第二章语音补充练习题
现代汉语练习-第2章--语音-(附答案) 2
第二章语音一、填空：1、语音具有三个方面的性质，即__生理属性________、_物理属性_________、_____社会属性_____。
其中___社会属性__是语音的本质属性。
2、语音同其他声音一样，具有_音强____、_音长_____、__音高___、_音质____四个要素。
3、音色不同大体是由三个条件决定的，即__发音方法________不同，___共鸣器形状_______不同，____发音体____不同。
4、普通话的辅音大多是__清___辅音，只有m、n、ng、l、r是___浊___辅音。
5、普通话辅音的发音方法复杂，除有___清音_____和____浊音____之分，还有___送气______和______不送气___之别。
6、传统音韵学把汉字字音分为___声母_____、____韵母____、____声调____三个部分，叫做音节的三要素。
7、《汉语拼音方案》是给汉字___注音_____和拼写__普通话______的方案，其内容包括___字母表_____、__声母表______、____韵母表____、声调符号______、___隔音符号______五个部分。
8.从语音的物理性质看，舌头"与"蛇头"中两个"头"的区别主要决定于音强。
9.北京人所说的shi sheng（师生）与重庆人口里的意思相同，这种现象决定于语音的社会性10.国际音标是由国际语音协会制定的，公布于1888 年，目标是用来记录和研究不同民族语言的语音，其记音原则是一符一音，一音一符。
11.语音是语言的物质外壳，是社会的交际工具。
12. 音高指的是声音的高低，决定于发音体振动的的快慢。
13. 音强指的是声音的强弱，它与发音体震动的幅度有关。
14. 音长指的是声音的长短，它决定于发音体发声的时间的久暂。
15. 音色指的是声音的特色，决定于发音体的性质。
造成不同音色的条件主要三种发音方式不同，物体颤动所形成的音波波纹的曲折形式不同，发音体不同。
语言学补充练习(1
第一章语言学入门知识：I. 名词解释1．cultural transmission (as a defining property of language)Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.2．descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguisticsAnswer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Linguistic studies before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.II. 判断正误( T for True and F for False)1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function.Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).精选范本,供参考！2．Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation. Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.) 3．Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.Answer: TIII. 填空题1．By saying that "language is arbitrary", we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and _______________ .Answer: sounds2．The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist _______________________________ .Answer: Noam Chomsky3．An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _________________ .Answer: prescriptiveIV. 选择题1．Unlike animal communication system, human language is ___ .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interestAnswer： A2. __ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguistics.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Bloomfieldd. John Lyon Answer: bV. 问答题l. Is language productive or not? Why?Answer: Firstly, Language is productive or creative. This means that language userscan understand and produce sentencesthey have never heard before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly,The productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences.This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.onl 2. Comment on the f ollowing statement: “In linguistics, ‘ language means what a person says or said in a given situation ” .Answer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, "language" has several layers ofmeaning: firstly, the whole of a person 'lasnguage, e.g. Shakespeare ' s language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of "language", referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modem linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. What is the major difference between Saussure' s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance? Answer: Saussure 'lansgue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky studies it more from a psychological point of view.第二章语音学和音位学I. 名词解释1．narrow transcriptionAnswer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the“ broadtranscription - th”e transcription with letter-symbols only, andthe other is “ narrow transcr-i-p-t ihoen transcr”iption with letter-symbols accompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. Illustrate the term “ allophone ” with at least one appropriate example. Answer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in "let", "play" and "tell". The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raisingnot only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.II 判断正误( T for True and F for False)1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)2. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in anotherlanguage or dialect.Answer: T.III. 填空题：1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _____ ,______ , and ____ .Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity2. By the position of the ___ part of the tongue, vowels and classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.Answer: highest.3. _ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Answer: Assimilation.4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop/s/: _______________/g/: ______________/t?/: ______________/t/: ______________/f /: ______________Answer:/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/t?/: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate/ t /: voiced dental fricative/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets? pat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, manAnswer:pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;pen, ten; ten, men;heat, eat; heat, heel;tape, tale;bun, ban;chain, main;bell, bet;meal, heel;man, men, main.IV. 选择题1. All syllables contain a(n) ______ .a. nucleusb. codac. onsetAnswer: a2. ____ is one of the supersegmental features.a. Stopb. Voicingc. Deletiond. ToneAnswer: d3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?a. dental stopb. bilabial stopc. alveolar stopd. velar stopAnswer: a4. ___ is not an English consonant.a. Labiodental plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stopd. Dental fricativeAnswer: aV. 辨音选择1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) /f, v ,s/2) /p, f, b/3) /g, z, b/4) /k, g, w/5) /m, n, ?/Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar5) nasal2. There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speechsounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as 精选范本,供参考！specific as possible.a) /m/, /n/, /w/, / ? /b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/Answer:1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.2) /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced.3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI. 问答题1．Circle the words that contain a sound as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick2．Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. Answer: Firstly, a “ phone i”s a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a "phoneme" is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented orrealized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, the phones representing a phoneme are called its "allophones". How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.3．When we are pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually articulate the "n" sound in the word "ten"? Do we still pronounce it as /n/?1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings6) ten classes Answer: 1) /n/2) /n/3) / ? /4) /m/5) /m/6) / ? /4．How many functions do the vocal cords have in the production of speech sounds? Answer: They have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.第三章形态学I. 名词解释1．morphemeAnswer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship betweenexpression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering its meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word "barks" in "The dog barks" consists of two morphemes ― "bark" and "-s", neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units.2．lexemeAnswer: The term "lexeme" is postulated to reduce the ambiguity of the term "word". It is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, "write" is the lexeme of the following set of words: "writes", "wrote", "writing", "written".3．inflectional morphemesAnswer: Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affixes. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s, -ing, -(e)d, -est.II. 判断正误1． A root is not always a free form.Answer: T (There are such bound roots as-ceive ”.) “III. 填空题1．Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the . Answer: affixes2．On, before and together are __ words ― they are words which donot take inflectional endings.Answer: grammatical (functional/form)IV ．选择题1．"Radar" is a/an _ .a. acronymb. blendingc. coinaged. clippingAnswer: a2．Compound words consist of ____ mor phemes.a. boundb. freec. both bound and freeAnswer: bV. 匹配题Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.A B1. a noisy crow a. compound noun2. eat crow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix3. scarecrow c. phrase consisting of an adjective plus noun4. the crow d. root morpheme plus inflection affix5. crowlike e. root morpheme plus derivational suffix6. crows f. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morphemeg. idiomAnswer: 1. c 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. e 6. dVI. 问答题1. Divide the following words into Roots, IA (inflectional affix) and/orDA (derivational affix).1) transformations 2) looseleaves3) destructive 4) geese 5) misledAnswer:1) trans- (DA) form (Root) -ation (DA) s (IA)2) loose (Root) leave (Root) s (IA)3) de- (DA) struct (Root) -ive (DA)4) geese (IA)5) mis- (DA) led (IA)2. Label the morphological category of the morphemes underlined in each of the English expressions.a) I' ve been here.b) transformc) oxend) recurAnswer: a) bound morpheme b) derivational prefix c) inflectional suffix d) bound root3. Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic. You are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian. (Note that xar means "buy" and -id designates the past tense). xaridiYou (singular) bought.naxaridamI did not buy. namixaridandThey were not buying.xaridHe bought. naxaridimWe did not buy. mixaridHe was buying.mixarididYou (plural) were buying. xaridamI bought.Match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian:a) Ib) you (singular)c) notd) was/were V-ing (continuous)Answer: a) amb) ic) nad) miVid4．It is a fact that morphological processes may be sensitive to certain phonological context. The English data given below illustrate this fact. You are required to state the phonological contexts where the addition of -en is possible.a bwhiten *bluenmadden *stupidenredden *greenenFatten *fartheren quicken *slowendeafen *difficultenLiven *abstractenharden *shallowensoften *angryendeepen *vividenAnswer: The suffix -en, which attaches to adjectives to form verbs, can only attach to monosyllabic bases ending in oral stops or fricatives. Verb Adjective-en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative).- < ① > if Adjective ends in a sonorant (n asal, approxima nt, vowel)Meaning: to make (more) Adjectives5．The word uneasiness may be analyzed in either of the two ways below. You are required to find an argument to support one of the two analyses.a)NPrefixNoununAdjectiveSuffixeasinessb)NAdjectiveSuffixPrefixAdjectivenessuneasiAnswer: b) is the correct analysis, because un- only attaches to adjectives to form other adjectives. Un- cannot be attached to a noun.【本文档内容可以自由复制内容或自由编辑修改内容期待你的好评和关注，我们将会做得更好】。
[习题]现代汉语练习题之语音(附答案)
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现代汉语练习题之语音（附答案）第二章语音二、填空题：1. 语音具有________________ 性、________________ 性和_________________ 性，其中_________________ 语音的本质属性。
2. 发音器官包括三大部分：A. ________________ B.、C ______________ 。
3. 语音同其他声音一样，具有_______________ 、____________________ 、_________________ 、__________________ 个要素。
4. 不同的音色至少是由以下三方面原因之一造成的：A_B ______________ 、C _______________________ o_5. 元音和辅音的主要_________ ；发辅音时，6. 《汉语拼音方案》包括五部分内容：A_B ______________ 、C _________________ 、_D ____________ 、E ______________ 。
7. 《汉语拼音方案》的主要用途是：A_B _________________ 。
8. 音节是_____________ 位，也是听觉上自然感到的9. 声母是音节开头的_________________ ，普通话中共有_______________ 个辅音声母。
10. 辅音声母的分类依据是_________________ 和 _________________ 。
11. 发音部位是指_________________________________ ，按照发音部位的不同，普通话声母可以分为_________________ __________________________ 七类。
12. _________________________________________ 发音方法是指按照发音方法的不同，普通话声母可以分为________________ ___________ _ _______________ __________________ 、________________ 五类。
第二章 语音.试题及参考答案
语音·试题及参考答案一、填空1.语音具有、、三方面性质，其中是语音的本质属性。
2.汉语里有几种声调、几种语调的不同，主要是的不同变化决定的。
3.从语音的物理性质看，“舌头”与“蛇头”中两个“头”的区别主要决定于。
4.北京人所说的sh sh ng（师生）与重庆人口里的意思相同，这种现象决定于语音的性质。
5.人的调声器官指的是、两部分。
6.按照汉语传统分析方法，一个音节可分为、、三部分。
7.b 中的B，从音素性质看是，从它在汉语音节中所处的位置看是。
8.《汉语拼音方案》于年由批准作为正式方案推行，它包括、、、、等五部分。
方案的主要用途是。
9.国际音标是由制定的，公布于年，目标是用来，其记音原则是。
10.语音是的物质外壳，是社会的工具。
11.语音是的声音。
12.音高是，决定于的多少。
语音的高低同声带的、、有关。
13.音强是，决定与一定时间内的大小。
语音的强弱由决定。
14.音长是，决定于存在时间的久暂。
语音的长短指。
15.音色是声音的、，决定于，语音的音色同有关。
16.音色不同的原因是不同、不同、发音时不同。
17.语音是从人的发出的，人们发出不同的语音决定于。
18.发音器官包括、、三个部分。
19. 是发音的动力站，是发音的共鸣器，是语音的主要体。
20. 分上腭、下腭。
上腭包括，下腭包括。
其中能动的器官是，的活动性最大。
21.语音的社会性质可以从语音的特征和______ 特征以及语音的______ 来看。
22.听觉上最容易分辨出来的语音单位叫。
23.语言里的叫音位。
24.反切是我国记录的方法之一，它的注音方法是拼合成音。
25.音素是语音的单位。
普通话的元音音素有个；辅音音素有个，其中个可以作声母，只有辅音不能作声母，只作韵母的构成部分，除了作声母，还可以作韵母的构成部分。
26.普通话音素可以分为和两大类。
a属于，b属于。
27.普通话音素和音位的关系是。
28.元音和辅音的区别是。
29.普通话中是前低不圆唇元音；是前高不圆唇元音；是后、半高、圆唇元音。
现代汉语现代汉语习题集试题二(第二章 语音)考试卷模拟考试题.docx
《现代汉语习题集试题二（第二章语音）》考试时间：120分钟 考试总分：100分遵守考场纪律，维护知识尊严，杜绝违纪行为，确保考试结果公正。
1、语音同自然界的声音有何异同？（ ）2、语音的物理属性包括哪些要素？（ ）3、造成音色不同的条件主要有哪几种？（ ）4、音高、音强、音长、音色，在现代汉语语音里有何作用？（ ）姓名：________________ 班级：________________ 学号：________________--------------------密----------------------------------封 ----------------------------------------------线-------------------------5、语音的社会性主要表现在哪些方面？（）6、什么是记音符号？现代汉语常用的记音符号有哪几种？（）7、《汉语拼音方案》主要有哪些特点和用途？（）8、辅音和元音的主要区别有哪些？（）9、音素和音位有何联系？（）10、什么是严式标音法，什么是宽式标音法？（）11、声母和辅音有何联系？（）12、什么是声母的发音部位？根据发音部位，普通话声母可以分成哪几类？（）13、什么是声母的发音方法？根据发音方法，普通话声母可以分成哪几类？（）14、辨析下列各组声母在发音部位和发音方法上的异同。
d — t z — zh l — nf — h c — q（）15、什么叫尖音字，什么叫团音字？普通话为什么没有尖音字？（）16、普通话的声母系统具有哪些特点？（）17、简要说明元音分类的依据。
（）18、普通话里齐齿呼韵母有哪些？请列举出来并注上国际音标。
（）19、简要说明韵母与元音的关系。
（）20、简要说明普通话音节结构的主要特点。
（）21、举例说明什么是音位。
（）22、什么是音位变体，请举例说明。
（）23、举例说明什么是条件变体和自由变体，什么是音质音位和非音质音位。
自考_语言学概论_分章节练习题[1]
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自考_语言学概论_分章节练习题[1]第一章语言和语言学一、单项选择题1.语言的客观存在形式首先表现为口语。
语言学是指研究语言的科学。
2.在个别情况下，当口语已经发生巨大变化而书面语长期保持古代语言的面貌不变时，就可能产生言文脱节的现象。
3.在我国，白话文代替文言文的时间是五四运动以后。
4.世界各国都把书面语的产生作为文明史的开端。
5.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感是确定一个“民族”的最根本的标准。
6.语言是最直观最容易识别的民族标志。
7.口语是语言的有声客观存在形式。
8.书面语虽然在口语的基础上产生，但也影响口语的发展。
9.口语和书面语都有两个方面：一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形，这是一种物理现象；另一方面则是由声音或图形表示的意义，那是一种心理现象。
10.人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的，从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为编码和解码的过程。
11.主张把语言和言语分开的代表人和集大成的学者是现代语言之父索绪尔，他的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。
12.语言符号的特点有：任意性、强制性、可变性、离散性、线性。
13.索绪尔创立的语言学，使语言学成为现代意义的科学。
14.言语活动可以分为语言和言语两个分支，即索绪尔提出人类言语活动可分为语言和言语两个部分。
15.语言和言语：“语言”是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的有规律可循而又成为系统的那一部分。
言语是个人“说话”的具体行为和结果，在每个人的发音、用词和使用的句子结构等方面体现出个人特色。
16.书面语和口语的关系是：前者是第二性的，后者是第-性的。
17.口语和书面语的所谓一致，是指基本的语言成分。
18.语言符号的物质实体（语音）和所表示的意义（语义）之间没有必然的理据关系，这说明，语言符号具有任意性。
19.语言符号是离散的，在时间这根轴上成线性排列。
语言符号的线性特征使离散的语言符号有可能组合成大小不等的语言单位，组合成连续的语流。
20.在语言系统的各个子系统中，语音系统的系统性最强。
[习题]现代汉语练习题之语音（附答案）
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现代汉语练习题之语音（附答案）第二章 语音二、填空题：二、填空题：1.1.语音具有语音具有语音具有________________________________________________性、性、________________________________性和性和性和________________________________________________性，性，其中其中________________________________是语音的本质属性。
是语音的本质属性。
2.2.发音器官包括三大部分：发音器官包括三大部分：发音器官包括三大部分：A. A. ______________________________、、B. __________________________________、、C_______________C_______________。
3.3.语音同其他声音一样，具有语音同其他声音一样，具有语音同其他声音一样，具有_____________________________________________、、______________________________________、、__________________________________、、__________________________________四个要素。
四个要素。
四个要素。
4.4.不同的音色至少是由以下三方面原因之一造成的：不同的音色至少是由以下三方面原因之一造成的：A_______________A_______________、、B_______________B_______________、、C _________________________。
5.5.元音和辅音的主要区别在于：发元音时，元音和辅音的主要区别在于：发元音时，______________________________；发辅音时，_____________________________。
现代汉语复习题及答案(学生版)
一、填空题1、“现代汉语”通常有两种解释，狭义的解释指的是现代汉语民族共同语普通话，广义的解释还兼指现代汉民族使用的普通话和方言。
2、现代汉语民族共同语又叫普通话，它是以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的。
3、现代汉语的地域分支是方言。
4、共同语是一个民族全体成员通用的语言，方言是通行于一定地域的语言。
5、现代汉民族共同语是在北方方言的基础上形成的。
在形成过程中，北京话有着特殊的地位。
6、汉语方言可以分为七大方言区，即北方方言、吴方言、湘方言、赣方言、客家方言、闽方言和粤方言。
7、现代汉语的特点在语音方面有( 1 )没有复辅音( 2 )元音占优势( 3 )有声调。
8、日本语、朝鲜语、越南语同汉语关系尤为特殊，它们都吸收过汉语大量的词语，甚至在汉语的基础上产生了很多新词。
9、汉语是联合国的六种工作语言之一，另外五种是英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语和阿拉伯语。
10、在当前语言文字工作的主要任务中，最重要的两项工作是促进汉语规范化和推广普通话。
11、现代汉语规范化的标准是：语音方面以北京语音为标准音；词汇方面以北方话为基础方言；语法方面以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范。
二、单项选择题1、现代汉民族共同语是在( C )方言的基础上产生的。
A、所有B、北京C、北方D、东北2、现代汉语构成新词所广泛运用的方法是( D )A、轻声、儿化B、简缩C、附加词D、词根复合法3、汉语表示语法意义的主要方式是( D )A、形态B、虚词C、词序D、虚词和词序4、现代汉语汇中占绝大多数的是( B )A、单音节词B、双音节词C、三音节词D、多音节词三、判断题(在题后括号里用“√” 用“×”表示正确或不正确)1、普通话就是过去所说的“白话”或“官话” 。
(×)2、口语和书面语在表达形式上是完全一样的。
(×)3、粤方言并不等于广东话。
( √ )4、民族共同语既然是在一种方言的基础上形成的，它就应该排斥其他方言中的成分。
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【练习与思考】
一、填空题
1、是从自然属性角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
2、国际音标是以字母为基础构成的，通常把它放在方括号中，与一般字母区别开来。
3、从物理属性角度看，语音具有、、和四个要素，汉语的声调，是由于的变化形成的。
4、音素可分和两大类，其区别的根本点是发音时气流在口腔中是否。
5、元音是由、和三个方面决定的，例如“a”是、、音。
6、辅音的发音特征是由和决定的。
例如“P”是、、、音。
7、具体语言中具有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小语音单位就是。
8、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是。
二、单项选择题
1、音位是从角度划分出来的最小语音单位。
A、物理属性
B、生理属性
C、心理属性
D、社会属性
2音素i和y的差别是由的差别形成的。
A、高低
B、前后
C、圆展
D、平翘
3、[p]、[t]、[k]三个音素都是。
A、塞音
B、擦音
C、塞擦音
D、边音
4、[p]、[t]、[k]三个音素的区别是不同。
A、发音部位
B、发音方法
C、送气与否
D、清浊
5、元音[o]具有下列发音特征中的。
A、舌面后半高圆唇元音
B、圆唇半高元音
C、低元音
D、前元音
6、汉语普通话语音系统中没有的发音部位是。
A、双唇
B、齿间
C、唇齿
D、舌面前
9、与国际音标[x]相对应的汉语音素是。
A、y
B、k
C、q
D、h
10、按“四呼”来给汉语音节中的韵母归类，ang属于。
A、开口呼
B、齐齿呼
C、合口呼
D、撮口呼
三、分析题
1、指出下列音素的区别特征。
f m j z h
2、根据描写指出音素
（1）舌面前、高、不圆唇元音（）
（2）舌面后、低、不圆唇元音（）
（3）舌面后、高、圆唇元音（）
（4）双唇、不送气、清、塞音（）
（5）舌尖后、送气、清、塞擦音（）
（6）舌面前、清、擦音（）
3、汉语拼音方案中的音素p、zh、r、s、h的国际音标
四、问答题
1、举例说明划分与归并音位的原则？
2、音高和音强在汉语中是否具有区别意义的作用？举例说明。
3、列出现代汉语普通话辅音音位的至少四对区别特征并各举一对儿对立音位
4、元音与辅音有哪些方面的区别？。