学术论文英文翻译 [科技学术论文英文翻译参考]
科技英语翻译文稿[五篇范例]
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科技英语翻译文稿[五篇范例]第一篇:科技英语翻译文稿Wireless Network Accurately and Inexpensively MonitorsPatients' Breathing无线网络事实上是廉价地监控着病人的呼吸状况。
A couple years ago we saw wireless technology that would allow us to see through walls.Now,几年以前我们就可以看到无线网络可以让我们看到“墙外的东西”。
现在,来自犹他州州立thesame team of researchers, from the University of Utah, is putting that motion detection大学的同一个技术团队正在把移动式检测技术technology to work monitoring breathing patterns.So not only can the network see through your 运用到检测病人的呼吸状况上因此通过网络不仅可以远程观察病人的现状,它甚至可以听到bedroom wall, it can hear you breathing.Less sinisterly, the system could help doctors keep你的呼吸。
这个系统可以帮助医生更好的监控患者睡眠时的呼吸暂停事件,急救病人或婴儿 better track of patients with sleepapnea, surgery patients or babies at risk for sudden infant 的发生突然猝死危险性就变得更低了。
death syndrome.Team leader Neal Patwari demonstrated the system by lying in a hospital bed surrounded by这个团队的带头人尼尔帕特维尔躺在一家医院的病床上,周围布置了20个工作频率为2.4G 20 wireless transceivers operating at a frequency of 2.4 gigahertz.He timed his breathing to be赫兹的无线电收发器以演示这个监控系统的工作状况。
科技英文作文模板带翻译

科技英文作文模板带翻译Title: The Impact of Technology on Modern Society。
In today's rapidly evolving world, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives. From the way we communicate and work to the way we entertain ourselves, technology has revolutionized the way we live. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which technology has impacted modern society, both positively and negatively.First and foremost, technology has greatly improved communication. With the advent of the internet and social media, people can now connect with others from all around the world instantly. This has led to a more interconnected global community and has made it easier for people to stay in touch with friends and family, no matter where they are. Additionally, technology has also revolutionized the way we work. With the rise of remote work and digital collaboration tools, people can now work from anywhere and collaborate with colleagues in different time zones. This has not only increased productivity but has also provided more flexibility for workers.Furthermore, technology has had a significant impact on the way we access and consume information. With the rise of smartphones and the internet, people now have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. This has led to a more informed and educated society, as people can easily research and learn about any topic they are interested in. However, this easy access to information has also led to the spread of misinformation and fake news, which has become a major concern in today's society.In addition to communication and information, technology has also transformed the way we entertain ourselves. From streaming services to virtual reality, technology has provided us with new and innovative ways to enjoy music, movies, and games. This has led to a more personalized and immersive entertainment experience for consumers. However, the rise of technology has also led to concerns about screen time and its impact on mental health, especially among young people.Moreover, technology has had a profound impact on various industries, such as healthcare, transportation, and finance. In healthcare, technology has led to significant advancements in medical treatments, diagnostic tools, and patient care. In transportation, technology has led to the development of electric and autonomous vehicles, which have the potential to revolutionize the way we travel. In finance, technology has led to the rise of digital banking and cryptocurrencies, which have changed the way we manage and exchange money.Despite the numerous benefits of technology, there are also several drawbacks that come with its widespread use. One of the major concerns is the impact of technology on job displacement. With the rise of automation and artificial intelligence, many jobs are at risk of being replaced by machines. This has led to concerns about unemployment and income inequality. Additionally, the overreliance on technology has also raised concerns about privacy and security. With the amount of personal data being collected and stored online, there is a growing concern about data breaches and cyber-attacks.In conclusion, technology has undoubtedly transformed modern society in numerous ways. From communication and information to entertainment and industry, technology has revolutionized the way we live and work. However, it is important to be mindful of the potential drawbacks of technology and to address the challenges it presents. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit society while minimizing its negative impact.。
英文文献 科技类 原文及译文33

Multi-texture-model for Water Extraction Based on Remote Sensing ImageHua WANG, Li PAN, Hong ZHENGSchool of Remote Sensing and Information & Engineering, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu Road,Wuhan 430079,P.R.ChinaSchool of Electronic Information, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079,P.R.ChinaAbstract:In this paper, a multi-texture-model for water extraction based on remote sensing imagery is proposed. The model is applied to extract inland water (including wide river, lake and reservoir)from high-resolution panchromatic images. Firstly directional variance is used to find river regions, and then grain table is adopted to avoid noise including objects that have similar directional variance characteristic as water surfaces. The experiment result shows that the proposed method provides an effective way for water extraction.1. IntroductionThe recognition of water from remote sensing image has drawn considerable attention in recent yeas. A large number of publications about water extraction appeared and various approaches for water extraction have been proposed. Zhou developed a descriptive model for automatic extraction of water based on spectral characteristics[1]. Barton applied channel 4 for NOAA/AVHRR to extract water[2]. Du proposed a approach for water extraction from SPOT-5 based on decision tree algorithm[3]. Li recognized and monitored clear water from MODIS[4]. Wu extracted water from Quick Bird image and used active contour model to obtain accurate position of river bank[5]; In order to extract water from high-spatial remote sensing images, He used wavelet technique to expend the information and cleaned main noise of the images, and then presented multi-window linearity reserve technique to conserve linear water[6].Recently, most research work on water extraction was forced on automatic recognition of water from remote sensing images based on spectral characteristics. However, there are some disadvantages of these methods: (1) The resolution of image used for water extraction is low. The minimum size of recognizable object is depended on the spatial resolution of sensor. Therefore it is difficult to obtain accurate position of water boundary. (2) Due to the characteristic of water itself and the sensor applied, in certain channels the spectral features of different objects are equilibrated. The equilibration leads to the phenomena of “different objects same image” or“different images same object”, which results in noise objects included in extraction result.In this paper, a multi-texture-model for water extraction based on remote sensing is proposed. The model is applied to extract inland water (including wide river, lake and reservoir) fromhigh-resolution panchromatic image. Firstly directional variance is applied to find river regions, and then grain table is adopted to avoid noise including objects that have similar directional variance characteristic as water surfaces. The experiment result shows that the proposed method provides an effective way for water extraction.This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the directional variance model adopted is introduced. Then, fusion of proposed grain table model with directional variance model is discussed in Section 3.The experimental results of the proposed multi-texture-model and comparative studies with single models are given in Section 4. We conclude this paper in Section 5.2. Directional Variance ModelThe aim of our research is to extract water larger than 100m2from panchromatic images. As shown in Figure 2(a), the research objects can be divided into three classes: wide river, lake and reservoir, which all represent as region in high-resolution imageries. The objects of background can be divided into two classes: building and cropland, which also represent as region.In panchromatic imagery, wide river has a similar gray level to building and cropland, though the mean grayof lake and reservoir is much lower than the background objects. Conventional methods for water extraction based on spectral characteristics are not effective in the situation. In the meantime, water body defines homogeneous areas whereas building and cropland correspond to heterogeneous regions. Therefore, we take into account the homogeneity of the image to separate wide river, lake and reservoir from background instead. To characterize the difference of homogeneity between water body and the other types of areas, we use a textual operator: the directional variance.2.1. The Directional Variance OperatorThe operator is derived from those defined by Guerin & Maitre and Airault & Jamet[10]. As shown in Figure1, the directional variance consists in computing, for each pixel M of the image, the variance of the gray levels of the image on several direction of a circle whose center is M and radius is R. Then, the direction with the highest variance value is kept. Its direction defines the direction for which image is the most heterogeneous, locally. Its variance value is the directional variance value of the pixel M.2.2. Extraction of water based on directional varianceAccording to the definition of the operator, the minimum acreage of recognizable water body is depended on the length of radius R. We have chosen a length of 10 pixels for 1m resolution. The directional variances of the five typical training samples (wide river, lake, reservoir, building and cropland) have been computed and the statistical comparison is summarized in Table1. The overall average of water directional variance is lower than the objects of background.Nevertheless, the directional variance of cropland is similar to wide river with overlapping potion over 90%.Inhigh-resolution panchromatic imagery, details inside wide river, such as boat, wave, etc, are represented clearly which result in the heterogeneous of water. In the meantime, the textures of parts of building (for example, roof ) and cropland are rather fine. In a small window, these potions define homogeneous areas with similar directional variance as wide river. The result is improved if we chosen a length of 100 pixels. The statistical comparison is shown in Table2. If the length of radius is large enough, directional variance of building is higher than other objects obviously with no overlapping portion; the difference between cropland and wide river is increased while the overlapping potion is decreased. However, increasing the radius leads to two problems which are outlined as follow:1) The size of recognizable water body increases;therefore water which has small acreage (for example narrow river) can not be detected.2) The position of water bank is not accurate although the spatial resolution of imagery is rather high.Hence, in this paper, a multi-texture-model is presented and two texture models are fused to extract water from panchromatic images. Firstly, we chose a radius of 10 pixels to extract water based on directional variance; and then, grain table is adopted to avoid noise including parts of building and cropland that have similar directional variance characteristic as water surface.3. Multi-texture-modelIn high-resolution imagery, cropland and building represents structural characteristic. According to this characteristic, grain analysis is adopted for further research on the original extraction based on directional variance. The grain table histogram is able to represent structural characteristic of the research object, which can be applied to recognize many kinds of different objects [12].3.1. Extraction of water fused by grain tableThe grain table histograms of the five typical training samples (wide river, lake, reservoir, building and cropland) are computed and correlation coefficients between them are summarized in Table3. Correlation coefficients between water classes are over 85%, however, correlation coefficients between water classes and background classes are lower than 65%.Hence, we compare the correlation coefficients of regions in extraction image base on directional variance with three water samples and two background samples respectively. If the region has a higher correlation coefficient with background classes, it will be marked background and wiped off[13].4.Experimental ResultsWe run the algorithm on several high-resolution panchromatic images. In Figure2.(a), we have been considering an aerial photograph(6126×4800) of a region in Wuhan, China, the resolution of which is 1m,including building, cropland, wide river( Changjiang river), lake, reservoir and cropland. The results of extraction based on directional variance with radius of 10 pixels is displayed in Figure2.(b), and clearly, water has been detected completely, whereas parts of building and cropland are included as noise objects in the result. Water extraction using directional variance with radius of 100 pixels is displayed in Figure2.(c)with correctness over 95%, however, small lakes are missed and the position of bank is not as accurate as Figure2.(b). Finally, in Figure2.(d), the result of Figure2.(b) is fused by grain table analysis, so that the correctness and completeness of extraction are both over 90%.5. ConclusionsBased on textural analysis of water in high-resolution panchromatic imagery, a multi-texture-model is presented for water extraction.The experimental results proved that the approach is efficient for inland water (including wide river, lake and reservoir) extraction. As the complexity and diversity of water, the rate of recognition of our algorithm fluctuates. Furthermore, the method is supervised which needs a lot of human interference to obtain training samples. Therefore, there are problems to be solved in future:1) Our further work should be extensible to multispectral remote sensing images.2) To decrease human interference, old vector will be applied to obtain training samples instead. 6. AcknowledgmentsThe work was supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China under grant No.2006BAB10B01.根据遥感图象的多纹理模型相关的水抽取Hua WANG, Li PAN, Hong ZHENGSchool of Remote Sensing and Information & Engineering, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu Road,Wuhan 430079,P.R.ChinaSchool of Electronic Information, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079,P.R.China文摘:在本文中,提议了一个多纹理模型为根据遥感成像的水提取。
科技文献中英文对照翻译

Sensing Human Activity:GPS Tracking感应人类活动:GPS跟踪Stefan van der Spek1,*,Jeroen van Schaick1,Peter de Bois1,2and Remco de Haan1Abstract:The enhancement of GPS technology enables the use of GPS devices not only as navigation and orientation tools,but also as instruments used to capture travelled routes:assensors that measure activity on a city scale or the regional scale.TU Delft developed aprocess and database architecture for collecting data on pedestrian movement in threeEuropean city centres,Norwich,Rouen and Koblenz,and in another experiment forcollecting activity data of13families in Almere(The Netherlands)for one week.Thequestion posed in this paper is:what is the value of GPS as‘sensor technology’measuringactivities of people?The conclusion is that GPS offers a widely useable instrument tocollect invaluable spatial-temporal data on different scales and in different settings addingnew layers of knowledge to urban studies,but the use of GPS-technology and deploymentof GPS-devices still offers significant challenges for future research.摘要:增强GPS技术支持使用GPS设备不仅作为导航和定位工具,但也为仪器用来捕捉旅行路线:作为传感器,测量活动在一个城市或区域范围内规模。
关于科技学术的英语作文

关于科技学术的英语作文Technology has become an integral part of the modern academic landscape. From the way we access and consume information to the tools we use to conduct research and collaborate, the influence of technology is undeniable. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which technology has transformed the academic realm, its benefits, and the challenges it presents.One of the most significant impacts of technology on academics is the way it has revolutionized the dissemination and accessibility of information. In the past, academic resources were often confined to physical libraries and limited to those who had direct access to them. Today, the internet has opened up a vast trove of knowledge, allowing students and researchers to access a wealth of information with just a few clicks. Online databases, digital libraries, and scholarly journals have made it easier than ever to conduct in-depth research and stay up-to-date with the latest developments in various fields.Furthermore, the rise of online learning platforms and distance education programs has democratized access to higher education.Students who may have been geographically or financially constrained can now enroll in courses and programs offered by prestigious institutions around the world. This has not only expanded educational opportunities but has also fostered a more diverse and inclusive academic community.The integration of technology in the classroom has also revolutionized the learning experience. Interactive whiteboards, multimedia presentations, and virtual simulations have made learning more engaging and immersive. Students can now actively participate in the learning process, rather than passively absorbing information. This has led to increased retention, better understanding of complex topics, and the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.Moreover, technology has enabled new modes of collaboration and communication among academics. Platforms like video conferencing, online collaboration tools, and cloud-based storage have made it easier for researchers and scholars to work together, regardless of their physical location. This has facilitated the exchange of ideas, the sharing of resources, and the acceleration of knowledge production.However, the integration of technology in academics is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns is the issue of digital equity and access. While technology has the potential todemocratize education, it also has the risk of exacerbating existing disparities. Students from low-income backgrounds or underserved communities may not have the same level of access to technology, resulting in a digital divide that can hinder their educational opportunities.Another challenge is the need for digital literacy and the development of critical digital skills. As technology becomes increasingly central to academic work, students and researchers must be equipped with the necessary skills to navigate the digital landscape effectively. This includes the ability to evaluate the reliability and credibility of online sources, to manage digital information, and to use technology-based tools and platforms responsibly and ethically.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological change can also pose challenges for academics. Keeping up with the latest advancements, integrating new technologies into teaching and research, and adapting to changing digital environments can be a constant struggle. This requires ongoing professional development, training, and a willingness to embrace lifelong learning.Additionally, the integration of technology in academics has raised concerns about data privacy, security, and the ethical use of technology. Academics must navigate the complex landscape of datamanagement, ensuring the protection of sensitive information and the responsible use of technology-based tools and platforms.Despite these challenges, the benefits of technology in academics are undeniable. By embracing and effectively integrating technology, academic institutions can enhance the learning experience, foster collaborative research, and drive innovation in their respective fields. As we move forward, it is crucial that we address the challenges and work towards a future where technology is leveraged to its full potential in service of academic excellence and the advancement of knowledge.In conclusion, the impact of technology on academics is profound and multifaceted. From the democratization of information to the transformation of the learning experience, technology has reshaped the academic landscape. While there are challenges to be addressed, the opportunities presented by technology are immense. By navigating these changes with foresight, adaptability, and a commitment to digital equity and ethical practices, the academic community can harness the power of technology to drive progress, foster collaboration, and expand the boundaries of human knowledge.。
科技文献翻译

科技文献翻译Technology has transformed every aspect of our lives, from the way we communicate and work to how we shop and entertain ourselves. With the rapid advancement of technology, there is a growing demand for accurate translations of technology-related literature. This article aims to provide a translation of a technology paper consisting of 700 words.The paper titled "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Autonomous Vehicles" explores the impact of AI in self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to revolutionize transportation. This paper discusses how AI technologies, such as deep learning and machine vision, have contributed to the development of autonomous vehicles.一项名为“人工智能在自动驾驶汽车中的角色”的研究探讨了AI在无人驾驶汽车中的影响。
在过去几年中,由于其改变出行方式的潜力,自动驾驶汽车引起了广泛关注。
科学技术议论文英语作文

科学技术议论文英语作文Science and technology have revolutionized our lives in countless ways. From the invention of the wheel to the development of artificial intelligence, each new scientific breakthrough brings with it the promise of progress and innovation. However, it is important to recognize that not all advancements in science and technology are beneficial. There are both positive and negative aspects to consider.One positive aspect of science and technology is the improvement in healthcare. Medical advancements have led to the development of life-saving drugs, surgical procedures, and diagnostic tools. Diseases that were once fatal can now be treated or even cured. This has significantly improved the quality of life for many individuals and has extended the average lifespan.Another positive aspect of science and technology is the convenience it brings to our daily lives. From smartphones to smart homes, technology has made our liveseasier and more efficient. We can now communicate with people around the world in an instant, access information at our fingertips, and automate tasks that were once time-consuming. This has allowed us to be more productive and has opened up new opportunities in various fields.However, it is important to acknowledge the negative aspects of science and technology as well. One major concern is the impact on the environment. Industrialization and technological advancements have led to increased pollution, deforestation, and depletion of natural resources. This has resulted in climate change, loss of biodiversity, and other environmental problems. It is crucial for scientists and technologists to find sustainable solutions to minimize these negative effects.Another negative aspect of science and technology is the potential for misuse or abuse. Nuclear weapons, for example, have the power to cause mass destruction. Advances in genetic engineering raise ethical concerns about tampering with the natural order of life. It is important for society to have regulations and ethical guidelines inplace to ensure that science and technology are used for the benefit of humanity and not for harm.In conclusion, science and technology have brought about numerous positive changes in our lives, from advancements in healthcare to increased convenience. However, it is important to be mindful of the negative impacts, such as environmental degradation and thepotential for misuse. As we continue to make scientific and technological advancements, it is crucial to prioritize sustainability, ethics, and the well-being of both individuals and the planet.。
英文文献科技类原文及翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译姓名: 王文超学号: 200715010220专业: 电气工程及其自动化班级: 电气071502指导教师: 智泽英职称:副教授日期: 2011年6月12日电子信息工程学院The basics of Computer Numerical ControlWhile the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from machine type toanother, all forms of CNC have common benefits. Though the thrust of this presentation is to teach you CNC usage, it helps to understand why these sophisticated machines have become so popular. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment.The first benefit offered by all forms of CNC machine tools is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing workpieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many CNC machines can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the CNC user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each workpiece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the a CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing workpieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent and accurate workpieces. Today’s CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical workpieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency.A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine tools is flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpiece is almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change-overs. Since these machines are very easy to setup and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today’s Just-In-Time product requirements.1. Motion control-the heart of CNCThe most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion. Rather than applying completely mechanicaldevices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner. All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned alongtheir lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid, linear, and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (feedrate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools.Accurate positioning is accomplished by the operator counting the number of revolutions made on the handwheel plus the graduations on the dial. The drive motor is rotated a corresponding amount, which in turn drives the ball screw, causing linear motion of the axis. A feedback device confirms that the proper amount of ball screw revolutions has occurred.A CNC command executed within the control (commonly through a program) tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw causes drives the linear axis. A feedback device at the opposite end of the ball screw allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place.Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded-understanding coordinate systems. It would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount. (This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with CNC machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the move popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system, and we’ll use it for all discussions made during this presentation.。
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列入表中
are listed in
is presented in
are summarized in
is shown in
As we know, the sample failure time of step-stress test in Table II has to be converted into the failure time at constant-stress.
The physical parameters of the flue gas are given in Table.
如图所示
The specific coupling relationship is illustrated in Fig. (示意图、流程图)
can be found from Fig.
as shown in
is plotted in Fig. 2,
Fig. 5a and b respectively show
Fig. 6 gives dynamic curves of
Fig. 7 displays the characteristic curves of the maximum amplitude of the plate versus the magnitude of the applied magnetic field with different impulse parameter time
The detailed iterative procedures are displayed in Fig.
Fig. 8 plots the characteristic curves of the critical value varying with the length–thickness ratio of the plate for different electric conductivity
10. the numerical results shown in Fig. 7 exhibit that
1 From Fig. 7, it will be found that
1 It can be found, from Fig. 5a, that
1 , shown in Fig. 5b,
1 It is found from Fig. 3 that
1 Similar to Fig. 7, Fig.9 also exhibits that
1 Fig. 8 exhibits that
1 The curves given in Figs. 8 and
1 Fig.5 compares present overall efficiency with the result got by Huang Z. et al. (2007). It is very clear that the calculated overall efficiency shows a very good agreement with the one
1 Comparing Fig. 6 (a) and (b),
20. As shown in Fig. 6 (b), (c) and (d),
2 Two effects of applied magnetic field on PM5 collection efficiency can be further identified in Fig. 10.
2 Fig. 6 depicts the vipation divergence curves of maximum displacement and
Mises stress under three conditions with UFSI considered, and it is clear that:
2 Fig. 6 depicts the vipation divergence curves of maximum displacement and
Mises stress under three conditions with UFSI considered, and it is not difficult to find that
2 the maximum Mises stress of the blade also increases with time and divergence
phenomenon becomes visible (see Fig. 6 (b), (d) and (f)).
从……看出
It can be seen that
It is very clear that the calculated overall efficiency shows a very
good agreement with the one
It can be seen in Fig. 9 that
Furthermore, it is identified that
Fig. 11 presents the PM5 overall efficiency under the same conditions as used in Fig. 10.
which is consistent with the second point drawn from Fig. 10.
Further, from top four curves in Fig. 12, it can be seen, at a given particle size that (see Figs. 10 and 11)
公式描述
combining (16) and Fig. 2, the following transition formula is obtained:
can be written as
can be rewritten as。