TINA-TI中仿真非TI公司芯片SPICE的方法
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TINA-TI中仿真非TI公司芯片SPICE的方法
TINA-TI中仿真非TI公司芯片SPICE的方法
(2012-08-04 16:51:42)标签： 仿真工具分类： 模拟电路
TINA是DesignSoft公司仿真软件，能仿真所有厂家芯片SPICE文件，但需要购买，很贵的。
而TINA-TI是TI公司的一个定制版本，完全FREE,只是缺省只包含TI公司芯片的仿真SPICE文件。
9.0以后版本缺省包括TI和国办所有芯片，只需从库中选择具体型号即可。
很方便。
但对于其他厂家如ADI，LINEAR,MAXIM等的芯片仿真就没这么简单了，不能直接加载库文件，如ADI公司的anlg_dev.lib,因为还需要TI公司制作的库索引文件XXX.IND和XXX.TLD,如果直接拷贝过来，TINA是编译不过的。
但TINA-TI留了一个小口，即可以单个通过创建宏加载【这已经是很大进步了，9.0之前的版本连这个功能都没有，无法仿真非TI公司产品】
下面举例说明仿真过程（以AD8639为例）：
点击[工具]->新建宏向导
加载ADI公司的AD8639.CIR
点击下一步
转载▼
下一步，指定管脚，
接下来保存宏，并选择插入即可
最后，AD8639的SYMBOL就出现了。
体会：
1）对比ORCAD和TINA，对于新的器件（库里没有的），加载过程还是TINA简单一些，ORCAD还要先转换，还得重新命名管脚，往库里手工加载，很麻烦的。
【日后有空，把ORCAD的新器件仿真过程写出来】
2）对于时域，频域以及噪声分析，无论从参数设置还是显示效果来看，还是感觉TINA简单一些。
（有些主观，这跟使用习惯有关）
3）ORCAD毕竟是第三方通用仿真工具，支持的厂家器件远比TINA-TI多得多。
spice仿真
spice仿真Spice仿真引言Spice (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) 是一种电路仿真程序，它可以模拟各种电路的性能和行为。
历经多年的发展，Spice已经成为电子设计领域中最为常用和广泛认可的仿真工具之一。
本文将介绍Spice仿真的基本原理、应用领域以及使用方法，帮助读者更好地了解和应用这一强大的工具。
一、Spice仿真的基本原理Spice仿真基于电路的数学模型和电路分析方法，通过求解一组线性或非线性的代数和微分方程来模拟电路的行为。
Spice可以对各种类型的电路进行仿真，包括模拟电路、数字电路以及混合信号电路。
它考虑了电路中各个元件的电性能，并基于电流和电压的关系对电路进行建模和分析。
Spice程序需要用户提供电路的拓扑结构以及各个元件的参数。
通过这些输入，Spice可以根据预定义的电路分析方法和解算器来计算电路中各个节点和元件上的电压、电流以及功率等参数。
通过对电路的相应参数进行实时仿真和分析，Spice可以为设计者提供准确的电路行为信息，帮助他们对电路性能进行优化和改进。
二、Spice仿真的应用领域Spice仿真在电子设计和电路分析中有广泛的应用。
以下列举了几个常见的应用领域：1.模拟电路设计：Spice可以用于模拟电路的设计和验证，帮助设计者检查电路的性能和稳定性。
通过Spice仿真，设计者可以预测电路的频率响应、幅频特性以及相位延迟等参数，从而改进电路的设计方案。
2. 数字电路分析：Spice可以模拟数字电路中的逻辑门、触发器和时序电路等元件，帮助设计者验证电路的正确性和稳定性。
通过仿真结果，设计者可以找出可能存在的逻辑错误和电路延迟，并及时进行优化和调整。
3.射频电路分析：Spice也可以用于射频电路的仿真和分析。
射频电路中经常涉及到高频信号的传输和耦合问题，通过对射频电路进行Spice仿真，设计者可以预测电路中的信号衰减、失真以及噪声等问题，从而优化电路的性能。
TINA指南
1OverviewQuick Start GuideSBOU052A–August 2007–Revised August 2008This quick-start user's guide presents an overview of TINA-TI™,a powerful circuit design and simulation tool.TINA-TI is ideal for designing,testing,and troubleshooting a broad variety of basic and advanced circuits,including complex architectures,without any node or number of device limitations.This document is intended to help new TINA-TI users start creating circuit simulations using the fundamental features of TINA-TI software in the shortest possible time.Contents 1Overview ......................................................................................................................12Schematic Editor . (23)Building a Circuit withTINA-TI (34)Analysis Capabilities (65)Test and Measurement .....................................................................................................96Additional Assistance (10)List of Figures1Downloading TINA-TI (22)TINA-TI Schematic Editor Display (33)Building a Circuit with TINA-TI (44)Active and Passive Component Selection (55)Wiring Components Together (66)DC Analysis with Voltages/Currents Table Displayed (77)Additional TINA Analysis Capabilities (88)Virtual Instrumentation Testing .............................................................................................99Contextual Help in TINA-TI ...............................................................................................10Texas Instruments has teamed up with DesignSoft,Inc.to provide our customers with TINA-TI,a powerful circuit simulation tool that is well-suited for simulating analog and switched-mode power supply (SMPS)circuits.The tool is ideal for helping designers and engineers to develop and test circuit ideas.TI selected the TINA™simulation software over other SPICE-based simulators for its combination of powerful analysis capabilities,simple and intuitive graphics-based interface,and ease of use,allowing you to be up and running in minimal time.If you are familiar with another SPICE simulator,adapting to TINA-TI should be an easy and straighforward transition.Although TINA-TI is a limited version of more powerful DesignSoft simulation products,it easily handles surprisingly complex circuits.Texas Instruments does not warrant or support any DesignSoft product.TINA-TI is a software program For more information about DesignSoft,visit the DesignSoft website at TINA-TI is a trademark of Texas Instruments and DesignSoft,Inc.TINA is a trademark of DesignSoft,Inc.Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.Schematic Editor 2Schematic EditorYou can download TINA-TI as shown in Figure1.Alternatively,it is availablethrough the TI home page at the a summary of TINA-TI related information.you to theFigure1.Downloading TINA-TIThe minimum hardware and software requirements for the currently released TINA-TI version are:•IBM PC-compatible computer running Microsoft Windows®98/ME/NT/2000/XP•Pentium or equivalent processor•64MB of RAM•Hard disk drive with at least100MB free space•Mouse•VGA adapter card and monitor2Getting Started with TINA-TI™SBOU052A–August2007–Revised August20083Building a Circuit with TINA-TI Building a Circuit with TINA-TIOnce the software is downloaded to your system,select the program through the Windows Start menu or click on the TINA-TIicon on your desktop that was created during the installation.The first screen appears as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2.TINA-TI Schematic Editor DisplayFigure 2shows the schematic editor layout.The empty workspace on the sheet is the design windowbuild the test circuit.Below the Schematic Editor title bar is an operational menu row withselections such as file operations,analytical operations,test and measurement equipment selection,etc.Located just below the menu row is a row of icons associated with different file and TINA tasks.The final row of icons allows you to select a specific component group.These component groups contain basicpassive components,semiconductors,and even sophisticated device macromodels.These groups areaccessed to build the circuit schematic.To illustrate how easy it is to use TINA-TI,we will build an analog circuit and demonstrate some of thecircuit analysis capabilities.For this example,a high-output,1kHz sine wave oscillator circuit is selected.A search through a circuitapplication handbook provides a number of op amp-based designs.We will build and Wien-bridge oscillator with amplitude stabilization using the software.A Texas Instruments'12V CMOS op amp is selected for the circuit application.This amplifier is well-suited for this provides very good dc and ac performance.It operates with supplies of 3.5V to 12V;our example requires ±5V (10V).Building a Circuit with TINA-TI Select the Spice Macros tab(see Figure3,step1)and then the op amp symbol(step2)to access the OPA743macromodel.When the list appears,scroll down and click on the OPA743(step3).Then click OK.The op amp symbol appears in the circuit workspace.With the mouse,drag the symbolinto position(step4).It is locked into position on the circuit workspace by clicking the left mouse button.Figure3.Building a Circuit with TINA-TIOther op amp models may be selected using the Insert->Macro...menu.Additionally,macros and a wide variety of pre-built analog and SMPS circuits can be accessed through the Insert menu.(Insert->Macro...TinaTI_7.0->Examples).4Getting Started with TINA-TI™SBOU052A–August2007–Revised August2008 Building a Circuit with TINA-TI 3.1Adding Passive and Active ComponentsComponent selection is easily accomplished by clicking on a component group from the lower row of tabs: Basic,Switches,Meters,and so forth.These tabs provide a wide variety of passive components,sources, meters,relays,semiconductors,and the previously-mentioned circuit macros.Click on the schematicsymbol for a particular component and drag it into position in the circuit workspace.A left mouse button click locks it into place.In our example,shown in Figure4,we select a resistor from the Basic tab group(step1and step2),then position it next to the op TINA-TI designates this resistor as R1.The initial value of R1is1kΩ,but this value can be changed as needed.A double-click with the left mouse button on the R1symbol produces the associated component table(step3).Figure4.Active and Passive Component SelectionThe resistor value and other component characteristics may be altered by selecting the individualparameter boxes and changing the respective values.Select the component parameter box and highlight the value you wish to change.Enter a new value by typing over the value that is shown.In Figure4,for example,the value for R1has been changed from1k to4.7k for this circuit.Once yousetting the parameters,click OK to close the table.Similar parametric tables are available for passivedevices,sources,semiconductors,and other component types.A handy component that is displayed in the Basic group is the jumper,as shown in Figure4.It looks like asideways letter T.The jumper may be used to connect similar,related circuit as V+,V–,or any other circuit point that has multiple ing the jumper reduces wiring clutter.Note that common jumpers must be labeled with the same label name for TINA-TI to connect them together.3.2Arranging and WiringComponents4Analysis CapabilitiesAnalysis Capabilities Once all components are selected and properly positioned,they can be wired together.Each component has nodes where circuit connections are needed.TINA displays these nodes with a small red x .(The xlooks more like two small lines at the wiring node than the alpha character.)Wiring components to each other is easily done by placing the mouse pointer over a node connection and holding the left mousebutton down.A wire is drawn as the mouse is moved along the circuit space grid.Release the mousebutton when the wire reaches the intended end connection point.Figure 5illustrates the TINA-TI software wiring function.Figure 5.Wiring Components TogetherThe wiring function also may be accessed from the Insert menu,or the icon that looks like a small pencil.When the circuit schematic entry is complete,the circuit is nearly ready for simulation.The analysisprocess begins by selecting the Analysis menu.A list of different types of analyses—such as ac,dc,transient,or noise—appears.Highlight any one of these evaluations to access additional options andselections.The first option under the Analysis menu is an Error Rules Check (ERC).Selecting this feature runs this check on the circuit;a pop-up window then lists any circuit errors.If an error is listed in the window,clicking on that error line highlights the error point in the schematic.The error window also lists other types of circuit errors that are found during the analysis.6Getting Started with TINA-TI™SBOU052A–August 2007–Revised August 20084.1DCAnalysis Analysis CapabilitiesEven if the ERC is not selected,TINA automatically performs a check at the start of a simulation.Upon selecting one type of analysis to perform,another window appears that displays different settingselections that are associated with that particular analysis.Nominal settings are initially provided;theseparameters may be set as needed for the desired output.Once all of the selections are made,click OK to begin the analysis.The first analysis performed on acircuit is generally a dc analysis.This test provides a reality check so that normal dc operating conditions can be verified.The TINA-TI DC Analysis function can be set to calculate nodal voltages,provide a table of dc voltage and current results,generate a dc sweep of the circuit,or perform a temperature analysis.The temperature analysis works in combination with the Analysis >Mode >temperature-steppingselections.Follow these steps (illustrated in Figure 6)to perform a dc analysis.1.Click on the Analysis menu.2.Select DC Analysis .3.Click on Table of DC Results .The Voltages/Currents table appears.e the mouse pointer as a probe to test the circuit nodes.The probed node and measured value are displayed in red in the Voltages/Currents table,as shown inFigure 6.Figure 6.DC Analysis with Voltages/Currents Table DisplayedAnalysis Capabilities 4.2Transient AnalysisSophisticated ac frequency and time domain simulations may also be e the Analysisfunction to access the different choices.A traditional ac transfer characteristic plot of gain and phaseversus frequency may be selected,as well as transient,Fourier or noise analyses.The example shown in Figure7is a transient analysis performed on the example Wien-bridge oscillator circuit.The simulation analysis result is also shown in Figure7.It illustrates the Wien-bridge oscillator startup and steady-state performance.The display in window may be edited with axis labeling,scales,background grid color,and so forth,all set as desired by the individual user.Follow these steps(marked in Figure7)to perform a transient analysis.1.Click on the Analysis menu.2.Select Transient.3.The Transient Analysis dialog box appears.Enter start and end times,and other parameters asdesired.4.Click OK to run the analysis.Figure7.Additional TINA Analysis Capabilities8SBOU052A–August2007–Revised August2008 Getting Started with TINA-TI™ Test and Measurement 5Test and MeasurementThe TINA-TI software generates post-simulation results in tables and plots,depending on the type ofanalysis performed.Additionally,the software can be placed in a pseudo-real-time simulation mode where virtual instruments can be used to observe the output(s)while the circuit is operating.For example,Figure8shows a virtual oscilloscope that is used to observe the steady-state output of the Wien-bridge circuit.In the same way,a virtual signal analyzer can be used together with anamplifier circuit so that the harmonic performance of a simulation can be observed.To access the virtual oscilloscope,select T&M(step1in Figure8),and then Oscilloscope(step2).Place the cursor at theoutput of the simulated circuit,and controls in the virtual oscilloscope dialog box as needed(step3).The T&M selection options also include a virtual ac/dc multimeter,function generator,and an X-Yrecorder.The function generator may be adjusted in combination with a virtual oscilloscope or analyzer.Figure8.Virtual Instrumentation TestingAdditional Assistance 6Additional AssistanceTINA-TI has many more features that can be explored.As you become more comfortable with thesimulation software,you will be able to take advantage of these capabilities to build circuits more rapidly, perform more sophisticated simulations,and optimize the output information for a variety of needs.The software also offers on-screen contextual help,and displays mouse-over descriptions for many icons and areas of the workspace,as shown in Figure9.If you need additional assistance with a particularanalysis,or help with setting the active parameters,detailed help documentation is available.Click on the Help menu to access information associated with circuit analysis,active components,and so forth.Further assistance for specific TINA-TI application simulations is available by contacting your local TI technical representative.Figure9.Contextual Help in TINA-TINote:Texas Instruments does not offer support for TINA software.Contact you havequestions or need assistance with general TINA software issues.10Getting Started with TINA-TI™SBOU052A–August2007–Revised August2008IMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries(TI)reserve the right to make corrections,modifications,enhancements,improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice.Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty.Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty.Except where mandated by government requirements,testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design.Customers are responsible for their products and applications using TI components.To minimize the risks associated with customer products and applications,customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.TI does not warrant or represent that any license,either express or implied,is granted under any TI patent right,copyright,mask work right, or other TI intellectual property right relating to any combination,machine,or process in which TI products or services are rmation published by TI regarding third-party products or services does not constitute a license from TI to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement e of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property of the third party,or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.Reproduction of TI information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties,conditions,limitations,and notices.Reproduction of this information with alteration is an unfair and deceptive business practice.TI is not responsible or liable for such altered 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applications,notwithstanding any applications-related information or support that may be provided by TI.Further,Buyers must fully indemnify TI and its representatives against any damages arising out of the use of TI products in such safety-critical applications.TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in military/aerospace applications or environments unless the TI products are specifically designated by TI as military-grade or"enhanced plastic."Only products designated by TI as military-grade meet military specifications.Buyers acknowledge and agree that any such use of TI products which TI has not designated as military-grade is solely at the Buyer's risk,and that they are solely responsible for compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements in connection with such use. TI products are neither designed nor intended for use in automotive applications or environments unless the specific TI products are designated by TI as compliant with ISO/TS16949requirements.Buyers acknowledge and agree that,if they use any non-designated products in automotive applications,TI will not be responsible for any failure to meet such requirements.Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application solutions:Products ApplicationsAmplifiers AudioData Converters AutomotiveDSP BroadbandClocks and Timers Digital ControlInterface MedicalLogic MilitaryPower Mgmt Optical NetworkingMicrocontrollers SecurityRFID TelephonyRF/IF and ZigBee®Solutions Video&ImagingWirelessMailing Address:Texas Instruments,Post Office Box655303,Dallas,Texas75265Copyright©2008,Texas Instruments Incorporated。
Spice仿真介绍和操作
数字逻辑基础LOGOEDA工具在数字逻辑课程中的应用--Multisim工具之Spice仿真在模拟电子课程中，我们通过使用晶体管的小信号模型，手工计算得到小规模模拟电子电路电压增益、电流增益、输入阻抗、输出阻抗、频率响应特性等。
⏹这种通过人工计算的分析方法就显得效率很低。
⏹随着计算机性能的不断提高，电子设计自动化（ElectronicDesign Automation，EDA）工具出现。
它成为电子系统设计和分析的强有力的助手。
⏹EDA工具取代了传统的手工计算方法，显著的提高了设计电路和分析电路的效率。
EDA工具在数字逻辑课程中的应用--Multisim工具之Spice仿真以集成电路为重点的仿真程序（Simulation Programwith Integrated Circuit Emphasis，SPICE），它是为了执行日益庞大而复杂的集成电路仿真工业而发展起来的，它是一个通用的、开源的模拟电子电路仿真工具。
⏹SPICE是一个程序用于集成电路和板级设计，用于检查电路设计的完整性，并且预测电路的行为。
⏹SPICE最早由加州大学伯克利分校开发，1975年改进成为SPICE2的标准，它使用FORTRAN语言开发。
在1989年，Thomas Quarles 开发出SPICE3，它使用C语言编写，并且增加了窗口系统绘图功能。
EDA 工具在数字逻辑课程中的应用--Multisim 工具之Spice 仿真在目前流行的NI 公司的Mutisim Workbench 工具、Altium 公司的Altium Designer 工具和Cadence 公司的OrCAD 工具中都嵌入了SPICE 仿真工具。
⏹在SPICE仿真工具中，包含下面的模块：☐电路原理图输入程序。
☐激励源编辑程序。
☐电路仿真程序。
☐输出结果绘图程序。
☐模型参数提取程序。
☐元器件模型参数库。
下面将通过Multisim 环境下的设计实例，演示EDA工具在数字逻辑课程中的应用--Multisim工具之Spice仿真SPICE的基本分析功能包含三大类：⏹直流分析⏹交流分析⏹时域分析EDA工具在数字逻辑课程中的应用--Multisim工具之Spice仿真注1：直流分析是所有其它分析的基础。
基于TINA的模拟电路仿真分析
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
积分电路和微分电路
• 略！
模拟滤波器的频率特性观测及其设计
• RC低通滤波器的分析与设计 • RC高通滤波器的分析与设计 • LC带通滤波器的分析与设计
RC低通滤波器
R 1k e(t)
+ r(t)
-
+ C 1u
200Hz
RC高通滤波器
C 1u e(t)
+ r(t)
750.00u
1.00m
频谱分析
T
600.0m
400.0m
Ampl. [V]
200.0m
0.0 1.0p
OUT VF1 VF2 VF3
100.0p
10.0n
1.0u
100.0u
10.0m
1.0
Frequency [Hz]
100.0
10.0k
1.0M
T 200.0m OUT
0.0 600.00m VF1
VS2 -12
VF 1
R5 100k C2 3.3n
-12V
OP2 TL071C
4
2
-
R3 8.2k
6
3 ++
C1 4.7n
R4 1k
7
+12V
C3 3.3n
7
4
-12V OP3 TL071C
2
-
6
3 ++
+12V
R6 8.2k
C4 100p
R7 8.2k
VF3
4
-12V OP4 TL071C
2
-
6
运算放大器稳定性实验
●Hello,and welcome to the TI Precision Lab supplement for op amp stability.●This lab will walk through detailed calculations,SPICE simulations,and real-worldmeasurements that greatly help to reinforce the concepts established in the stability video series.●你好，欢迎来到TI Precision Labs（德州仪器高精度实验室）的运放稳定性环节。
●这个实验会包括计算，SPICE仿真和实际测试。
这些环节帮助大家对视频中的概念加深理解。
●The detailed calculation portion of this lab can be done by hand,but calculationtools such as MathCAD or Excel can help greatly.●The simulation exercises can be performed in any SPICE simulator,since TexasInstruments provides generic SPICE models of the op amps used in this lab.However,the simulations are most conveniently done in TINA-TI,which is a free SPICE simulator available from the Texas Instruments website.TINA simulation schematics are embedded in the presentation.●Finally,the real-world measurements are made using a printed circuit board,orPCB,provided by Texas Instruments.If you have access to standard lab equipment,you can make the necessary measurements with any oscilloscope, function generator,Bode plotter,and±15V power supply.However,we highly recommend the VirtualBench from National Instruments.The VirtualBench is an all-in-one test equipment solution which connects to a computer over USB or Wi-Fi and provides power supply rails,analog signal generator and oscilloscope channels,and a5½digit multimeter for convenient and accurate measurements.This lab is optimized for use with the VirtualBench.●本实验的计算可以通过實際計算，如果使用Mathcad或者Excel这样工具会更好。
7610.TINA-TI 9 仿真软件使用说明
Select Tina-TI Circuit Simulation
10
Downloading TINA-TITM
/webench
Links for TINA-TI v9 download
11
Installing TINA-TI 9
LM22678
LM22679
LM2830
LM2852
LME49830
LMH6523
LMZ10500
OPA1S2385
TLV62130
TLV803M
TPS54231
TPS54350
TPS7A1601
TPS81256
5
TINA-TITM 9: Same Look and Feel
6
TINA-TITM 9: Multi-Core Support
12
Installing TINA-TI 9
13
Installing TINA-TI 9
14
Installing TINA-TI 9
15
Installing TINA-TI 9
16
Installing TINA-TI 9
17
Downloading the Model Library
18
Downloading the Model Library
Wire – place pointer on component End node (small red “x”) and click to start wire. Unclick at desired end node.
29
Function Generators
一款新的电路仿真软件：Tina
一款新的电路仿真软件：Tina关于本专栏到现在为止，本专栏已经更新了5个软件，如下图所示，大部分都是通过官方渠道获取，每一个软件笔者都成功安装过，都是很纯净的版本，拒绝杂乱！凡是购买了本专栏的同学，可以永久享有软件的更新！喜欢画示意图的可以重点关注一下Fritzing，一个精美的图形化电路图绘制软件。
下面介绍一下今天要更新的软件。
TINA-TI在电路设计的过程中，很多时候都会用到电路仿真软件，一提到电路仿真软件，大家比较熟悉的是Multisim、Proteus等等，但这些仿真软件对于新手来说比较难以上手，所以今天我们介绍一种简单直观而且免费的电路仿真软件TINA-TI。
TINA-TI是德州仪器（Texas Instruments Incorporated,简称TI）与DesignSoft公司联合开发的电路仿真工具。
TINA-TI是基于SPICE 的仿真软件，在操作简单、易于上手的同时具有强大的分析能力（包括电路的DC、AC、瞬时、稳态、傅里叶、噪声分析等等）。
Tina安装完成后打开界面如下：大家可以在下载界面找到官方的说明文档，操作比较简单，很快就会上手。
为了加深认识，下面介绍一下如何用TINA-TI做二极管的传输特性仿真。
如下图所示在TINA-TI中连接电路，设置电压源电压为5V，电阻R1为2K，求解二极管D1两端的电压和电流值。
我们知道二极管是典型的非线性器件，在分析二极管两端电压电流时我们常常会用到图解法，如下图所示。
图中折线段是二极管的折线化近似模型，斜线段是上述电路的负载线方程，二者的交点就是二极管的静态工作点Q,可以求得静态工作点电流为2.15mA。
以上是图解计算方法，下面使用TINA-TI进行仿真分析。
连接好电路后，从“工具栏”的“仪表”选项卡添加电流探针AM1和电压探针VF1,两个探针作为二极管电压电流的输出指示，如上图所示。
接下来依次点击“分析”-“直流分析”-“直流传输特性”。
tina的使用
该快速入门用户指南提供了一个的TINA - TI（TM）是一个强大的电路设计和仿真概述工具。
TINA - TI的理想是设计，测试和故障排除各种广泛的基础和先进的电路，包括复杂的架构，没有任何节点或设备的限制。
本文件旨在帮助新TINA - TI的用户开始使用模拟电路制造的基本特征TINA - TI的软件在最短的时间内。
内容1概述................................................ ............................. ..................... ....................一2原理图编辑器............................................... .............................. .................... (2)3用TINA - TI建立电路的.......................................... ................................... ............... 。
34分析能力............................................... .............................. .................... . (6)5测试.............................................. ............................... ................... .. (9)6其他协助............................................... .............................. .................... .. (10)图目录1下载TINA - TI 的............................................. ................................ .................. .. (2)2 TINA - TI的原理图编辑器显示........................................... .................................. (3)3用TINA - TI建立电路.......................................... ................................... ............... 。
采用温度驱动的NTC热敏电阻器SPICE模型介绍
采用温度驱动的NTC热敏电阻器SPICE模型介绍
在目前市面上的NTC的经典模型中，温度仿真是使用嵌入式TEMP变量。
这对研究电路在外部环境温度变化时的一般响应十分理想，但对评价传感器对规定动态温度曲线的响应却不再有效。
在温度调节应用中，瞬间状态在电路设计中扮演着重要角色。
例如，PID稳压器的行为可能非常依赖于传感器的热惰性或响应时间。
为解决该问题，我们提出了一个新的模型，它使用的是连接至外部电压的第三虚拟引脚处的温度。
对仿真而言，按照用户的应用需求，这个外部电压代表的动态温度。
用户因此能够通过改变该外部电压来随意改变热敏电阻器温度。
以图1上的电容器C(通过连接至固定电压V2的固定电阻器R2充电)的指数式变化电压为例。
当我们将该等电压连接至热敏电阻器模型的第三引脚Tin时，图2的仿真代表受到温度阶跃影响的热敏电阻器的温度变化。
固定电阻器R2值代表热敏电阻器的响应时间，电容器的规定初始电压代表初始热敏电阻器温度。
二者均可由用户调节。
R2值范围这里是1秒至10秒。
图1。
一款免费的电路仿真软件：TINA-TI
一款免费的电路仿真软件：TINA-TI展开全文之前我们介绍过TI公司推出的一款小巧易用的电路仿真软件TINA-TI还有一种具有输出延迟特性的施密特触发器，今天我们就用TINA-TI来仿真一下!除此之外，今天还有另一个主角那就是555定时器，说起555相信很多人都比较熟悉，其实555还有一个用途那就是构成施密特触发器。
构造起来十分简单，把555的2脚和6脚接在一起作为输入端，7脚悬空，3脚作为输出端，按照下图连接就构成了一个施密特触发器，为了方便计算Vcc我们设置为6V。
由555构成的施密特触发器有如下的工作特点：（1）输入Ui增加时：当Ui<2 vcc时，输出uo="1，当Ui">2/3Vcc时输出Uo=0,即输出状态转变电压U+ = 2/3Vcc = 4V。
（2）输入Ui减小时：当Ui>1/3Vcc时，Uo=0,当Ui<1 vcc时输出uo="1,即输出状态转变电压U-" =="" 1/3vcc="">其工作特点如下图所示：下面我们使用TINA-TI进行仿真。
首先打开软件在“半导体”选项下面找到555，拖到下面的操作界面中来。
顺便一提，在TINA-TI中也可显示器件的3D模型，在“视图”-“选项”界面，选择“启动3D外形”，便可看到下面的3D模型。
然后按照前面提到的连接方法，将555连接为施密特触发器，其中电源电压Vcc设置为6V，在OUT引脚插入电压探针Vo作为输出指示。
接下来在“分析”选项中，选择“直流分析”-“直流传输特性”，设置输入范围为0-7V，输入源为Vi。
点击确定，即可看到电路的输出电压图像。
同理，我们按照上面的步骤再次仿真输入电压减小的情况。
最后，在图形显示界面，通过“编辑”选项将两个图形复制粘贴到一起，形成最终的输出图像。
这样就大功告成了！从图中可以看到输出状态转换时的输入电压近似为2V和4V，与理论计算值完全相同。