BusinessandEconomicForecasting
英国大学金融专业课程详解、定位、就业
/英国大学金融专业课程详解、定位、就业国内大学关于金融专业的设置，更偏重宏观方向，以货币银行、国际金融等专业为主。
这和我国的历史情况有关，在过去的二十年里投资行为还没有大幅度兴起，因此银行作为主要的金融机构，自然成为研究的主要对象。
同时随时中国开放程度的加深，国际贸易得到了很大发展，因此国际金融的研究也很有必要。
国外关于金融专业的设置，是两方面都有。
一、以微观为主，也就是研究与公司个体有关的投资、融资等行为。
另一方面就是和国内类似的宏观金融的研究。
因此我们大部分的学生想要在金融这个领域走的更宽或更远，去英国留学选择金融专业绝对是明智的选择，但是金融专业覆盖范围非常广，分类极细，很多学子也经常在金融各细分专业中因为了解程度的原因，最后不能做出最适合自己的选择，以下为对英国大学金融专业的详细剖析，内容较多，请耐心看。
一、专业细分英国大学的金融专业按细分不同通常设置在商学院、经济学院或数学学院。
在参考专业排名时需要考虑会计与金融、经济、商学三个方向。
金融专业细分可分为：金融学、公司金融、金融与投资、国际金融、银行与金融、金融与管理、会计与金融、风险管理、房地产金融与投资、金融与经济、金融工程。
●细分1-----金融学：对金融各个细分领域的综合介绍。
下面以曼彻斯特大学为例来看下金融学专业的课程设置：第一学期必修课：/ IntroductoryResearchMethodsforAccountingandFinance;会计与金融学方法导论EssentialsofFinance;金融学精要DerivativeSecurities衍生证券选修一门：PortfolioInvestment证券投资InternationalMacroeconomicsandGlobalCapitalMarkets国际宏观经济学与全球资本市场FoundationsofFinanceTheory金融学基础第二学期FinancialEconometrics金融计量经济学AdvancedEmpiricalFinance高级实证金融学CorporateFinance;公司金融选修一门InternationalFinance国际金融FinancialStatementAnalysis财务报表分析RealOptionsinCorporateFinance公司金融中的实物期权MergersandAcquisitions:EconomicandFinancialAspects关于企业并购的经济金融思考Dissertation毕业论文●细分2-----公司金融：解决以公司财务、公司融资、公司治理为核心的公司治理结构方面的问题，综合运用各种形式的金融工具与方法，进行风险管理和财富创造。
商务英语词汇大全 知乎
一．商务英语词汇大全知乎1.货币化 monetization2.赤字 deficit3.经济不景气 recession4. a period when the economy of a country is not successful,business conditions are bad, industrial production and trade are at a low level and there is a lot of unemployment5.一个时期一个国家的经济不景气,商业环境不好,工业生产和贸易水平低和有很多失业6.经济好转 turnabout7.复苏 recovery8.成本推进型 cost push9.货币供应 money supply10.生产率 productivity11.劳动力 labor force12.实际工资 real wages13.成本推进式通货膨胀 cost-push inflation14.需求拉动式通货膨胀 demand-pull inflation15.双位数通货膨胀 double- digit inflation16.极度通货膨胀 hyperinflation17.长期通货膨胀 chronic inflation18.治理通货膨胀 to fight inflation19.最终目标 ultimate goal20.坏的影响 adverse effect21.担保 ensure22.贴现 discount23.萧条的 sluggish24.认购 subscribe to25.支票帐户 checking account26.货币控制工具 instruments of monetry control27.借据 IOUs（I owe you）28.本票 promissory notes29.货币总监 controller of the currency30.拖收系统 collection system31.支票清算或结算 check clearing32.资金划拨 transfer of funds33.可以相信的证明 credentials34.改革 fashion35.被缠住 entangled36.货币联盟 Monetary Union37.再购协议 repo38.精明的讨价还价交易 horse-trading39.欧元 euro40.公共债务 membership criteria41.汇率机制 REM42.储备货币 reserve currency43.劳动密集型 labor-intensive44.贡交易所 bourse45.牛市 bull market46.非凡的牛市 a raging bull47.规模经济 scale economcies48.买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价 bid-ask spreads49.期货（贡） futures50.经济商行 brokerage firm51.回报率 rate of return52.贡 equities53.违约 default54.现金外流 cash drains55.经济人佣金 brokerage fee56.存款单 CD（certificate of deposit57.营业额 turnover58.资本市场 capital market59.布雷顿森林体系 The Bretton Woods System60.经常帐户 current account61.套利者 arbitrager62.远期汇率 forward exchange rate63.即期汇率 spot rate64.实际利率 real interest rates65.货币政策工具 tools of monetary policy66.银行倒闭 bank failures67.跨国公司 MNC （ Multi-National Corporation）68.商业银行 commercial bank69.商业票据 commercial paper70.利润 profit71.本票，期票 promissory notes72.监督 to monitor73.佣金（经济人） commission brokers74.套期保值 hedge75.有价证券平衡理论 portfolio balance theory76.外汇储备 foreign exchange reserves77.固定汇率 fixed exchange rate78.浮动汇率 floating/flexible exchange rate79.货币选择权（期货） currency option80.套利 arbitrage81.合约价 exercise price82.远期升水 forward premium83.多头买升 buying long84.空头卖跌 selling short85.按市价订购贡 market order86.贡经纪人 stockbroker87.国际货币基金 the IMF88.七国集团 the G-789.监督 surveillance90.同业拆借市场 interbank market91.可兑换性 convertibility92.软通货 soft currency93.限制 restriction94.交易 transaction95.充分需求 adequate demand96.短期外债 short term external debt97.汇率机制 exchange rate regime98.直接标价 direct quotes99.资本流动性 mobility of capital 100.赤字 deficit101.本国货币 domestic currency102.外汇交易市场 foreign exchange market 103.国际储备 international reserve104.利率 interest rate105.资产 assets106.国际收支 balance of payments107.贸易差额 balance of trade108.繁荣 boom109.债券 bond110.商品 commodities111.商品交易所 commodity exchange112.期货合同 commodity futures contract 113.普通贡 common stock114.联合大企业 conglomerate115.货币贬值 currency devaluation116.通货紧缩 deflation117.折旧 depreciation118.贴现率 discount rate119.归个人支配的收入 disposable personal income 120.从业人员 employed person121.汇率 exchange rate122.财政年度fiscal year123.企业 free enterprise124.库存 inventory125.劳动力人数 labor force126.债务 liabilities127.市场经济 market economy128.合并 merger129.货币收入 money income130.个人收入 personal income131.优先贡 preferred stock132.价格收益比率 price-earning ratio 133.优惠贷款利率 prime rate134.利润 profit135.回报 return on investment136.使货币升值 revaluation137.薪水 salary138.季节性调整 seasonal adjustment 139.关税 tariff140.失业人员 unemployed person141.效用 utility142.价值 value143.工资 wages144.工资价格螺旋上升 wage-price spiral145.收益 yield146.补偿贸易 compensatory trade,compensated deal 147.储蓄银行 savings banks148.欧洲联盟 the European Union149.单一的实体 a single entity150.抵押贷款 mortgage lending151.业主产权 owner''''s equity152.普通股 common stock153.无形资产 intangible assets154.收益表 income statement155.营业开支 operating expenses156.行政开支 administrative expenses157.现金收支一览表 statement of cash flow158.贸易中的存货 inventory159.收益 proceeds160.投资银行 investment bank161.机构投资者 institutional investor162.垄断兼并委员会 MMC163.招标发行issue by tender164.定向发行 introduction165.代销 offer for sale166.直销 placing167.公开发行 public issue168.信贷额度 credit line169.国际债券 international bonds170.欧洲货币Eurocurrency171.利差 interest margin172.以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款 leveraged loan 173.权利股发行 rights issues174.净收入比例结合 net income gearing175.accountant n. 会计176.air hostess 女乘务员，空姐177.applicant n. 申请人178.appoint v. 任命179.appointment n. 任命180.assistant n. 助理181.attendant n. 服务员182.auditor n. 查帐员183.banker n. 银行家184.barber n. 为男士理发的理发师185.book keeper n. 记帐员186.broker n. 经纪人187.businessman n. 商人188.buyer n. 采购员189.capable a. 有能力的190.career n. 职业191.certificate n. 证书192.chemist n. 药剂师193.clerk n. 办事员194.current （present） post 现在的工作195.dentist n. 牙医196.designer n. 设计家197.detective n. 侦探198.diploma n. 文凭，学位199.director n. …长（主任）200.dismiss v. 解雇201.drawer n. 出票人，开票人，抽屉202.employee n. 雇员203.employer n. 雇主204.engineer n. 工程师205.executive n. 行政官206.experienced staff 有经验的雇员207.freelance n. 职业者（作家、演员等）208.full-time job 专职工作209.graduate n. 毕业生210.hairdresser n. 理发师211.interview n. v. 面试212.job agency 职业介绍所213.judge n. 法官borer n. 劳工ndlady n. 女房东wyer n. 律师217.manager n. 经理218.managing director n. 总经理219.manufacturer n. 制造商220.newsagent n. 报刊销售人221.newspaper reporter 记者222.office worker 办公室工作人员223.officer n. 官员224.operator n. 接线员225.out of work 失业226.packer n. 包装工227.part-time job 非专职工作228.permanent job 固定职业229.photographer n. 照相师230.pilot n. 飞行员231.politician n. 政治家232.postman n. 邮递员233.president n. 总裁，董事长234.previous job 以前的工作235.price controller 物价员236.prime minister 总理237.principal n. 校长238.producer n. 制造者239.professor n. 教授240.purchaser n. 采购员241.qualification n. 资格242.quality controller 质量管理员243.receptionist n. 接待员244.recommend v. 推荐245.redundancy n. 过剩，多余，累赘246.redundant a. 过剩的，多余的，累赘的247.resign v. 辞职248.resume n. 简历249.retailer n. 零售商250.retire v. 退休251.sack v. n. 解雇252.sales rep（representative）销售代表253.salesman n. 销售员254.scientist n. 科学家255.secretary n. 秘书256.shop assistant 售货员257.shopkeeper n. 店主258.skilled workers 技术工人259.specialist n. 专家260.specialize in v. 专长261.staff recruitment 雇员招聘262.supervisor n. 主管人263.temporary job 临时职业264.to apply for 申请265.to take on 雇佣266.typist n. 打字员267.unemployment n. 失业268.vacancy n. 空缺（职位）269.wholesaler n. 批发商270.workforce n. 劳动力271.TYPES OF COMPANYBUSINESS 行业名称272.banking n. 银行业273.construction n. 建筑业274.correspondence n. 通信cation n. 教育276.electronics n. 电子学277.entertainments n. 娱乐278.finance n. 财经，金融279.health n. 保健280.import/ export n.v. 进/出口281.manufacture n. 制造业282.press n. 报刊，新闻界283.printing n. 印刷业284.producing n. 生产业285.programming n. 编程286.publishing n. 出版287.science n. 科学288.telecommunications n. 通讯289.trade union n. 工会290.transporting n. 运输291.accounts n. 会计部292.administration n. 行政管理部293.advertising n. 广告部294.assembly line 装配线295.assembly plant 装配工厂296.canteen n. 餐厅，小卖部297.clinic n. 门诊所298.customer account 帐务部299.distribution n. 分销部300.financial services 财务服务部301.forwarding company 运输公司302.group n. 集团303.head office 总部304.headquarters n. 总部305.human resources 人力资源部306.maintenance n. 维修部307.management n. 管理部308.marketing n. 营销部309.packaging n. 包装部310.personnel n. 人事部311.production n. 生产部312.public relations 公关部313.purchasing n. 采购部314.quality control 质量管理部315.research and development 调研部316.sales n. 销售部317.training n. 培训部318.wages and salaries 工资部。
Basic-Management-Skills
BASICMANAGEMENTSKILLSThe basic functions of management include the followings: ∙Forecasting;∙Planning;∙Organizing;∙Coordinating;∙Controlling;∙Staffing;∙Communicating;∙Leading;∙Decision-making;Motivating etc.The meaning of these functions are highlighted as follows:1.1.FORECASTINGForecasting is a means of reducing uncertainty that surrounds the making of business and economic decisions. In a world where the future is not known with certainty, virtually every business and economic decision rests upon a forecast of future conditions. Successful forecasting aims at reducing the areas of uncertainty that surround management decision making with respect to costs, profits, sales, production, pricing, capital investment and so forth. If the future were known with certainty, forecasting will be unnecessary. Decisions could be made and plans formulated on a once-for-all basis. Future outcomes are rarely assured, and therefore, an organized system of forecasting is necessary.Why Forecasting?Forecasting aims at calculating or predicting some future events or conditions. It is a service whose purpose is to offer the best available basis for management expectations of the future and to help management understand the implications for alternative courses of action.Forecasting is inevitable in all aspects of business activities. From the moment an idea is conceived, whether it is to buy or to sell, manufacture or offer a service, there is consciously or subconsciously an attempt made to assess probable quantities, prices, costs and related details.When forecasting is given formal recognition, then it is usual to prepare statements in terms of quantities and values. Either the sales forecast or production forecast is generally the starting point and this would be followed by forecasts for costs, finance, purchases, capital expenditure and profit and loss. The system employed is known as “budgetary control”.Types Of Forecasting(a)Economic ForecastingAs its name implies, an economic forecast is a projection of level of economic activity for a particular time period. The forecast measure of the level of economic activity is the Gross Domestic ProductEconomic forecasting is important because the sales of virtually every product or service is in some way related to the level of economic activity. Once the economic forecasting has been made the sales forecast for the company can be developed.(b)Sales ForecastingThere are many ways of developing the sales forecast. One of the simplest methods is to carefully study the historical relationship between the sales of a company and some economic indicator such as “machinery” orders by business. Why do managers need sales forecast? The fundamental reasons are that in the long run the company‟s existence depends on a continued healthy demand for its products. Thus even the most efficiently managed streetcar company probably could not have survived after most people had transferred their business to autos and buses.Sales forecasting also serves a second purpose: it is the foundation on which all other forecasts are predicted. For example, sales forecast can be used to develop projectionsof production requirements (in number of units) Then based on these projections, forecast can be done for what materials need to be purchased, how many employees will have to be recruited and what expense (such as those for advertising and running the plant) should amount to.1.2.PLANNINGPlanning is one of the most important functions of management. The essence of planning is to prepare for and predict future events. Planning goes beyond attempting to attain stated organizational objectives. It involves the development of strategy and procedures required for effective realization of the entire plan. It entails determination of control, direction and method of accomplishing the overall organizational objectives.Planning involves the establishment of objectives, strategies to achieve the objectives and a step by determination of the activities and resources necessary to achieve them. Nature And Variety Of PlansMajor kinds of Plans as follows:Objectives, Policies, Procedures, Budgets and Programmes(a)ObjectivesThe basic plan is the enterprise objective or objectives. This is the goal of the firm. While these are ordinarily subject to simple statement and are essential to the proper planning, organization, staffing, directing and controlling of any enterprise or any part of it, one often finds that a business or other enterprise has not considered what its basic objectives areStarting with setting goals in a corporation, one immediately encounters the issue of maximization of profits. Research suggests that the issue of the maximization that all firms aim at maximizing profits is an oversimplification. Some firms apparently sacrifice profits to achieve a desired marketing position, to maintain a predetermined share of market, and rate of growth. Firms have been known, at least in short periods, to place loyalty to the workforce ahead of profits(b)PoliciesPolicies are likewise plans. They are general statements, or understandings, which guide or channel or channel the thinking and action of subordinates in an enterprise or one of its departments. It can be seen that enterprise objectives are policies since they furnish the basic guide to thinking and action.The varieties of policies in practice are legion. It may be a company‟s policy to promote from within, to conform strictly to a high standard of business ethics, to compete on a price basis, to insist on pricing at fixed prices, to forsake civilian business for military or to shun publicity.Policies being guides to thinking and action are seldom specific. It is the task of subordinates, therefore, to interprete policy through the exercise of initiative, discretion and judgement. Policies must however, be consistent and must be integrated in such a way as to contribute to the realization of enterprise objectives.©ProceduresProcedures are also plans, for they involve the selection of a course of action and apply to future activities. They detail the exact manner in which a certain activity must be accomplished. The essence is chronological sequence. The important fact isthat procedure exist throughout an organization, even though as one might expect, they become more reacting and numerous in the lower levels largely because of the necessity for more careful control, the lesser need for discretion in action or decision-making and the fact that the things done lend themselves to obtaining greater efficiency through prescription of the one best way.Just as policies have a hierarchy of importance, so do procedures. Procedures often cut across departmental lines. For example, the procedure for accomplishing the order handling of a product in a large manufacturing company will almost certainly encompass the Sales Department, the Finance Department, the Accounting Department, the Production Department and the Traffic Department.In comparing procedures and policies, Billy E. Costs has said,” Policies are relatively general, reasonably permanent managerial plans. Procedures are less general but comparably permanent. A policy maps out a field of action. It determines objectives and limits the area of action. Procedures are stipulated sequences of definite acts. Procedures mark a path through the area of policy. They may work, generally with adequate clues to determine clerical choice of the path; they may contain trivial gaps to be filled in at the discretion of a clerk; but there is little that resembles the extension of a policy. Procedures are not multidimensional; they do not cover areas of behaviour;they have only chronological sequence. Policy always sets an objective through the area.(d)BudgetsA Budget is essentially a plan, a statement of expected result expressed in numerical terms. It may be entirely expressed in financial terms or it may be a statement of results anticipated in terms of man-hours, units of products, machine hours, or any other measurement that can be reduced to numerical expression.Conceived as control devices, as indeed they are, the making of a budget is clearly planning. In fact, it is often the fundamental planning instrument in many companies. The budget cannot be used for control until it is in existence, and it cannot be in existence as a sensible standard of control unless it reflects plans.A Budget may be designated to deal with operations, such as the budget of expense and revenue, it may be designed to reflect expected capital outlays, such as the capital expenditure Budget, or it may be formulated to show expected flow of cash such as the cash budget.(e)ProgrammesProgrammes are complex policies and procedures, ordinarily supported by necessary capital and operating budgets and designed to put into effect a course of action. While a budget of one kind or another is usually an instrument to implement a programme,it may actually serve as a programme.Furthermore,a budget may also encompass the entire programme, with all other programmes contained in it. Thus, one finds that a programme of any importance in business planning seldom stands by itself. It is usually part of a complex structure of programmes, depending upon some programmes and affecting others.Steps In the Planning ProcessThe Planning Process involves the following steps:-1.The Definition Of A Comp any’s ConceptThis concept will help answer the question “What business are we in” It will help to clearly define the Firm‟s product or service and the corporate competitive (if any) advantage-e.g. product high quality and low cost.In addition, this definition will enhance the:∙Need to recognize causes not symptoms;∙Need to know and understand how situation has arisen;∙Need to recognize what the organization should be and must do as a basis for deciding alternative courses of action;2.Establish GoalsThese are goals the firm will pursue. The goals or targets must besuch that the company can easily attain. This will provide the standardagainst which actual performance is measured and compared.3.Develop ForecastThis is an estimate or prediction of what the future holds in store for the organization. It is aimed at calculating or predicting some future events or conditions-it offers management the best available expectations of the future.This process step is to help management understand the implications for alternative course(s) of action.To have an effective plan for an organization, it is important to obtain forecasts of such things as the nations(a)Economic conditions;(b)Consumer tastes;(c)New products development;(d)Political changes.These are the premises upon which a plan is built. Despite the shortcomings of forecasting, yet it is generally more useful for managers to consciously forecast and to develop explicit planning assumptions.4,Evaluation Of ResourcesFor every organization, it is important to carefully assess its financial, managerial and operating resources in order to determine what exactly is or is not feasible. Further,it is important here to analyze relevant facts such as :∙Who will be affected by this problem?∙What will be their views and problems?∙Has someone else before experienced this problem and where possibly could relevant information on the problem be obtained?∙Who can supply it?They need answer too.5.Develop AlternativesIt is sure that several alternatives-individual courses of action-that will allow for accomplishment of goals will surface after a planner must have made the necessary forecasts and after the careful auditing of one‟s resources. What is important here is –the existence of some choice-which is usually a prerequisite for effective decision making. In this process, though it is important to avoid acceptance of first ideas. Therefore, get range of options and thus you will make optimum decision more likely.6.Test For Consistencyat this point various alternatives are compared with resources, goals and central concept of the organization. An important point here is that the organization must choose an alternative which is not only in line with its goals and concept, but that which it can easily achieve.7.Deciding On The PlanThis is the stage when a choice from among the available alternatives. This is a vital importance because where a poor decision (of a very good plan) is made, and thus a wrong …road‟ is taken none but the luckiest surviv e when, and if, it happens. This is one good reason why it is important to analyze and weigh consequences of any decisions. Find out:∙What are likely obstacles to implementing the plan?∙How can the problem be avoided or overcome?∙Who is vital to the plan that needs to be consulted?∙What time is needed?8.Implementation Of The PlanPlanning (no matter how effective) is not a guarantee of success. This is because success depends on the effective implementation of the plan. This requires all good skills learnt in organizing,leading,controlling etc.To ensure implementation of decision, therefore one needs to set up budget or schedule of actions, then assign responsibilities to subordinates. It is important to check responsibilities and where necessary one should modify-which is why, to start with, one‟s plan should be flexible.9.Evaluation of The PlanOur society is a society or an environment that constantly go through changes. Thus, the importance of the necessity for periodical evaluation of plans. Particularly because we live in a world in which new products are frequently introduced, consumers‟ tastes change, economic activities fluctuate and even governments come and go, then plans too must be constantly evaluated and modified to meet these constant changes.So at this stage, what can one say in favour or otherwise of planning? Under normal circumstances, planning:∙Must specify what is to be achieved;∙Must provide direction;∙Must help translate opportunity into selected courses of action;∙Must be able to enhance managerial efficiency and effectiveness;∙Should be able to help conserve valuable resources;∙Should be able to provide for orderly change and continuity;∙Must be able to enhance employee morale;∙Should be able to reduce crises in the organization.ANISINGOrganizing involves establishing an intentional and purposeful structure of rules for people in an enterprise. It involves assigning various tasks to different members of the organization, grouping them into sections, divisions, and departments and formalizing the hierarchy of authority into an organization chart.In the process of this function, the manager analyses the activities to be carried out and the decisions and relations needed to be able to achieve the job as desired. It isthe mana ger‟s duty to classify and divide the activities into manageable activities and to further divide these activities into manageable tasks. This is how he gets the grouping he will call his organizational structure.This done, he selects people for the management of the units, and for the tasks to be done. Therefore, this function (organizing) ensures definition of the nature and content of each job in the organization, determines the basis for grouping the job together for the purposes of specialization and delegation of authority and for deciding the extent to which a manager may be able to take decision.From the above, we can say essentially that the intention of a good organization is to help in creating an environment for effective human performance. This is consists of people who carry out differentiated tasks which are coordinated to contribute to the achievement of organizational goals.Organization ChartThe easiest means of depicting an organization is by the use of Organization Chart. Organization C hart is a …snapshot‟ or skeleton of the organization at a particular time-showing:-∙The title of each supervisory and managerial position;∙The connecting lines to show who is in charge of what;∙The chain of command∙The span of control;∙Each employee his /her job title and his place or position in the organization Typical Organization chartThe organization Chart is the diagrammatic representation of the framework or structure of a business. It shows the various departments, sections and units of the enterprise at a particular time.Characteristics Of Organization StructureAn organization structure has three clear-cut characteristics:∙It is deliberatively impersonal;∙It is based on ideal relationship;∙It is based on rabble-hypothesis of the nature of man: that is.‟ it is assumed that competition leads to efficiency and that when each man fights for himself, thebest interest of the group are served.Basic Principles Of OrganizationThe accepted principles of organization that must be observed are the followings: ∙Every organization should have an objective e.g. Achieving new ideas, opportunities and change to the society;∙There must be lines of authority and accompany responsibility, beginning at the top and descending to the lowest;∙Level of authority should held to a minimum number so as to reduce protocol;∙There should be one unity of command i.e. there should be one master to one servant;∙There should be a limit to the number of persons or positions to supervise(between6 to 8);∙The organization structure should be flexible enough to permit changes with a minimum disruptionSigns Of Structurally Defective Organization1.Overburdened senior staff;2.Excessive centralization of signing authority;3.Overlapping responsibility;4.Too many detailed reports;ck of direction at lower levels;6.Absence of planning;7.Overloading and idle time in the same organization;8.Delays caused by approving authority;9.Double, triple lines of authority and accountability (responsibility to morethan one senior staff, without clear specification);10.Span of supervision/responsibility(a) Too wide in relation to the scope of response covered;(b) Too wide, because the manager has‟ centripetal‟ tendencies or does notunderstand delegation;©To o narrow, because of inability to delegate or of desire to keep …power‟in own hands.11.Separation of related activities in a distinct executive units (e.g. recruitmentand trading);ck of clarity about policy;13.Inadequate information or means of communication;14.Fallacy of adding a …new man or post as cure for middle or inadequatecoordination‟;15.Excessive length of …chain of command‟;16Highly paid staff members spending time doing jobs, which do not require their specialized training and experience; subsidiary;17.Responsibility, authorities and accountability are incorrectly balanced; there isuneconomical division and/or duplication of work;18.Departments and sections do work which should be centralized to servicegroups; unnecessarily complicated routines are involved in the accomplishment of simple and less important jobs;19.Unnecessary reports, statistics, records etc. are maintained;20.Auditing and management controls are not maintained effectively.Functions Of a Sound Organizational StructureA sound organizational structure performs the following functions:1.It identifies the operating units (e.g. sales department, productiondepartment etc.)2.It takes aside the service department (personnel department, accountsdepartment etc.);3.It emphasizes the balancing of the structures;4.It shows the roles of committees in an organizations;5.It helps to coordinate and integrate the activities of all individuals in theorganization into a common pattern so as to achieve the organization intoa common pattern so as to achieve the organizational objectives; and6.It helps to remove obstacles to performance, which occur as a result ofconfusion and uncertainty of assignment.Steps For Developing Organizational Structure1.Establishment of objectives;2.Formulation of supportive objectives, policies and plans;3.Identification and classification of activities necessary to accomplish them;4.Grouping the activities in the light of human and material resources available andthe best way of utilizing them;5.Delegating to the head of each group the authority necessary to perform theactivities;6.Tying these grouping together horizontally and vertically through authorityrelationship and information system.1.4.CONTROLLINGPreambleControlling means measuring performance against pre-determined standards, evaluating progress and steering the whole department in the required direction.Control is one of the key functions of management. Planning and control go hand in hand fo without efficient planning and control, the organization cannot achieve any objective. Control starts as soon as the execution phase starts so as to determine if plans are being realized. The essence of control is to ensure that actual performance is guided towardsexpected performance. Therefore control is basically concerned with monitoring of activities to determine whether they conform to plan action.When subordinates perform, it is necessary to measure and correct such activities so as to ensure that events are going according to plans. Thus when this is done, deviation or variances from plans are noted and thence corrective actions are taken. This then reveals the fact that organizations use the process of controlling to periodically take their bearings.Examples of Management ControlsThere are many examples of management controls, including the followings: ∙Preparation and analysis of periodic financial statements;∙Budgeting;∙Internal Audit;∙Quality controls;∙Performance appraisal of employees;∙Establishing standard costs; and∙The comparison of the actual costs with the standard costs.Types Of ControlsThe types of controls that managers exercise vary with the size of the organization. There are as many as four distinct types of controls; namely:1.Quantity Controls:-are used frequently in business. Production Managers specifythe minimum number of units to be produced per hour, day or month by individual workers or groups of workers. Sales Managers establish the number of prospect that salesman must contact daily or weekly,2.Quality Controls:-are often not enough to judge an employee, a product or aservice. A fast worker, for example, can be very inaccurate while a slow worker may be very accurate3.Time Controls: Timing of performance whether quality or quantity is a means ofcontrol. Time standards are more important for some businesses or for certain departments than for others e.g. a building contractor, a baker or a newspaper Editor.4.Cost Controls: success or failure of a firm is measure in money-profit or loss.While trying to increase profits, managers are constantly aware of two specific objectives:∙To increase sales; and∙To decrease costs.Not all managers or employees are directly connected with work that will increase sales. However, most employees and managers do influence costs. Wasting materials or taking more time than necessary to perform tasks adds to the cost of doing business. Increase costs without a proportionate increase in sales will decrease profit. Businesses must be cost conscious at all time.Basic Steps Involved In Control Procedure.The ability to control effectively requires a sound understanding of certain logical steps forming basic procedure. Three steps are essential to ensure that everything has occurred in accordance with the plan; the basic procedure is to :1.Set standards:-This involves deciding in advance what should be accomplished orattained. A standard is measurement selected to act as a criterion for evaluating performance. Types of standards used in business are(a)statistical standards-based on past information;(b)Judgment standard-measurement based on sound thinking;(c)engineering standard-measurement based on a quantitative analysis of work of a machine,person,group and so forth.2.Check Performance:-Measure current performance against the set standard. Thisis done where deviations have occurred. It is the duty of the manager to periodically measure performance and compare this with standards;3.Correct Deviations:-After detecting deviations from the planned performance,corrective action is taken.Characteristics Of Good ControlThe installation of good control measures is a difficult task for management. Some of the benchmarks of good control include:1.Simplicity:-Control method must be as simple as possible. The simplicity ismeasured by the ability of the organization to use it effectively It should not involve too much explanation for an average employee to understand and carry out.2.Low Cost: A good control system should be installed at the cheapest possible cost3.Flexibility: A good control system should be capable of being adjusted to meetchanging circumstances in the organizational operation4.Management by exception: A good control system is one that helps to detect thevariation with ease and promptness. If there are too many deviations, it means that the standard is not realistic5.Force planning and corrective action: A good control system should forcemanagement to take corrective action. It should induce management to review their plans and modify their operation to achieve their operation to achieve organizational goals more promptly.6.Trends and status: A good control system should indicate the status of productionor sales for example, and also show actual daily and weekly production.1.5.DECISION MAKINGPreambleTaking decisions is a necessary part of everyday life. Whatever we do, we are deciding which of several alternatives we shall choose. Even crossing the street is a series of decisions, beginning first with the decision to do so and followed by decisions, which enable us to reach the other side. Every decision contains an element of uncertainty. We are never quite sure that what we expect to happen as a result of each decision will actually occur. Techniques have been developed which enable the manager to evaluate alternatives in a rational way, but they always depend upon an accurate assessment and evaluation of the facts before hand, and that is not easy to achieve.Decision In BusinessDecision making that management faces in business are sometimes simple and in some cases, complex and overwhelming. Decision to increase production in a particular industry could necessitate the employment of more labour, increase plantcapacity, acquisition of more equipment, borrowing of money and the mastering of new technological know-how. The decision could affect the entire economic climate resulting in full employment with its attendant consequences-increase in money in circulation and inflation. In business there are absolutely no right or wrong decisions but intelligent choices. What one considers a right in a particular time frame may turn out to be an unintelligent decision if the circumstance changes. This is particularly true in developing countries where most of the variables required for intelligent decision are lacking. In some industries, the total production is unknown, the consumption pattern is not clear, the total population is a guess work, supply of raw materials is influenced by political consideration and lead time for the supply of raw is most unpredictable. An entrepreneur may decide to import large quantities of raw materials because it is under license. The restriction could be lifted within a month after the importation, purely on political grounds without giving consideration to its consequences on the successful operation of the businessmen in the industry.Classification Of DecisionsDecision-making can be classified under 3 major groups as follows:1.Decision making under certainty;2.Decision making under risk;3.Decision making under uncertainty.Desisionmaking under CertaintyCertainty-It is assumed that there is a single-space complete and accurate knowledge of the consequences of each event. A decision made with full knowledge of the occurrence of an event is said to be decision under certainty. In this situation, the decision maker knows what the stated value of the pay-off is expected to be. If for instance, the value is N10 in making the decision one has to select the alternative that gives the expected pay-off of N10.Assuming that a service organization wishes to determine the cheapest way of handling its security services and finds out that: -(a)If it subcontracts security service, it would cost N7, 000 per annum;(b)If it handles its own security by hiring 4 security men, it wouldcost N10, 000 per annum;(c)If it installs burglary proof and other security measures it wouldcost N12, 000 per annum;In this situation, it is easy to select plan (a) since it entails the lowest cost. Thus, this decision has been made under complete knowledge of the situation and is quite straightforward. If all outcomes are known with certainty, there is no difficulty in deciding which one to pick.Decision making Under Uncertainty.In this situation, the consequences of each choice cannot be defined by a correspondence relationship even within a probabilistic framework. Decisions are made under complete ignorance of the situation. This requires an understanding of a …pay off‟ decision matrix。
自考00888《电子商务英语》2021年10月试卷
绝密★考试结束前全国2021年10月高等教育自学考试电子商务英语试题课程代码:00888 1.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂㊁写在答题纸上㊂ 2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂选择题部分注意事项: 每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑㊂如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号㊂不能答在试题卷上㊂一㊁单项选择题:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的,请将其选出㊂1. you work hard,you can undoubtedly pass this examination.A.WhatB.UnlessC.WhetherD.As long as2.He can’t finish the novel before Saturday.A.readB.readingC.to readD.being read3.Although e⁃commerce has its advantages,many problems would still to be solved.A.demandB.retainC.existD.requestanizing a whole department is his capability.A.beyondB.besideC.betweenD.without5.Legal input which can help to the rights and duties of business partners are addressed properly.A.suitB.sureC.establishD.ensure6.Social marketing has the trend of social network.A.failedB.leadC.pursuedD.followed7. are difficult to resolve because trademarks are national,not global.A.TaskB.MissionC.ConflictsD.Situation8.What does financial information include?A.Bank accounts.B.Credit card numbers.C.Passwords.D.all of the above9.I would rather early to catch the7∶00train tomorrow.A.will get upB.get upC.can get upD.got up10.The professor the people into lower,middle and upper class.A.talkedB.lookedC.classifiedD.described二㊁阅读理解:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂本部分有三篇短文,每篇短文后有若干问题,每个问题有四个选项,请选择一个最佳答案,将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑㊂错涂㊁多涂或未涂均无分㊂Passage1Alipay,or Zhifubao in Chinese,is a third⁃party mobile and online payment platform,which was established in Hangzhou,China in February2004by Alibaba Group and its founder Jack Ma. In2017,Alipay claimed it operated with more than65financial institutions including Visa and Master Card to provide payment services for Taobao and Tmall as well as more than460,000online and local Chinese businesses.QR code payment is used for local payments.Internationally,an increasing number of merchants worldwide are using Alipay to sell directly to consumers in China.It currently supports transactions in different major foreign currencies in the world.What makes Alipay so successful and popular?In addition to its convenience,security is also a core element.Alipay provides multiple security mechanisms to make sure that user’s accounts are safe.Firstly,an Alipay account requires the user to set up their own login passwords and separate payment passwords which need to be different.The user can enter the login password to five times and the payment passwords up to three times before the user is locked out of his or her account.To regain access to the account,the user must contact Alipay.Besides,a digital certificate is also installed to encrypt(加密)information sent over a network,which can prevent hackers from stealing passwords,and this can thereby enhance the security of online transactions.11.What can you infer from the second paragraph?A.Alipay is regarded as a fashion.B.Jack Ma founded Alipay.C.Alipay is popular both in China and overseas.D.Alipay is safe.12.Besides its convenience, is also a core element for Alipay.A.economyB.designC.environment protectionD.security13.The user can enter the login passwords to at most ;otherwise,the account will be locked.A.5timesB.4timesC.3timesD.6times.Passage2The problem of robocalls has got so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from members they don’t know.What’s worse,it is estimated that someday in the future,half of the calls we receive will have been scams(欺诈).People have realized the severity(严重性)of the problem,so they begin to support and develop all kinds of tools,Apps and approaches which can prevent scammers from getting through.Unfortunately,it’s too little and too late because by the time these solutions become widely available,scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.In the near future,it is not just the number you see on your screen will be in doubt.Soon you will even question whether the voice you hear is actually real or not.That’s because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理)and automation technologies widely used by people.At this year’s I/O Conference,a company showed a new voice technology which could produce such a convincing human⁃sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse.It is a headache of our times.A decade of data breaches(数据侵入)of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name and far more.With this knowledge, they can carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. Therefore,how to deal with this problem is still a long way to go.14.People now refuse to pick up calls from strangers because .A.they are too busyB.they use Wechat instead of cell phonesC.their phones are damagedD.they are afraid of receiving robocalls15.Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?A.The problem of robocalls has got so bad.B.Scammers can’t carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.C.People can use lots of powerful voice manipulation and automation technologies.D.People come to know the severity of robocall scams.16.What does a headache”mean in the third paragraph?A.a difficult problem.B.an interesting task.C.a terrible diseaseD.a perfect solution.17.What is this passage mainly about?A.Convincing human⁃sounding voice.B.Robocall scamming.C.Effective telephone calls.D.A new voice technology.Passage3Logistics is a unique global pipeline”that works24hours a day,seven days a week and52 weeks a year,planning and coordinating(调节㊁配合)the transport and delivery of products and services to customers.Logistics is anything but a newborn baby.However,when it comes to modern logistics,most experts in the business consider it one of the most challenging and exciting jobs. Modern logistics is related to the effective and efficient flow of materials and information that is important to customers and clients in various sectors of the economic society,which may include the following items:packaging,warehousing,material handling,inventory,transport,forecasting, strategic planning and customer service.Another definition of logistics from the point of management is given as follows:logistic is the part of the supply chain process that plans,implements(执行)and controls the efficient,effective flow and storage of goods,service and related information from the point of consumption to meet customer’s requirements.18.Logistics can plan and coordinate .A.the advertisement of products and services to customersB.the promotion of products and services to customersC.the transport and delivery of products and services to customersD.the production of goods19.Modern logistics may include the following items EXCEPT .A.packagingB.testingC.warehousingD.material handling20.What does the passage mainly about?A.A new approach to e⁃commerce.B.The history of logistics.C.The plan for logistics.D.A brief introduction of logistics.三㊁完形填空(一):选择最佳答案完成句子:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑㊂错涂㊁多涂或未涂均无分㊂ In many businesses,computers have largely replaced paperwork,because they are fast, flexible,and do not make mistakes.As one bank manager said, 21 humans,computers never have a bad day because computers are honest.”Many banks even claim(声称) 22 their transactions are untouched by human hands and therefore they are 23 from human temptation. They believe that computers have no reason 24 money.But,actually,the growing number of computer crimes 25 that computers can be used to steal in our daily life. Computer criminals don’t use guns.And even if 26 are caught,it is hard to punish them because there are no evidence(证据).A computer 27 does what it is told.For example,the head teller(出纳员)at a Salt Lake City bank once used a computer to steal more than one and a half million dollars 28 just four years,but no one found this theft because she moved the money from one account to another.When any customer whom she had robbed questioned the balance in his 29 ,the teller would told him that it was just because of a computer error,then replaced the 30 money from someone else’s account.21.A.like B.dislike C.unlike D.feel like22.A.what B.that C.where D.Why23.A.safe B.far C.distract D.hear24.A.stolen B.to steal C.stole D.stealing25.A.shows B.displays C.describes D.grasps26.A.they B.you C.it D.we27.A.proudly B.simply C.confusedly D.happily28.A.by B.from C.within D.on29.A.account B.text C.message D.report30.A.public B.promising C.private D.missing非选择题部分注意事项: 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂四㊁完形填空(二):在下列课文片段中按中文意思提示填入遗漏的词:本大题共5小题,每小题1分,共5分㊂ E⁃business is not 31 (仅仅)traditional business being conducted online. 32 (许多) of the benefits of e⁃business can be 33 (保障)only with a radical rethinking of the 34 (方式)in which the organization operates.Numerous variables,such as logistics and location,must be 35 (决定)when developing the optimum e⁃business structuring plan.五㊁根据给出的汉语词义和规定的词性写出相应的英语单词,该词的第一个字母已经给出,每条短线上写一个字母:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.处理v. h 37.预定;保留n.r 38.垃圾邮件n.s 39.保护v.p 40.货币n.c 41.促销的adj.p 42.安装;适合v.f 43.几乎不adv.h 44.平常的;平均的a.a 45.入口;网关;途径n.g 六㊁给出下列单词或术语的汉语意义:本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分㊂46.economic system47.a mature market48.a famous brand49.result in50.decrease51.policy enforcement52.discuss the contract53.on the other hand54.recover the information55.private e⁃mails56.assets in cyberspace57.salespeople58.play a role inmission60.create61.translate...into62.processor63.retain clients64.overcome difficulties65.eBay’s success七㊁根据句子的意思将括号中的词变成适当的形式:本大题共5小题,每小题1分,共5分㊂66.These are all the methods of (tradition)marketing application.67.The Internet (economic)has created many opportunities for the young people.68.There are more than100,000online (store)in this city.69. (install)a firewall can prohibit unauthorized sources from accessing all of this pertinent information.70.Social marketing has (follow)the trend of social networking.八㊁英译汉:阅读下面的短文,然后把画线的句子翻译成汉语:本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分㊂ (71) Daihuo”is the Chinese term for a new model of e⁃commerce which is also called e⁃commerce live streaming(电商直播).(72)On social media platforms,Internet influencers and ordinary people can sell anything to their followers,including clothes,food,beauty products and even rockets.In China,live streaming is already much more connected to e⁃commerce.First of all, (73)mobile payments are not just a payment tool but a way of life in China,which makes online purchase very easy because people can pay at any time and at any place during a live stream. Secondly,live streaming makes it possible for the buyers to communicate directly with the sellers online.(74)This is quite different from shopping from television or a traditional e⁃commerce website.For most customers who like live streaming,(75)they think that they’re seeing exactly what they’ll get.Finally,sales with heavy discount within a limited time during live⁃stream broadcasts also push buyers to make impulse purchases.九㊁汉译英:请把下面的汉语句子翻译成英语:本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分㊂76.不要低估关键词和高质量链接的价值㊂(underestimate)77.这是电子商务面临的最棘手的安全问题之一㊂(the most troublesome)78.在未来,电子商务公司会有更好的国际平台㊂(global platform)79.对购物者而言,这通常是最好的选择㊂(generally)80.我们将讨论商机的市场可行性㊂(feasibility)。
（完整版）罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要,中英文对照
（完整版）罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要,中英文对照罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要第一篇导论1章管理者和管理1、组织组织(organization)的定义：对完成特定使命的人们的系统性安排组织的层次：操作者(operatives)和管理者(基层、中层、高层)2、管理者和管理管理者(managers)的定义：指挥别人活动的人管理(management)的定义：同别人一起或者通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
管理追求效率(efficiency)和效果(effectiveness)管理职能(management functions)：计划(planning)、组织(organizing)、领导(leading)、控制(controlling)管理者角色(management roles)：人际关系角色(interpersonal roles)、信息角色(information roles)、决策角色(decision roles) 成功的管理者和有效的管理者并不等同，在活动时间上，有效的管理者花费了大量的时间用于沟通，而网络联系（社交等）占据了成功的管理者很大部分时间。
管理者在不同的组织中进行着不同的工作。
组织的国别、组织的类型、组织的规模以及管理者在组织中的不同层次决定了管理者的角色扮演、工作内容以及职能和作用。
2章管理的演进1、20世纪以前的管理：亚当·斯密的劳动分工理论(division of labor)产业革命(industrial revolution)2、多样化时期（20世纪）：科学管理(scientific management)：弗雷德里克·泰勒一般行政管理理论(general administrative theory)：亨利·法约尔(principles of management)、马克斯·韦伯(bureaucracy) 人力资源方法(human resources approach)：权威的接受观点(acceptance view of authority)，霍桑研究，人际关系运动(卡内基、马斯洛)，行为科学理论家(behavioral science theorists) 定量方法(quantitative approach)3、近年来的趋势（20世纪后期）：趋向一体化过程方法(process approach)系统方法(systems approach)：封闭系统和开放系统(closed systems)权变方法(contingency approach)：一般性的权变变量包括组织规模、任务技术的例常性、环境的不确定性、个人差异4、当前的趋势和问题（21世纪）：变化中的管理实践全球化(globalization)工作人员多样化(work force diversity)道德(morality)激励创新(innovations)和变革(changes)全面质量管理(total quality management, TQM)：由顾客需要和期望驱动的管理哲学授权(delegation)工作人员的两极化(bi-modal work force)3章组织文化与环境：管理的约束力量1、组织组织文化(organizational culture)被用来指共有的价值体系。
【商务】商务英语专业四级考试术语解释
【关键字】商务商务英语专业四级考试术语解释1. global company : 跨国公司--a company that integrates its international biz activities-- A multinational corporation or multinational enterprise is an organization, that owned or controls productions of goods or services in one or more countries other than the home country. （维基百科）2. joint venture : 合资企业--a partnership that is formed by two or more parties cooperating in some special biz activities. -- a business or project in which two or more companies or individuals have invested, with the intention of working together. （柯林斯词典）3. merger & acquisition : 并购--combining of two or more entities through the direct acquisition by the net assets of the other. -- transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations or their operating units are transferred or combined.4. distribution channel: 分销渠道；销售渠道--all the organizations and people involved in the physical movement of goods and services from producer to consumer.5. listed company : 上市公司--a company whose shares have been quoted by the Stock Exchange.-- A public company, publicly traded company, publicly held company, publicly listed company, or public corporation is a corporation whose ownership is dispersed among the general public in many shares of stock which are freely traded on a stock exchange or in over the counter markets 场外交易市场. （维基百科）6. Industrial complex : 工业生产基地--a manufacturing area that consists of many different factories turning out different products.7. brand recognition : 品牌认知（度）；品牌识别--a product or products that has or have been recognized and appreciated by local consumers.8. specialty shop : 专卖店--an outlet that deals in or sells a particular line of products.9. household name 家喻户晓的名字-- a brand, person, company, etc. that is known to all or very popular in a place.10. loss-maker : 亏损企业--a biz that continually makes no profit.11. home country : 祖国，母国--the country on which a multinational corporation’s HQs is based.12. quota : 配额，定额，限额--a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a country impose.13. market economy : 市场经济--an economy in which the market is used to determine resource allocation, prices, and investments.14. new economy : 新经济--a different form of economy that is mainly supported by IT sector and characterized by knowledge-based economy instead of manufacturing.-- an economic system that is based on computers and modern technology, and is therefore dependent on educated workers. （朗文词典）15. labor force : 休息力--all of the people in a country or in a region that are employed or are likely to be employed in the future.16. bubble economy :--an economy that primarily depends on banking, financial market and other transient短暂的operation.17.venture capital : 风险资本--funds that are invested in new plants or hi-tech startups open to large risk of loss. --Venture capital is capital that is invested in projects that have a high risk of failure, but that will bring large profits if they are successful.（柯林斯词典）18. biz cycle : 商业周期--A period of time that a biz goes through consists of four stages---boom繁荣, recession衰退, depression萧条, recovery复苏.19. stock market : 股票交易；证券市场，股票市场--a stock exchange that deals in stocks and shares.-- the business of buying and selling stocks and shares.-- a place where stocks and shares are bought and sold. （朗文词典）20. product life cycle : 产品生命周期--a theory stating that certain kinds of products go through a cycle consisting of four stages, namely, introduction投入期, growth成长期, maturity 饱和期and decline衰退期.21. Seed money=seed capital启动资金--the initial equity capital 股本used to start a new venture or biz.--the money you have available to start a new business. （朗文词典）22. liquidity 流动资产--available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand.-- In finance, a company's liquidity is the amount of cash or liquid assets it has easily available. 资产折现力23. exchange rate 汇率--the amount of one currency that can be bought with another.--the value of the money of one country compared to the money of another country。
国际商务专业词汇(中英文对照)
1.全球化世界贸易组织:(World Trade Organization)国际货币基金组织:(International Monetary Fund)《关税及贸易总协定》:(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)世界银行:(World Bank)国际贸易:(international trade)对外直接投资:(foreign direct investment)对外直接投资存量:(stock of foreign direct investment)外国企业:(multinational enterprise)国际企业:(international business)2.政治经济中的国家差异政治经济:(political economy)政治体制:(political system)集体主义:(collectivism)社会主义者:(socialists)共产主义者:(communists)社会民主主义者:(social democrats)私有化:(privatization)个人主义:(individualism)民主:(democracy)极权:(totalitarianism)市场经济:(maeket economy)计划经济:(command economy)法律体系:(legal system)普通法:(common law)大陆法:(civil law system)宗教法:(theocratic law system)合同法:(contract law)财产权:(property rights)私下行为:(private action)公共行为:(public action)《反海外腐败法》:(Foreign Corrupt Practices Act)知识产权:(intellectual property)专利:(patent)版权:(copyrights)商标:(trademarks)产品安全法:(product safety laws)产品责任:(product liability)3.政治经济和经济发展人均国民收入:(gross national income)购买力平价:(purchasing power parity)人文发展指数:(Human Development Index)创新:(innovation)创业者:(entrepreneurs)放松管制:(deregulation)第一进入者优势:(first-mover advantages)后进者优势:(late-mover disadvantages)政治风险:(political risk)经济风险:(economic risk)4.文化差异跨文化知识能力:(cross-cultural literacy)价值观:(values)准则:(norms)社会:(society)社会习惯:(folkways)道德准则:(ethics)社会结构:(social structure)群体:(group)社会阶层:(social strata)社会流动性:(social mobility)等级制度:(caste system)阶级制度:(class system)阶级意识:(class consciousness)宗教:(religion)伦理体系:(ethical systems)关系:(relationship)联系:(connection)权利距离:(power distance)个人主义:(individualism versus)集体主义:(collectivism)不确定性规避:(uncertainty avoidance)男性主义和女性主义:(masculinity versus femininity)儒家动力:(confucian dynamism)种族中心主义:(ethnocentrism)5.国际商务伦理商业伦理:(business ethics)伦理策略:(ethics strategy)社会责任:(socisl responsibility)伦理困境:(ethical dilemmas)组织文化:(organizayion cultural)文化相对论:(cultural relativism)道德论者:(righteous moralist)非道德论者:(native immoralist)实用主义伦理:(utilitarian approaches)权利理论:(rights theories)公正分配:(just distribution)无知之幕:(veil of ignorance)道德公约:(code of ethics)利益相关者:(stakeholders)6.国际贸易理论自由贸易:(free trade)新贸易理论:(nwe trade theory)重商主义:(mercantilism)零和博弈:(zero-sum game)绝对优势:(absolute advantage)规模报酬率:(constant returns to specialization)要素禀赋:(factor endowments)规模经济:(economies of scale)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常账户:(current account)经常账户赤字盈余:(current account deficit surplus)资本账户:(capital account)金融账户:(financial account)7.国际贸易中的政治经济自由贸易:(free trade)关税:(tariff)从量税:(specific tariffs)从价税:(ad valorem tariffs)补贴:(subsidy)进口配额:(import quota)关税配额:(tariff rate quota)自愿出口限制:(voluntary export restraint)配额租金:(quota rent)国产化规定:(local content requirement)行政管理贸易政策:(administrative trade policies)倾销:(dumping)反倾销政策:(antidumping policies)抵消性关税:(counter vailing duties)幼稚工业论:(infant industry argument)战略贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)8.国际直接投资新设投资:(greenfield invsetment)流量:(flow of FDI)存量:(stock of FDI)对外直接投资:(outflows of FDI)外来直接投资:(inflows of FDI)固定资本形成总额:(gross fixed capital formation)折中理论:(eclectic paradigm)出口:(exporting)技术授权:(licensing)内部化理论:(internalization theory)不完善理论:(market imperfections approach)寡头垄断行业:(oligopoly)多点竞争:(multipoint competition)区位优势:(location-specific advantages)外部性:(externalities)国际收支账户:(balance-of-payments accounts)经常项目:(current account)离岸生产:(offshore production)9.区域经济一体化区域经济一体化:(regional economic integration)自由贸易区:(free trade area)关税同盟:(customs union)共同市场:(common market)经济联盟:(economic union)政治联盟:(political union)贸易创造:(trade creation)贸易转移:(trade diversion)执行董事会:(executive board)监管董事会:(governing council)最优货币区:(optional currency area)10.外汇市场外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)汇率:(exchange rate)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)外汇投机:(currency speculation)套息交易:(carry trade)即期汇率:(spot exchange rate)远期外汇:(forward exchange)远期汇率:(forward exchange rate)掉期:(currency swap)套汇:(arbitrage)载体货币:(vehicle currency)一价定律:(law of one price)效率市场:(efficient market)应用材料:(applied materials)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)跟风效应:(bandwagon effect)效率市场:(efficient market)无效市场:(inefficient market)自由兑换:(freely convertible)对外可兑换:(externally convertible)不可兑换:(nonconvertible)资本外逃:(capital flight)对等贸易:(counter trade)交易风险:(transaction exposure)折算风险:(translation exposure)经济风险:(economic exposure)提前策略:(lead strategy)错后策略:(lag strategy)11.国际货币体系国际货币体系:(international monetary system)浮动汇率:(floating exchange rate)盯住汇率:(pegged exchange rate)管理浮动:(dirty float)固定汇率:(fixed exchange rate)金本位制度:(gold standard)黄金平价:(gold par value)贸易收支平衡:(balance-of-trade equilibrium)管理浮动制度:(managed-float system)货币局制度:(currency board)货币危机:(currency crisis)银行危机:(banking crisis)外债危机:(foreign debt crisis)裙带资本主义:(crony capitalism)道德风险:(moral hazard)12.全球资本市场共享方差:(shared variance)对冲基金:(hedge funds)游资:(hot money)耐心货币:(patient money)外国债券:(foreign bonds)13.国际企业的战略战略:(strategy)盈利能力:(profitability)投资资本收益率:(ROIC)利润增长:(profit growth)价值创造:(value creation)运营:(operations)核心竞争力:(core competence)区位经济:(location economies)全球网络:(global web)经验曲线:(experience curve)学习效应:(learning effects)规模经济:(economies of scale)普遍需要:(universal needs)全球标准化战略:(global standardization strategy)本土化战略:(localization strategy)跨国战略:(transnational strategy)国际战略:(international strategy)14.国际企业的组织组织构架:(organizational architecture)组织结构:(organizational structure)控制系统:(control systems)奖励:(incentives)流程:(processes)组织文化:(organizational culture)垂直差异化:(vertical differentiation)水平差异化:(horizontal differentiation)建立整合机构:(integrating mechanisms)国际分部:(intermational division)世界范围的地区结构:(worldwide area structure)世界范围的产品分部:(worldwide product division structure)全球矩阵结构:(global matrix structure)知识网络:(knowledge network)个人控制:(personal control)行政组织结构:(bureaucratic control)产出控制:(output control)文化控制:(cultural control)绩效模糊:(performance ambiguity)15.进入战略和战略联盟战略联盟:(strategic alliance)私营部门债务:(private-sector debt)进入时机:(timing of entry)先入者优势:(first-mover advantages)开拓成本:(pioneering costs)交钥匙工程:(turnkey project)技术授权协议:(licensing agreement)技术授权协议:(cross-licensing agreement)特许经营:(franchising)合资企业:(joint venture)全资子公司:(wholly owned subsidiary)16.出口、进口和对等贸易出口管理公司:(export management company)信用证:(letter of credit)汇票:(draft)即期汇票:(sight draft)远期汇票:(time draft)提单:(bill of lading)进出口银行:(Export-Import-Bank)对等贸易:(counter trade)易货贸易:(barter)互购:(counter purchase)抵销:(offset)转手贸易:(switch trading)回购:(buy back)从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)委托代销:(consignment)禁运:(embargo)全球配额:(global quota)无形贸易壁垒:(invisible barriers to trade)信用证:(letter of credit)重商主义:(mercantilism)201条款:(section 201)17.全球生产、外包与物流生产:(production)物流:(cogistics)全面质量管理:(total quality management)六西格玛:(six sigma)最小效率规模:(minimum efficient scale)柔性制造技术:(flexible manufacturing technology)精益生产:(lean production)大规模定制:(mass customization)柔性机器单元:(flexible machine cells)价值重量:(value-to-weight)全球学习:(global learning)来源决策:(make-or-buy decisions)专业化资产:(specialized asset)动态能力:(dynamic capabilities)即时存货:(just-in-time)电子数据交换:(electronic data inferchange) 18.全球营销与开发营销组合:(marketing)市场细分:(market segmentation)集中零售体系:(concentrated retail system)分散零售体系:(fragmented retail system)渠道长度:(channel length)独占性的分销渠道:(exclusive distribution channel)渠道质量:(channel quality)源效应:(source effects)原产国效应:(country of orign effects)噪声:(noisy)推策略:(push strategy)拉策略:(pull strategy)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)富有弹性:(elastic)缺乏弹性:(inelastic)策略性定价:(strategic pricing)掠夺性定价:(predatory pricing)多点定价:(multipoint pricing)经验曲线定价:(experience curve pricing) 19.全球人力资源管理人力资源管理:(human resource management)外派经理:(expatriate manager)人员配备政策:(staffing policy)企业文化:(corporate culture)外派人员:(expatriates)内派人员:(inpatriates)外派失败:(expatriate failure)自我倾向:(self-orientation)他人倾向:(others-orientation)感知能力:(perceptual ability)文化刚性:(cultural thoughness)20.国际企业会计和财务会计准则:(accounting standards)审计准则:(auditing standards)内部远期汇率:(internal forward rate)货币管理:(money management)交易成本:(transaction costs)双边净额:(bilateral netting)多边净额:(multilateral)税收抵免:(tax credit)税收条款:(tax treaty)延期准则:(deferral principle)避税港:(tax havens)特许权使用费:(royalties)转移价格:(transfer price)弗罗廷贷款:(fronting loan)。
英语六级听力真题长对话
英语六级听力真题长对话英语六级听力真题（长对话）（通用8篇）随着时间的推移，一年一度的六级考试马上就要到来了。
听力一直是六级考试的难点。
下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于英语六级听力真题(长对话)，供大家参考。
英语六级听力真题长对话篇1Conversation OneM: So how long have you been a Market Research Consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it's more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you're interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects.M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs?W: It's basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers' habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the sametime to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don't like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q1: What position does the woman hold in the company?Q2: What does the woman specialize in at the moment?Q3: What does the woman say about trackers?Q4: What does the woman dislike about her job?Conversation TwoW: Hello, I'm here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went to university in Canada?M: Yeah, that's right.W: OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don't have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it's a government operatedinstitution, things don't move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he's a worker for the government. So I don't think it's very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don't have to pay for your education. But the system isn't efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don't act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they're that much more motivated to help people. Also, we have a problem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it's kind of a problem actually.M: I agree with you. I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s no t easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It's the exact opposite in the United States.M: So, as you see, it's very hard to say which one is better.W: Right, a good point.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q5: What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?Q6: What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?Q7: On what point do the speakers agree?Q8: What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?英语六级听力真题长对话篇2Lecture 1The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive powers of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two-million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. "Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference. Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they may not be disasters."Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them."Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it is pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’tbuild where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans. ”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.It says tropical cyclones formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500.Q16. What is the talk mainly about?Q17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into events?Q18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?Lecture 2As U.S. banks recovered with the help of American government and the American taxpayers, president Obama held meetings with top bank execut ives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. “The way I see it are banks now having a greater obligation to the goal of a wide recovery,” he said. But the president may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.” Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse ofthe housing bubble exposed in investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is just over, Bailey says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 US banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial real estate loans come due."So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small and medium sized businesses in the next year or so."Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But US Bankcorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently."We're probably more optimistic than the experts might be.With that in mind, we're putting everything we can, lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk."While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes - twice. "You know, forecasting's become a very hazardous business so I don't want to commit myself too much. I don't think we know exactly what's going to happen but it's certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus -- something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Q19. What dose president Obama hope the banks will do?Q20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?Q21. What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?Q22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?英语六级听力真题长对话篇3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
3. Surveys
Common Survey Problems
New Products have no • Sample bias--
historical data -- Surveys
» telephone, magazine
can assess interest in new
• Models differ in accuracy, which is often based on the square root of the average squared forecast error over a series of N forecasts and actual figures
The choice of a particular forecasting method depends on several criteria:
• costs of the forecasting method compared with
its gains
• complexity of the relationships among variables • time period involved • accuracy needed in forecast • the lead time between receiving information and
LAGGING INDICATORS
*Handbook of Cyclical Indicators, 1984
» Prime rate (+12.2)
» Duration of unemployment (+4.4)
Questions
Why are contracts and orders for plant and equipment appropriate leading indicators?
Time given in months from change
LEADING INDICATORS*
» M2 money supply (-10.9) » S&P 500 stock prices (-6.9) » New housing permits(-10.1) » Initial unemployment
» Price Rises » Quantity Rises
supply
B
A
D2
D1
quantity
2. Expert Opinion
The average forecast from several experts is a Consensus Forecast.
»Mean »Median »Mode »Truncated Mean »Proportion positive or negative
Quantitative Forecasting 2.7654 %
Gives the precise Amount
2002 South-Western Publishing
Slide 1
Why Forecast Demand?
• Both public and private enterprises operate under conditions of uncertainty.
Why is the index of industrial production an appropriate coincident indicator?
Why is the prime rate an appropriate lagging indicator?
Examples of Indicators
» can’t easily test the accuracy in prior periods.
Slide 6
Quantitative Forecasting and the Use of Models
Advantages
Limitations
Organize relationships
Behavioral relationships
PEAK
Motor Control Sales
Index of Capital Goods
TIME 4 Months
Example: Index of Capital Goods is a “leading indicator” There are also lagging indicators and coincident indicators
the decision to be made
Significance of Forecasting
• The accuracy of a forecasting model is measured
by how close the actual variable, Y, ends up to the forecasting variable, Y^. • Forecast error is the difference. (Y - Y^)
Chicago Daily News Sportswriters
Ranking of NFL predictions of 16 forecasters Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Carmichael
1
8
16
Biondo
7
1
6
Duck
8
10
1
Concensus
1(tie) 2
2
The consensus predicted better over time than any 1 writer.
• The selection of forecasting techniques depends in part on the level of economic aggregation involved. The hierarchy of forecasting is:
• National Economy (GDP, interest rates,
Reserve
“Economic forecasting is really the art of identifying tensions or imbalances in the economic process and understanding in what manner they will be resolved.” -A. Greenspan
Business and Economic Forecasting
Chapter 5
Demand Forecasting is a critical managerial activity which comes in two forms:
Qualitative Forecasting
Gives the Expected Direction
Tests of reliability
Economy changes
Data mining of same information
Only a crude approximation
Slide 7
Alan Greenspan -Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal
inflation, etc.)
»sectors of the economy (durable goods)
industry forecasts (automobile
manufacturers) >firm forecasts ( Ford Motor Company )
Forecasting Criteria
• A fபைடு நூலகம்recast is a prediction concerning the future. Good forecasting will reduce, but not eliminate, the uncertainty that all managers feel.
Slide 2
Hierarchy of Forecasting
• Management wishes to limit this uncertainty by predicting changes in cost, price, sales, and interest rates.
• Accurate forecasting can help develop strategies to promote profitable trends and to avoid unprofitable ones.
• Early Signals --
» can catch changes and anomalies in data
LIMITATIONS
• Complex --
» hard to keep track of interactions in the primary variables
• Lack of Tests for Accuracy --
Slide 10
EXAMPLES: • IBES and Zacks Investment -- earnings
forecasts of stock analysts
• Conference Board -- macroeconomic predictions
• Livingston Surveys--macroeconomic forecasts of 50-60 economists
Composite Example: One indicator