美国文学史意象主义
• Whan that /Aprille/ with his /showers/ swoote. • The drought/ of Marche/ hath per/ced to/ the root, • And bathed every vein in such licour, • Of which vertu engendered is the flour; • Whan Zephyrus eke with his sweete breath • Inspired hath in every holt and heeth • The tender croppes, and the young sun • Hath in the Ram his halfe course I-run, • And small fowles make melody, • That sleepen all the night with open eye. － • So pricketh them nature in their corages— • Then longe folk to go on pilgrimmages,
• And also did good Scarlett, • And Much, the miller's son. • Every inch of his body • Was worthy of a man.
--------from The Geste of Robin Hood
Heroic Couplet
• It was persistently experimental. Stream of consciousness, the use of myth as a structural principle, and the primary status given to the poetic image, all challenged traditional representation.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st; Nor shall death brag thou wonder'st in his shadow, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Spenserian stanza
• It is a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c.
Sonnet
Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day, Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, The summer's lease hath all too short a day: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And ofter is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or natrue's changing coutse untrimmed;
line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines
rhymed. • “the Geste of Robin Hood”
• Stop and listen, everybody, • This story's pretty good. • It's all about a bold outlaw, • His name was Robin Hood.
• Robin was a wise outlaw. • While he walked on ground, • So courteous an outlaw • Was seldom ever found.
• Robin stood in thest a tree, • And by him stood Little John, • A good yeoman was he.
• Generally speaking, this new desire in craftsmanship and skill was one of the hallmarks of the early decades of the 20th century.
Traditional Forms
• Ballad(民谣) A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-
• The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong and conscious break with traditional forms, perceptions, and techniques of expressions, and its great concern with language and all aspects of its medium.
美国文学术语解释
美国文学术语解释美国文学术语解释American puritanism(美国清教主义)Colonial American(殖民时期的美国)Great Aweaking(宗教大觉醒运动)American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义)Gothic tradition(哥特传统) Historical novel(历史小说)Civil War（美国内战）Transcendentalism(超验主义) Individualism(个人主义) Unitarianism(上帝一位论) Allegory(寓言) American Renaissance(美国文艺复兴)Original Sin(原罪)American Enlightenment(美国启蒙运动)Free verse(自由诗) Alliteration(头韵) Assonance(类韵) Consonance(和音)Lyric(抒情诗)Sonnet(十四行诗)Point of view(视角)Realism(现实主义)Local Colorism(地方特色主义) Irony(反讽)Naturalism(自然主义)Social Darwinism(社会达尔文主义)Dadaism(达尔文主义) Expressionism(表现主义) Harlem Renaissance(哈姆雷特文艺复兴)Imagism(意象主义)Jazz Age(爵士乐时代) Surrealism(超现实主义)V orticism(漩涡派)Dramatic Monologue(戏剧性独白)Lost Generation(迷惘的一代) Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)Narrator(叙述者)Stream of Consciousness(意识流) The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代) The 1930s(美国30年代)New Criticism(新批评主义) Theatre of the Absurd(荒诞剧) Postmodernism(后现代主义) Metafiction(元小说) Confessional poetry(自白派诗歌) The New York School(纽约派诗人)The absurd(荒谬派)Parody(戏讽)Magic realism(魔幻现实主义) The National Association for the Advancement of ColoredPeople(NAACP)(美国有色人种协进会)The Native American Renaissance(土著美国人文艺复兴)。
美国文学(自然主义,意象主义作者及其作品)
Plot summary
The story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—a "red badge of courage"—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.
The old Winery Cottage, where London died (in the left sleeping porch) on November 22, 1916
Martin Eden
Martin Eden
Main characters A young proletarian autodidact struggling to become a writer. It was first serialized in Pacific Monthly magazine from Sept. 1908 to Sept . 1909 and published in book form by Macmillan in Sept. 1909.
McTeague
The Octopus
McTeague
A novel by Frank Norris, first published in 1899.
It tells the story of a couple's courtship and marriage
美国文学的特点（范文5篇）
美国文学的特点（范文5篇）以下是网友分享的关于美国文学的特点的资料5篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
美国文学的特点（1）20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。
这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。
==小说==这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。
这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向：1、两种现实主义小说。
在这方面的主要代表是亨利詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。
他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。
与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。
这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林加兰。
2、乡土作家和幽默小说。
这方面的代表性作家是欧亨利。
他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。
尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。
3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿辛克莱。
从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。
其中以厄普顿辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。
4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。
这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。
他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。
第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。
杰克伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。
实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。
美国文学史简述五篇范文
美国文学史简述五篇范文第一篇：美国文学史简述A Short Summary of the History of American LiteratureIn American Literature, Colonial and Revolutionary period, American Romanticism, The Realistic Period and American Modernism are the four important periods.During 17C and 18C is the American colonial and Revolutionary Period.Puritanism is the main school of this period, which is the practices and belief of puritans.The American puritans accept the doctrine and practice of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But due to the grim struggle for living in the new continent, they become more and more practical.American Puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather than a set of tenets.Jonathan Edwards was one of the great writers of the Puritanism, his works include The Freedom of the Will, The Nature of True Virtue and so on.Philip Freneau is “a poet of the American Revol ution” and “the father of American Poetry”.The Rising Glory of American and The Wild Honey Suckle are his famous works.Puritanism gradually declined at the end of 18C.As a result of the impact of European Literary Romanticism, there rapidly came into being the rise of romanticism in American.The American romanticism flourished from 1815 to 1865, which advocated importance to individual dignity and value, and they shared some characteristics— moral enthusiasm, individuality and intuitive perception.Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history.It laid emphasis onspirit, individual and nature.Washington Irving is a writer of this period, who has been called “the father of American Literature”.He wins the international fame for The Sketch Book, which marked the beginning of American Romanticism.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the New England Transcendentalist.Nature, his famous work, is regarded as the “manifesto of Am erican Transcendentalism”.American industrialization was one of the important factors of the development of American Realistic Literature, which was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age” from 1865 to 1914.American Realism came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.It turned from an emphasis on the faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.A realistic writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic.Realists looked for truth in any place.William Dean Howells is the champion of realism.He writes about the rising middle class and the way they live.The Rise of Silas Lapham, his masterpiece, is a fine example of the American realism.Mark Twain is a great literary artist and social critic.He writes about the story of the low class and is famous for his colloquial style and localism.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is his famous fiction, which has been regarded as one of the greatest books of western literature and western civilization.After the WWI, some young writers wondered pointlessly and restlessly, while at the same time the y were called the “Lost Generation”.Then, there came into being the modernism from 1914 to 1945, it is used to show the literary art possessing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the WWI.It meanscutting off history and a sense of despair and loss.It refused to accept the traditional ideological influences.F.Scott Fitzgerald is widely regarded as one of the 20th century’s greatest writers.This Side of Paradise is his first novel, it became immensely popular for the simple reason that it caught the tone of the age.Ernest Hemingway is the famous writer of this period.He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.A Farewell to Arms is his masterpiece in which the author deals with the war directly.This is what I want to say about the history of American literature.第二篇：美国文学史梗概美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)配套题库【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】第11章~第14章【圣才出品】
第11章20世纪20年代•意象派•庞德I.Fill in the blanks.1.“In a Station of the Metro”by Ezra Pound goes like this:The apparition of these faces in the crowd;_____.（首师大2008研）【答案】Petals on a wet,black bough.【解析】这是意象派诗人庞德的名作，意为：人群中这些面孔幽灵一般显现，湿漉漉的黑色枝条上许多花瓣。
2._____,by Ezra Pound,employs the complex association of scholarly lore, anthropology,modern history and personages,private history and Witticism,and obscure literary interpolations in various languages.（人大2006研）【答案】The Cantos【解析】庞德的《诗章》包罗万象，是庞德的代表作。
3.Author_____Title_____.（南京大学2007研）The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet,black bough.【答案】Author:Ezra Pound Title:“In a Station of the Metro”【解析】题目节选自庞德的《在一个地铁车站》，该诗是以一个意象作为叙述语言的典型范例。
4.Ezra Pound’s lifelong endeavor had been devoted to the writing of_____,which contains_____poems.（国际关系学院2007研）【答案】The Cantos;117【解析】庞德把毕生精力都投入到写作《诗章》当中，《诗章》共包括117首诗。
Imagism美国文学史意象主义
Expressionist paintings and a building:
3. Dadaism: an infantile term chosen first by some painters meaning “ meaningless”. It adopts an extreme negative attitude towards cultural tradition and reality, towards artistic principles and towards any significance of language and literary representation. They like to use dream words, confused language, strange and ridiculous images. After 1924, it gradually turned into surrealism in France.
美国文学史 意象主义和庞德
What is the Image as the Imagists saw it?
• T. E. Hulme said that the image must enable one “to dwell and linger upon a point of excitement, to achieve the impossible and convert a point a line.”
In 1912 Pound became the literary executor of Ernest Fenollosa(1853-1908)
Around 1915 he finished his volume of Chinses translations, Cathay, and began to work on his Cantos.
• Pound define an image as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, and later he extended this definition when he stated that an image was “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”.
The Coming of the Image
It came, it is true, as a reaction to the traditional English poetics with its iambic pentameter, its verbosity, and extra-poetic padding; but it served, first and foremost , to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age. (P158)
Part7.The1920s20世纪20年代的美国文学
Part 7. The 1920s 20世纪20年代的美国文学Imagism意象主义：Ezra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德(1885-1972)：The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神；The Anthology DesImagistes意像派诗选；Cathay华夏——英译中国诗；Literary Essays文学论；A Few Don’ts by Imagist意象派戒条；Personage面具；Polite Essays文雅集；The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章——109首及8首未完成稿Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯·艾略特(1888-1965)：Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克；The Waste Land荒原：TheBurial of the Dead死者的葬礼；A Game of Chess弈棋；The Fire Sermon 火诫；Death byWater水边之死；What the Thunder Said雷电之言；名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三；Four Quarters四个四重奏；诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案；Family Reunion大团圆；Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯(1879-1955)：Harmonium风琴；The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人；Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记：Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴；Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨；The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦；Collected Poems诗集William Carlos Williams 威廉·卡罗斯·威廉斯(1883-1963)：Spring andAll春；The Journey of Love爱的历程；Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像；Paterson佩特森——5卷长诗；Asphodal, That Green Flower常青花日光兰——长诗；Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车；The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨；The Sparrow, to My Father麻雀——致父亲；Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像Robert Frest 罗伯特·弗罗斯特(1874-1963)：A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北：Mending Wall修墙；After Apple-picking摘苹果之后；Mountain Interval山间；The Road Not taken没有选择的道路；West-running Brook西流的溪涧；A Further Range又一片牧场；A Witness Tree一株作证的树Carl Sandburg 卡尔·桑德堡(1878-1967)：Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人；In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热；The Prairie Years草原的年代；The War Years战争的年代——林肯传记；The American Songbag美国歌袋；The People,Yes人民，好；Honey and Salt蜜与盐；Corn-huskers辗米机；Smoke and Steel烟与钢E Cumings 肯明斯(1894-1962)：Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱；The Enormous Room大房间；XLI Poems诗41首；Viva万岁；No, Thanks不，谢谢；Collected Poems诗集；Eimi爱米——访苏游记The Lost Generation迷惘的一代：F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德(1896-1940)：The Side of Paradise人间天堂；The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉；The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比；Tender in the Night夜色温柔；The Last Tycoon最后的巨头；短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们；Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事；Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号；The Ice Palace冰宫；May Days五一节；The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石；Winter Dreams冬天的梦；The Rich Boy富家子弟；Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦；The Crack-up崩溃——自传体文集“迷惘的一代”代表人物：Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威(1899-1961) ：In Our Time在我们的年代里；The Torrents of Spring春潮；The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起；Farewell to Arms永别了，武器；For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣；短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人；The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获；The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇；政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳(1897-1962)：The Marble Faun云石林神——诗集；Soldiers'Pay兵饷——小说；Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙——家世小说；短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月；The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣；As I lay dying当我垂死的时候；Light in August八月之光Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森(1876-1941)：Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子；Marching Men前进中的人们；Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌；Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志；Poor White穷苦的白人；Many Marriages多种婚姻；Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事；Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事；I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么美国第一个获诺贝尔奖获得者：Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯(1885-1951)：Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生；The Job求职；The Main Street大街；Babbitt巴比特；Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯；Elmer Gantry艾尔默·甘特里；Dodsworth多兹沃斯；It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里；Kingsblood Royal王孙梦Villa Sibert Cather 维拉·凯塞(1873-1947)：O, Pioneers啊，先驱们；My Antonia我的安东尼亚；The Professor’s House教授之家；Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫(1900-1938)：Look Homeward, Angel天使，望故乡；Of Time and the River时间与河流；The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石；You Can’t Go Home Again有家归不得；The Hills Beyond远山——未完成；短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨。
20世纪外国文学史课件：意象派诗歌
注入现代主义诗歌的变革潮流中。
庞德如此迷恋中国古诗，甚至 拟以汉字的构造法建立一种新的诗 格，即“表意法”，旨在把意象浇 铸在视觉想象上，寻求诗中意与象 的相应相合。
英美意象派诗歌的中国情 结——从庞德诗歌看英美意 象派的创作原则
中国古诗、汉字与意象派之间 跨时空、跨东西的契合与交汇成为 庞德创新的重要灵感。
艾略特：“我对此（指《华夏集》的译文忠
实性）感到怀疑：我预计三百年后…… （它） 会被（公正地）称为‘２０世纪诗歌的出色样 板’而非‘译作’。每一代人都必须有他们自 己的翻译。”
叶维廉：“庞德切入中文原诗作者的精
妙之处，具有明察秋毫的洞见。”
三、东方情结与中国译诗
• 庞德一生致力于把中日诗歌、东方文明传统介绍给西方，为西方 提供了一个在语言、意象、思维方式等方面完全不同的文化他者， 这在一定程度上解构了以欧洲文化为主导的逻各斯中心主义。
✓ 相比之下，一直较为坚守意象派创作原则的诗人是英国诗人弗林 特、弗莱契、福特，美国女诗人希尔达·杜丽特及其英国丈夫阿 尔丁顿等。
一、现代主义诗歌的起点：意象派
• 意象主义者倡导现代诗歌应使用坚挺、明晰、严谨的意象和硬朗、 干燥的语言来传达情感，即绝对精确地呈现，不要冗词赘语。
• 意象派诗人们善于创造各种各样惊人的比喻，尤其是用暗喻表达 瞬间的人生感悟。
意象派诗歌
目录
第一节 概述 第二节 庞德
2
第一节 概述
3
一、现代主义诗歌的起点：意象派
• 1910年左右在英国伦敦出现的“意象 派”或“意象主义运动”被视为第一个 现代主义诗歌流派，它是在反叛19世 纪出现的浪漫主义、颓废主义和前期象 征主义诗歌的过程中应运而生的。
✓ 其前身可以追溯到1908年英国批评家、 诗人休姆在伦敦组织的一个名为“诗人 俱乐部”的诗社。
比较齐全的美国文学名词解释
Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue);In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.American realism ：（美国现实主义）Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up witha new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4) Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Local Colorism(乡土文学)：Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, weell-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.Imagism(意象主义)：Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, hemingway and John dos Passos.The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代):The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s howl.Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.A J azz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and worldwar II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.Feminisim(女权主义): Feminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on th e belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code HeroImpressionism(印象主义):Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4> in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions.fresh way s of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.it is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.the gilded age: Plains Indians were pushed in a series of Indian wars onto restricted reservations.This period also witnessed the creation of a modern industrial economy. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions, led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts.An era of intense political partisanship, the Gilded Age was also an era of reform. The Civil Service Act sought to curb government corruption by requiring applicants for certain governmental jobs to take a competitive examination. The Interstate Commerce Act sought to end discrimination by railroads against small shippers and the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed business monopolies. These years also saw the rise of the Populist crusade. Burdened by heavy debts and falling farm prices, many farmers joined the Populist party, which called for an increase in the amount of money in circulation, government assistance to help farmers repay loans, tariff reductions, and a graduated income tax.Mark Twain called the late nineteenth century the "Gilded Age." By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late nineteenth century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. But it is more useful to think of this as modern America’s formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated byindustrial corporations.Regionalism(地区主义)：In literature, regionalism or local color fiction refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features –including characters, dialects, customs, history, and topography –of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the author's own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the writing.Although the terms regionalism and local color are sometimes used interchangeably, regionalism generally has broader connotations. Whereas local color is often applied to a specific literary mode that flourished in the late 19th century, regionalism implies a recognition from the colonial period to the present of differences among specific areas of the country. Additionally, regionalism refers to an intellectual movement encompassing regional consciousness beginning in the 1930s. Even though there is evidence of regional awareness in early southern writing—William Byrd's History of the Dividing Line, for example, points out southern characteristics—not until well into the 19th century did regional considerations begin to overshadow national ones. In the South the regional concern became more and more evident in essays and fiction exploring and often defending the southern way of life. John Pendleton Kennedy's fictional sketches in Swallow Barn, for example, examined southern plantation life at length.multiple points of view（多视角）：Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.Confessional poetry ：Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties.Ecocriticism：Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell.In the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be found.Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".Dramatic Conflict：At least not the special kind of conflict that drives plays, the gas that fuels the dramatic engine. Arguments in real life are usually circular -- nobody gets anywhere, except a little steam's been blown off. And they're boring for everyone except the folks doing the yelling.Dramatic Conflict draws from a much deeper vein, rooted in the Subtext of your central characters. It's driven by fundamentally opposing desires.Conflict is a necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist。