于视诊的内容？A. 皮肤颜色B. 呼吸运动C. 脉搏强弱D. 淋巴结大小答案：C4. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的实验室检查？A. 血常规B. 尿常规C. 心电图D. 所有选项答案：D5. 影像学检查中，以下哪项不属于X线检查？A. 胸部X线片B. 腹部X线片C. CT扫描D. MRI答案：D6. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的心电图检查？A. 心电监测B. 动态心电图C. 心电图运动试验D. 所有选项答案：D7. 以下哪项不是诊断学中常用的内镜检查？A. 胃镜B. 结肠镜C. 支气管镜D. 腹腔镜答案：D8. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的超声检查？A. 腹部超声B. 心脏超声C. 颈部血管超声D. 所有选项答案：D9. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的核素检查？A. 骨扫描B. 肾图C. 甲状腺扫描D. 所有选项答案：D10. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的脑电图检查？A. 常规脑电图B. 睡眠脑电图C. 动态脑电图D. 所有选项答案：D11. 以下哪项不是诊断学中常用的病理检查？A. 活体组织检查B. 细胞学检查C. 免疫组化检查D. 基因检测答案：D12. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的血液生化检查？A. 肝功能检查B. 肾功能检查C. 血脂检查D. 所有选项答案：D13. 以下哪项不是诊断学中常用的血液免疫学检查？A. 免疫球蛋白检查B. 补体检查C. 凝血功能检查D. 所有选项答案：C14. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的血液内分泌学检查？A. 甲状腺功能检查B. 肾上腺功能检查C. 胰腺功能检查D. 所有选项答案：D15. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的血液肿瘤标志物检查？A. AFPB. CEAC. CA19-9D. 所有选项答案：D16. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的尿液检查？A. 尿常规B. 尿沉渣检查C. 尿生化检查D. 所有选项答案：D17. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的粪便检查？A. 粪便常规B. 粪便隐血试验C. 粪便细菌培养D. 所有选项答案：D18. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的脑脊液检查？A. 脑脊液常规B. 脑脊液生化C. 脑脊液细胞学D. 所有选项答案：D19. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的关节穿刺液检查？A. 关节穿刺液常规B. 关节穿刺液生化C. 关节穿刺液细胞学D. 所有选项答案：D20. 以下哪项是诊断学中常用的胸腔穿刺液检查？A. 胸腔穿刺液常规B. 胸腔穿刺液生化C. 胸腔穿刺液细胞学D. 所有选项答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共30分）21. 以下哪些是诊断学中常用的体格检查方法？A. 触诊B. 叩诊C. 听诊D. 嗅诊答案：ABCD22. 以下哪些是诊断学中常用的心电图检查方法？A. 常规心电图B. 动态心电图C. 心电图运动试验D. 食管心房调搏。
诊断学考试试题及答案
诊断学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 以下哪个不属于体格检查的基本方法？A. 视诊B. 听诊C. 嗅诊D. 问诊2. 常见的心脏听诊区不包括以下哪个部位？A. 胸骨左缘第二肋间B. 胸骨右缘第二肋间C. 胸骨左缘第四肋间D. 胸骨右缘第四肋间3. 下列哪项不是血压测量的正确方法？A. 测量前患者至少安静5分钟B. 测量时患者取坐位，右上臂自然下垂C. 听诊器置于袖带下方，紧贴皮肤D. 测量时袖带充气至160mmHg4. 下列哪个症状提示可能患有肺炎？A. 咳嗽B. 咳痰C. 喘息D. 咳铁锈色痰5. 下列哪个体征提示可能患有肝硬化？A. 肝大B. 脾大C. 腹水D. 黄疸6. 下列哪个实验室检查指标对诊断贫血有重要意义？A. 血红蛋白B. 白细胞C. 血小板D. 红细胞比容7. 下列哪个疾病的心电图表现不具有特异性？A. 心肌梗死B. 心律失常C. 心肌炎D. 心包炎8. 下列哪个疾病的首选检查方法为影像学检查？A. 肺癌B. 胃癌C. 肝癌D. 肾癌9. 下列哪个症状提示可能患有急性阑尾炎？A. 右下腹痛B. 左下腹痛C. 上腹痛D. 腰痛10. 下列哪个体征提示可能患有甲状腺功能亢进？A. 突眼B. 粗糙的甲状腺C. 甲状腺肿大D. 甲状腺质地较硬二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 体格检查的基本方法包括：视诊、触诊、__________、听诊、嗅诊。
2. 心脏听诊区包括：胸骨左缘第二肋间（__________）、胸骨右缘第二肋间（__________）、胸骨左缘第四肋间（__________）。
3. 正确测量血压的方法包括：测量前患者至少安静__________分钟，测量时患者取坐位，右上臂自然下垂，听诊器置于袖带下方，紧贴皮肤。
4. 常见的心电图导联包括：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVR、aVL、aVF、V1、V2、__________、V4、V5、V6。
5. 肺炎的典型症状包括：咳嗽、发热、__________、呼吸困难。
诊断学题库(全)(含答案)
诊断学题库(全)（含答案）C 甲状腺功能亢进D 流行性出血热E 感染后低热6. 下列关于弛张热的叙述正确的1. 男，58岁，咳嗽4年，2个月是来痰中带血，消瘦，X线胸片A 体温升至39-40?,持续数天,示左上肺密度较高圆形阴影。
降至正常如果该病人淋巴结肿大，哪组B 体温升至39?以上,持续数区域的浅表淋巴结最先肿大的小时,降至正常,后又升至39?可能性大以上A 左颈深淋巴结上群 C 体温常至39?以上,24小时B 右颈深淋巴结上群波动范围范围大于2?,但都在C 左锁骨上窝淋巴结正常以上D 右锁骨上窝淋巴结 D体温常至39?以上, 24小时E 右颈深淋巴结下群波动范围范围小于2?,均在正2. 正常人一天中体温最高是常以上A 凌晨2-6点 E体温常至39?以上, 24小时B 下午1-6点波动范围范围小于1?C 中午12点 7. 下列发热性疾病中,不伴有单纯D 晚6-9点疱疹的是E 上午10-12点 A 大叶性肺炎3. 下列关于体温变化的叙述不正B 急性肾盂肾炎确的是 C 间日疟A 妇女月经期体温较高 D 流行性感冒B 青壮年体温较老年人高 E 流行性脑脊髄膜炎C 剧烈运动体温可以升高 8. 下列发热性疾病中,不伴有肝脾D 进餐后体温升高肿大的是E 孕妇体温较高 A 急性ITP4. 下列不属于感染性发热的是 B 传染性单核细胞增多症 A 大叶性肺炎 C 病毒性肝炎 B 肺脓肿 D 淋巴瘤C 中暑 E 白血病D 伤寒共用题干(9-10题):E 流行性脑脊髄膜炎 A 抗原抗体复合物5. 非感染性发热不包括下列哪项 B 中性粒细胞 A 心肌梗死后低热 C 单核吞噬细胞 B 白血病 D 白介素IL-2E 5羟色胺 B 足是否肿胀或发凉 9. 内源性致热源 C 足趾被动活动是否疼痛10. 外源性致热源 D 足背动脉触诊共用题干(11-14题): E 足的感觉是否正常A 稽留热 20. 对粘液性水肿昏迷的描述,下列B 弛张热哪项是错误的C 间歇热 A 寒冷、感染、镇静剂、麻醉D 波状热剂可诱发E 不规则热 B 多见于老年人 11. 大叶性肺炎 C 表现为躁动、高热 12. 支气管肺炎 D 表现为嗜睡、低体温 13. 布鲁菌病 E 严重时休克、呼吸衰竭、心14. 败血症肾功能不全共用题干(15-17题): 21．均称体型正常人肝叩诊相对浊A 肝性脑病音界，哪项是错误的B 流行性乙型脑炎 A 右锁骨中线第5肋间C 脑出血 B 右锁骨中线上下径约为D 癫痫 9-11cmE 淋巴瘤 C 右腋中线第8肋间 15. 先昏迷后发热 D 右肩胛线第10肋骨水平16. 先发热后昏迷 E 肝绝对浊音界比相对浊音界17. 内生性致热源不包括低1-2肋间A 炎性渗出物 22．腕关节的功能位，是背伸B IL-1 A 0oC TNF o o B 5-15D IL-6 o o C 20-25E 干扰素 o o D 30-4018. 关于Horner’s综合症,错误的描o o E 40述是患侧 -50A 上眼睑下垂 23．“浮髌试验”阳性见于膝关节B 眼裂变小 A 少量积液C 眼球塌陷 B 中等量积液C 大量积液D 瞳孔放大E 顔面无汗 D 滑膜增生 19. 了解下肢和足的血循环,最重要 E 髌骨骨折24．肝颈回流征阳性不正确的描述的检查是A 足趾能主动活动是A 压迫肝脏使颈静脉怒张更明显 C 抗原抗体复合物B 压迫肝脏使颈静脉怒张消失 D 坏死物质C 是右心功能不全的表现之一 E 病毒D 肝脏淤血肿大 30．一位发热患者，体温在39? 以E 左心功能不全一般无此体征上，未用任何退热降温措施，24小25．下列哪项不符合急性心包炎有时内体温波动达2? 以上，最低时心包积液的表现体温仍高于正常。
诊断学考试试题及参考答案大全(二)
诊断学考试试题及参考答案一．选择题（A型题，每题1分，共25分）1.当两上肢自然下垂时，肩胛下角一般位于：A．第5肋间水平 B.第6肋间水平 C.第7肋间水平 D.第9肋间水平E.第10肋间水平2． "声影"是指超声检查到结石时所显示的声象,它是指:A．结石本身产生的强烈反射回声B．结石周围的折射现象C．结石后方出现的无回声区 D．结石合并梗阻的液性暗区E．以上都不是3.在餐后几小时进行振水音检查方有意义：A.2～3小时B.4～5小时C.6～8小时D.9～10小时E.12小时以上4. 正常脾脏的大小为:A.叩诊左腋前线第9-11肋B.叩诊左腋中线第9-11肋C.叩诊左腋后线第9-11肋D.平卧时刚触E.左侧卧位刚触及5．消化性溃疡急性穿孔时的体征,以下那项错误 :A.腹壁板样强直B.明显压痛,反跳痛C.肝浊音界缩小D.可见肠型及蠕动波E.可伴休克。
6．左心衰竭肺淤血时咯血的特点:A.铁锈色血痰B.砖红色胶冻样血痰C.浆液性粉红色泡沫样痰D.粘稠暗红色血痰E.浆液泡沫样痰7.上消化道出血在肠内停留时间较长时，粪便的颜色特点为：A．柏油样 B.暗红色 C.便后有鲜血滴出 D.脓血便 E.以上都正确8．甲状腺机能亢进引起的腹泻属于A.分泌性腹泻B.高渗性腹泻C.吸收障碍性腹泻D.运动性腹泻E.混合性腹泻9．黄疸同时伴有明显皮肤搔痒者,首先考虑:A.自身溶血性贫血B.胆总管结石C.急性肝炎D.肝脓肿E肝硬化10．四对付鼻窦哪一对在体表不能进行检查:A.上颌窦B.蝶窦C.额窦D.筛窦E.以上均不对11.300-450的半卧位时颈外静脉充盈超过以下水平称颈静脉怒张：即锁骨上缘至下颌骨距离的下：A.上1/3B.中点C.下1/3D.下2/3E.上2/3 12．奇脉检查阳性者是患者在吸气时桡动脉搏动呈下列改变:A.不变B.减弱或消失C.增强D.先增强后减弱E.先减弱后增强13.桶状胸常见于：A.肺结核B.肺气肿C.佝偻病D.双侧胸腔积液E.双侧大叶性肺炎14．有关气胸的体征,以下哪项是错误的:A.患侧胸部饱满B.语颤减弱C.叩诊呈鼓音D.呼吸音消失E.气管移向患侧15．鉴别心包摩擦音与胸膜摩擦音的主要依据是:A.性质B.强度C.音调D.部位E.屏气时是否消失16．室间隔缺损时,可出现下列杂音:A.胸骨左缘第二肋间菱形喷射性收缩期杂音伴P2亢进B.胸骨左缘第二肋间菱形喷射性收缩期杂音,伴收缩早期喷射音,P2减弱C.胸骨左缘第三、四肋间响亮而粗糙的收缩期杂音伴震颤,P2亢进及第二心音分裂D.胸骨右缘第二肋间菱形喷射音收缩期杂音伴喷射音,向颈部传导,P2不减弱E.二尖瓣区吹风样,高调,粗糙的收缩期杂音17.主动脉瓣狭窄的听诊特点是,以下那项是错误的:A.开始于第一心音之后B.喷射性、吹风样C.递增递减型D.心尖部最响E.杂音向颈部传导18.某患者，因右胸痛、呼吸困难、喜右侧卧位，叩诊实音，呼吸音消失。
诊断学测试题(附答案)
诊断学测试题（附答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、患者男性，55岁。
近一周内频发胸痛，与活动无关，含硝酸甘油3分钟后缓解。
该患者不适合进行的检查是A、心电向量图B、超声心动图C、运动负荷试验D、动态心电图E、常规心电图正确答案：C2、无尿是指24小时尿量小于:A、10mlB、50mlC、200mlD、100mlE、500ml正确答案：D3、房性早搏的主要诊断条件是A、代偿间歇完全B、P'波提前出现，P'波形态发生改变C、QRS波群宽大畸形>0、12sD、提前出现的QRS波群无提前P'波E、QRS波群提前出现正确答案：B4、关于脉率的变化，下列哪项是错误的A、老年人较慢B、儿童较成人慢C、情绪激动时较快D、餐后较快E、男性较女性慢正确答案：B5、关于抢救记录，下列不正确的是A、是指患者病情危重，采取抢救措施时所作的记录B、抢救记录的内容应包括病情变化情况、抢救时间及措施等C、时间具体到时即可D、时间具体到分钟E、应记录参加抢救的医务人员姓名及专业技术职务正确答案：C6、病历书写中的基本要求不包括A、可用各种颜色书写B、在规定时间内完成C、按规定格式书写D、字迹工整，修改规范E、实事求是正确答案：A7、女性，42岁，上腹部胀痛伴呕吐隔餐宿食5天。
查体示：急性病容，腹部膨隆，振水音（+）。
该患者首先考虑的疾病是A、幽门梗阻B、急性化脓性胆管炎C、急性胃炎D、肠梗阻E、急性胃扩张正确答案：A8、肝浊音界向上移位应除外A、右肺纤维化B、右侧张力性气胸C、右下肺不张D、鼓肠E、气腹正确答案：B9、用于确定肺下界的垂直线常使用下列哪一项标志线A、腋前线、腋中线、肩胛线B、锁骨中线、腋中线、肩胛线C、腋后线、后正中线、胸骨线D、锁骨中线E、以上都不是正确答案：B10、一位发热患者，体温在39℃以上，未用任何退热降温措施，24小时内体温波动达2℃以上，最低时体温仍高于正常。
诊断学考试试题及答案
诊断学考试试题及答案一、选择题（共20题，每题1分，共20分）1. 以下哪个疾病是由感染性病原体引起的？A. 肺炎B. 肝炎C. 哮喘D. 白血病2. 诊断学主要研究的是什么内容？A. 疾病的发生机制B. 疾病的治疗方法C. 疾病的预防措施D. 疾病的诊断方法3. 诊断学的目的是什么？A. 研究疾病的病因B. 研究疾病的发病机制C. 确定疾病的诊断标准D. 探索治疗疾病的方法4. 以下哪种检查方法可以观察到病理组织学改变？A. X射线检查B. CT扫描C. 病理活检D. 血液检验5. 以下哪种检查方法可以观察到病原体的存在？A. 血液检验B. 彩色超声检查C. 电子显微镜观察D. 阳性反应检测6. 以下哪个体征不是高血压的常见症状？A. 头痛B. 头晕C. 呕吐D. 颈部僵硬7. 以下哪种疾病不能通过血液检验进行诊断？A. 肝炎B. 肾炎C. 冠心病D. 白血病8. 一般情况下，癌症如何进行诊断？A. 通过病史询问B. 通过体格检查C. 通过病理检查D. 通过血液检验9. 以下哪种诊断方法不适用于神经系统疾病？A. EEG检查B. CT扫描C. 血液检验D. 脑脊液检查10. 诊断学的方法主要包括什么？A. 望诊、闻诊、问诊、切诊B. 望诊、触诊、问诊、听诊C. 视诊、听诊、问诊、嗅诊D. 视诊、闻诊、问诊、摩诊二、简答题（共5题，每题4分，共20分）1. 请简述病史询问的基本内容。
2. 主观症状和客观体征在诊断学中有何区别？3. 请简要介绍一下影像学检查在诊断学中的应用。
4. 血液检验在诊断学中的重要性是什么？5. 请简述病理检查的意义和作用。
三、论述题（共1题，30分）请你就疑难疾病的诊断方法进行论述，并以具体的病例为例进行说明。
答案：一、选择题答案：1. B2. D3. C4. C5. A6. C7. C8. C9. C10. D二、简答题答案：1. 病史询问的基本内容包括疾病发生的时间、病因、病程、症状的起始、发展及变化情况、治疗经过等。
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
西安交通大学诊断学2016年考博真题试卷
西生入学考试试卷
西安交通大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊断学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释
第1页 共1页
1. 三凹征 2. 黄疸 3. 肢端肥大症面容 4. courvosier sign 5. koilonychia 6. 过清音 7. 心音分裂 二、简答题 1. 发热机制。 2. 中性粒型类白血病与慢粒的鉴别。 3. 语音震颤。 4. 湿啰音分类及与干啰音鉴别。 5. 肾源性水肿机制及与心源性水肿的鉴别。 6. 腹水与巨大卵巢囊肿的鉴别。 三、论述题 1. 额外心音及意义。 2. 二尖瓣狭窄症状体征。 3. 心梗ecg类型和定位及对应血管分支。