英语复习题名词解释
HistoryExplain the following terms.1. The Anglo-SaxonsIn the 5th century, the tribes called the Angles and Saxons invaded Britain, coming from northern Europe. By the end of the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Britain. Their language was called Old English. From them comes the name of “England” and “English”; England came from “Angle-land” meaning the land of the Anglo-Saxons.2. Norman ConquestAfter King Edward died, Duke William of Normandy, from northern France, declared that Edward had promised to let him become the king. On October 14, 1066, William and his army invaded England and defeated the English army. He was made king and crowned in Westminster Abby on Christmas Day, 1066. William is often referred to as William the Conqueror in English history.3. Robin HoodEngland's best-loved legend of Robin Hood is an outlawed Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans. He hid in the forest near Sherwood with his band of followers, called “merry men”. From this secret wood, they went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor with their longbows. Robin Hood has been a popular subject of numerous films, television series, books, comics and plays.4. The Hundred Years’ WarAt the beginning of the 14th century, England developed into a stronger state in Europe. Consequently, the rich wanted to control more markets and the nobles wanted to regain their lost land. When King Edward III of England declared that he should become the French king, the French rejected his claim so he declared war on France in 1337. The war lasted intermittently for 116 years, hence being known as the Hundred Years’ War.5. The Civil WarIn January 1642 the Civil War broke out between the Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King). The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory and it led to the execution of Charles I, and his son Charles II was driven out of the country in 1649. In addition to that, Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Roundheads,formed republican England, known as the Commonwealth of England and the English monarchy was abolished.6. American IndiansThe American Indians were the descendants of the Mongoloid. The name “Indians” was given by Columbus when he mistook them for the people of India. It is believed that about 25,000 years ago the Indians crossed the Bering Strait land bridge to Alaska. The American Indians developed the brilliant civilizations of the Aztecs, the Incas and the Mayas.7. Columbus’ “discovery ” of AmericaIn 1492, Columbus persuaded the king and queen of Spain to finance his voyage. He believed that by sailing west from Europe, he could reach India. Columbus failed to reach India but landed at one of the Caribbean islands instead. He mistook these islands for part of India and called the local people Indians.8. The MayflowerThe Mayflower has a famous position in American history as a symbol of early European colonization. With their religion oppressed by the Church of England, in the autumn of 1620, 102 people sailed to the New World in a ship named the “Mayflower”. Late in December, the Mayflower finally landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.9. Declaration of IndependenceOn July 2, 1776, the Congress finally determined that these United Colonies ought to be free and independentstates. Thomas Jefferson, assisted by Benjamin Franklin, drafted the Declaration of Independence, which the Congress adopted on July 4, 1776. It announced the independence of 13 North American colonies and the birth ofa new nation.10. Abraham LincolnIn March 1861 Abraham Lincoln took the office of president. He realized that by making the war a battle against slavery, he could win support for the Union at home and abroad. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which granted freedom to all slaves.Geography1.The British IslesThe British Isles is the name of some islands in Western Europe, separated from the European continent by the North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the English Channel. Among the islands, Great Britain and Ireland are the two main ones. The country of the U.K. mainly consists of these two islands.2.LondonLondon is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the world’s ninth largest city. As one of the world's most important business, financial and cultural centers, it carries a lot of influence in aspect of politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts. The city is also a major tourist destination for both domestic and overseas visitors.3.Edinburgh FestivalEdinburgh is well known for the annual Edinburgh Festival, the world’s largest arts festival. Established in 1947, it takes place in the city during three weeks every August alongside several other arts and cultural festivals, collectively known as the Edinburgh Festival.4. New York CityThe city of New York, the largest city in the United States, is known for its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, and manufacturing center. The city consists of five boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Among American cities, New York is unique for its 24-hour mass transit, so the city is sometimes referred to as "The City that Never Sleeps". New York City is the most populous city in the United States, and it is unique for the density and diversity of its population.5. White HouseThe White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. It was built between 1792 and 1800 in the late Georgian style and has been the executive residence of every U.S. President since John Adams, the 2nd president of the U.S.6.HollywoodHollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California. Because it is well known as the historical center of movie studios and stars, the word "Hollywood" is often used as a symbol for the American film and television industry. Many historic Hollywood theaters are used as venues to premiere major theatrical releases and host the Academy Awards. Hollywood is a popular destination for nightlife and tourism and home to the Walk of Fame.Chapter 5 Educationprehensive schoolComprehensive schools were established before 1960, when pupils were not separated by the criterion of academic ability. Such schools provide general education. The pupils study a wide variety of subjects at first and after two or three years they may give up some of them and only study the subject they like.2.Grammar schoolGrammar schools are the oldest schools in the U.K. Grammar schools select children; the children who get high marks in the“Eleven Plus” examination can attend them. The students who show academic potential can attendgrammar schools in which the emphasis is advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of comprehensive schools.3.Independent schoolIndependent schools are also confusingly called public schools. Independent schools are funded through the private sector, tuition fees and minimal government assistance. Independent schools generally recruit the best teachers and provide advanced facilities. As a result, graduates of independent schools are more likely than those of state schools to be accepted by famous universities.4.OxbridgeThe term Oxbridge is used to refer both Oxford University and Cambridge University as a single entity.5.Open UniversityThe Open University （OU）is the U.K.’s larg est university for part-time higher education. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It is open to everybody and doesn’t require the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are taught through TV, radio, videos and a network of study centers.6.creditCredit is used to measure an undergraduate in academic progress. A credit equals to one hour of classroom lecture, or two or three hours of experiments per week in a semester.7.higher educationHigher education in the United Stated began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. When the students have finished high school (twelfth grade), they may go on to a college or a university. College or university study is known as “higher education”.8.Harvard UniversityHarvard University, the oldest institution of higher education in the United States, was established in l636, and named for its first benefactor，John Harvard. Harvard University is known around the world for its outstanding academic achievements. It has produced more than 40 Nobel laureates.Leisure Life1. TabloidTabloids always deal in some scandals and gossip of the famous people in politics, sports or entertainment.2. BBCFor a long period, the only television programs in Britain were produced by the BBC, the British Broadcasting Company, which was funded by the sale of TV licenses. The BBC was sponsored by the national government, which broadcasts radio and television programs for domestic and foreign markets.3. WimbledonWimbledon is the place now where the best tennis players gather to compete for a championship. It is a suburb of London. The Wimbledon Cup is one of the major sports events in Britain and probably the most famous tennis event in the world4. Horse racingHorse racing is the true sport of British Kings and Queens. The two types of horse racing are flat racing and hurdle racing. Flat racing is racing where horse riders compete on a flat track. Hurdle racing is racing across the countryside or around the obstacles encountered5. ChristmasChristmas is celebrated on December 25 and is the greatest of the Christian festivals. Christmas is a religious holiday during which Christians commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. There are three traditions for Christmas Day in Britain. The first is Christmas Pantomime, which is a comical musical play. Another tradition on Christmas isto hear the Queen of Britain give her Christmas message through television and radio. The third British tradition is Boxing Day which is the day after Christmas.6. USA TodayOf all the newspapers, the most widely circulated paper in the United States is USA Today averaging over 2.25 million copies every weekday.7. All-Star GameIt is the game in which the best players from basketball teams from the eastern and western divisions display their skills. It begins in mid-February.8. ThanksgivingThanksgiving always occurs on the fourth Thursday in November at the end of the harvest season. It is a festival to express thanks for the year’s harvest. On Thanksgiving Day family members always gather for a rich dinner of roast turkey with stuffing, sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie, which are traditional foods eaten on the first Thanksgiving.9. HalloweenHalloween is celebrated on October 31st, shortened from All-Hallows-Eve, the night when the ghosts of the dead walked around. Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, bonfires, costume parties, carving jack-o'-lanterns, haunted houses, reading scary stories and watching horror movies.10. Trick-or-treatingOn this day the children will dre ss like the character of a book or movie and go “trick-or-treating”. Children knock on neighbors’ doors asking for candy as a treat.。
大学英语国家概况复习(名词解释+问答题)
名词解释Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅠ第一章英国简介1✧ 1. LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.伦敦位于该国南部最大的城市。
从各方面来看，它是英国主导。
它是文化和商业中心，绝大多数英国大公司总部。
它不仅是国家的金融中心，而且在世界三大国际金融中心之一。
2.Robin HoodRobin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and bid himself with his band of "merry men" in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.罗宾汉是一个撒克逊的贵族。
因为他再也无法容忍诺曼人的压迫，他成为逃犯并且让自己和他的"快活人" 帮派呆在森林里。
英语名词解释
英语名词解释英语名词解释1. Computer: A computer is an electronic device that is capable of receiving, processing, and storing data. It consists of hardware components such as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices, as well as software programs that enable the computer to perform various tasks.2. Globalization: Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas. It is driven by advancements in technology, transportation, and communication, allowing for the development of a global economy and cultural integration.3. Democracy: Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives. It is characterized by principles such as political equality, majority rule, individual freedoms, and respect for human rights.4. Climate change: Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in climate patterns, such as temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and sea levels, caused by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels. It is a global issue that has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies.5. Artificial intelligence (AI): Artificial intelligence refers to thedevelopment of computer systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI technologies include machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.6. Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attack, or damage. It involves the implementation of security measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and user authentication, to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.7. Renewable energy: Renewable energy refers to energy sources that can be naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to climate change, renewable energy is environmentally friendly and sustainable.8. Genetically modified organisms (GMO): Genetically modified organisms are living organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop yields, increase disease resistance, and improve nutritional content.9. Artificial insemination: Artificial insemination is a fertility treatment technique that involves the introduction of sperm directly into a woman's reproductive system to facilitate conception. It is used in cases of male infertility, single parenthood, same-sex couples, or when a partner has a genetic disorder.10. Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship refers to the process ofidentifying, creating, and managing a business or venture to gain profit. It involves taking risks, mobilizing resources, and innovating new products or services to meet market demands. These are just a few examples of English nouns and their definitions. English is a rich language with a wide range of words and meanings, and there are countless more nouns that can be explored and explained.。
英语名词解释
第一课1.Board of directors董事会A)a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporationB)the group of people elected by its shareholders to manage the company2.chief executive officer最高层主管人The person who has overall responsibility for the running of the business.第二课3.recruit新成员A person who has recently joined an organization or an army.4.Search firm 搜索公司（猎头公司）Who will provide company with a list of suitable candidates.第三课5.hypermarkets混合式超市A huge supermarket6.Department stores百货公司large shops which sell a wide variety of products第四课7.franchising特许经营权Franchising is a business system in which a company sell an individual the right to operate a business using the franchisor's established system orformat.8.Operations manual操作手册Contains all the information that the franchisee needs to run his business.第五课9.subordinates 属下An assistant subject to the authority or control of another第六课mercial banks商业银行A financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public第八课11.shareholder股东Someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation12.bonds监禁；盟约A certificate of debt that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money第九课13.quotas配额、定额A)a prescribed numberB) a proportional share assigned to each participantC) a limitation on imports第十课14.listed companies上市公司A company whose shares are quoted on a stock exchange15.Annual report年度报告A report presented by the directors of a company to its shareholders each year, containing the profit-and-loss account, the balance sheet, and details of the past year's activity 第十一课16.public limited companies公开股份有限公司（上市公司）which means that the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange.17.Sole trader or sole proprietor专营商A person who owns their own business and does not have a partner or any shareholders18.parnership合作关系合伙Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership.19.private limited company私人有限公司A company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders.第十二课20.joint venture 合资企业Two or more companies agree to collaborate and jointly invest in a separate business project.21.merger （企业等的）合并The combination of two or more commercial companies22.acquisition or takeover接管One company accumulates enough of another conpany’s shares to take control and ownership.第十三课23.Marketing 市场The term given to all the different activities intended to make and attract a profitable demand for a product.。
名词解释英文版
名词解释英文版1. Economy（经济）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产、分配和消费商品和服务的总体活动。
2. Technology（技术）：指人类在改造自然和满足自身需求的过程中所创造的知识、方法和工具。
3. Environment（环境）：指人类生存和发展的自然条件和社会条件。
4. Education（教育）：指通过传授知识、培养能力和塑造人格，使个体和社会得到发展的过程。
5. Health（健康）：指个体在身体、心理和社会适应方面的良好状态。
6. Culture（文化）：指一个国家或地区在历史长河中形成的独特的生活方式、价值观念和艺术表现形式。
7. Politics（政治）：指国家或地区内部和外部权力关系的运作和管理。
8. Law（法律）：指由国家制定和实施的规范人们行为的规则和制度。
9. Society（社会）：指由一定数量的人组成的具有共同文化、价值观和生活方式的群体。
10. Art（艺术）：指人类在审美和情感表达方面所创造的各种形式的作品和活动。
重要工具。
通过学习这些名词的英文解释，我们可以更好地理解和参与国际交流与合作。
名词解释英文版11. Innovation（创新）：指在现有知识和技能的基础上，创造出新的产品、服务、方法或理念，以满足人类需求或解决问题。
12. Sustainability（可持续性）：指在满足当前世代需求的同时，不损害后代满足其需求的能力。
13. Diversity（多样性）：指在一个群体、组织或社会中，存在不同的观点、背景、文化、性别、年龄等特征。
14. Inequality（不平等）：指在资源、机会、权力或社会地位方面存在差异，导致某些人或群体处于不利地位。
15. Human rights（人权）：指人类在生存、发展、自由和尊严方面享有的基本权利，这些权利应受到国家和社会的保护。
16. Democracy（民主）：指一种政治制度，其中人民通过选举、投票等方式参与决策，政府权力来源于人民。
大学英语语法考试名词解释
大学英语语法考试名词解释一、名词的分类（一）、根据其意义1、专有名词主要指人名、地名及某类人和事物专有的名词（1）人名Mrs.SmithHemingway（2）地名Beijingthe Yellow River（3）某类人的名称AmericansRussians（4）某些抽象事物的名称BuddhismEnglish（5）月份、星期名及节日名称MaySaturdayNew Year’s Day（6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称Gone with the WindVenomOde to the West Wind2、普通名词指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称，这些名词一般不用来指某一具体事物（1）个体名词①指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物He has two sisters. 他有两个姐姐。
Pandas live in the forest. 熊猫生活在森林里。
也可指抽象的东西A new century has just begun. 一个新的世纪刚刚开始。
I had a dream last night. 我昨天晚上做了一个梦。
②个体名词有复数的形式weeksproblems③个体名词单数形式可以和a/an连用a weeka problem（2）集体名词指一群人或一些事物总称，表示由个体组成的集体familyteamaudience（3）物质名称指无法分为个体的东西teaclothrain（4）抽象名词表示一些抽象概念，用来指人或事物的品质、情感、状态等honestylovesilence（二）、根据其语法特征1、可数名词2、不可数名词二、名词的数（一）、可数名词1、定义（1）可用数目计算的名词是可数名词。
（2）个体名词、集体名词大多为可数名词。
2、可数名词单数变复数的规则（1）规则变化①一般情况下,在词尾直接加-sbook→bookstree→treescap→caps 帽子②以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词, 在词尾加-esglass→ glasses 眼镜box→boxeswatch→watchesbrush→ brushes刷子③以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，把y改为i,再加-esstory→storiescountry→countries④以-o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加-s;但中学英语中下列名词要加-es,它们是:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿radio→radios 收音机photo→photoshero→heroesNegro→Negroespotato→potatoestomato→tomatoes⑤以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数需把-f或-fe去掉,加-vesself→selves（本身），life→lives（生命）wife→wives（妻子），half→halves（一半）loaf→loaves（面包），shelf→shelves（架子）thief→thieves（小偷），knife→ knives（刀子）leaf→leaves（叶子），wolf→wolves（狼）有些只加-sroofs屋顶cliffs悬崖proofs证据beliefs信仰chiefs主管人，领袖（2）不规则变化①单复数不同行的名词foot→feet（脚），man→men（男人）woman→women（女人）, mouse→mice （老鼠）tooth→teeth（牙齿），goose→geese（鹅）gentleman→gentlemen（绅士），child→children（孩子）ox→oxen 公牛②单复数同行的名词Chinese中国人，Japanese日本人means 方法，crossroads 十字路口species种类，sheep绵羊③外来名词的复数形式criterion→criteria 标准curriculum→curricula/ curriculums 全部课phenomenon- -phenomena 现象analysis→analyses 分析basis→bases 基础crisis→crises 危机thesis→theses论文diagnosis→diagnoses 诊断bacterium→bacteria 细菌medium→media 媒体datum→data 数据(二)不可数名词1、定义（1）不可用数目计算的名词。
自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)
词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
大学英语专业词汇复习名词解释解答
大学英语专业词汇复习名词解释解答Conversion: conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. For example, the verb attack corresponds to the noun attack.Homonymy: words which are different in meanings but pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both, are called homonymy. Blending: blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both which are not in their full forms. For example: brunch (breakfast + lunch). Motivation: motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense. Motivation can arise in three major ways: phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation.Homophones: words identical in sound but different in meaning and spelling are called homophones. For example: dear, deer; sun, son.Derivational affix: words when added to another morpheme, they “derive”a new word are called derivational affix. For example: re+write, mini +car, super +market, work +er.Grammatical meaning: grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes): an inflectional affixes serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Denotative meaning: Denotative meaning is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It’s the central factor in linguisticcommunication. It involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers. And the denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. Most native words are monosyllabic in modern English.1.What are the three periods in view of the development ofEnglish vocabulary?1.Old English (449-1100 AD). The beginning of old English ismarked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many Latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language.2.Middle English (1100-1500). Middle English period beganwith the Norman Conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English.Middle English was characterized by its losses of many inflectional endings so that it was a language of leveled endings.3.Modern English (1500 to the present). Modern English beganwith the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the renaissance movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion, yet more words were created through word formation.2. What are the major contributors to the growth of Englishvocabulary? please illustrate your point with examples.Latin, e.g. bargain, cheap, inch, pound;French, e.g. judge, conquer, baptism, coat;Greek, e.g. drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon;Scandinavian, e.g. sister, husband, they, their.3.What are the types of morphemes? Illustrate with examples.Morphemes may be classified into free and bound. A freemorpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, e.g.man, red, read,write. A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound, e.g. un+kind, work+ed, dog+s.Alternatively, morphemes may be divided into roots and affixes. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it coveys the main lexical meaning of the word e.g. work, worker, working, worked. And roots are either free and bound. Affix is a “collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when adde d to another morpheme.”And affixes are considered bound morphemes.4.What is grammatical meaning of a word?Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm. Word class describes the word’s lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as the part of speech of the word, e.g. modern is adjective, modernize is verb, modernization is noun. Inflectional paradigm is the set of grammatical forms ofa word.5.There are three types of homonyms in English. What arethey?English homonyms are classified as follows:1.perfect homonyms: word identical in sound and spellingbut different in meaning are called perfect homonyms, e.g.meet vt. to come upon or encounter; meet n. a meeting, gather or assembling as for a sport event.2.Homophones: words identical in sound but different inspelling and meaning, e.g. dear, deer; sun, son.3.Homographs: words identical in spelling but different insound and meaning, e.g. tear: drop of salty water coming from the eye; tear: pull sharply apart or to pieces.6.There are two important process leading to polysemy, whatare they?1.Radiation: semantically, radiation is the process in whichthe primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meaning radiate from it in every direction like ray, e.g. power, “ability to do or act” is its centre meaning, its secondary meanings are “vigor, energy”, “active property” and so on.2.Concatenation: it is a semantic process in which themeaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there’s no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning, e.g. candidate, inLatin, it means”white-robe’. Today, it means “an applicant for office.”Board, in the beginning, it means “ a piece of timber”. T oday, it means “table”.7.What is meant by motivation? What are the major types ofmotivation in English?Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbel and its sense. And it has three major types:1.Phonetic motivation, whose pronunciation suggeststhe meaning, they show a close relationship of soundto sense, e.g. the bow-wow or woof-woof of a dog, themiaow of a cat, the baa-baa of a sheep, the moo of acow, etc.2.Morphological motivation, a direction connection canbe observed between the morphemic structure of theword and its meaning, e.g. headache, daydream,readable, modernize, kilogram.3.Semantic motivation, refers to motivation based onsemantic factors, e.g. a stony heart, the leg of a table. 8.What are the major different between British English andAmerican English?1.In pronunciation. In british English, the letter r is notpronounced before a consonant, at the end of a word, r ispronounced if the next word begins with a vowel but not otherwise. Whereas r is pronounced in all position in America English.2.3.In spelling. The America English and the british Englishsystem are essentially the same, except that in amerce English variant is simpler than its English counterpart, e.g.colour (BrE), color(AmE); neighbour(BrE), beighbor(AmE).4.5.In grammer. The use of subjunctive. American Englishgenerally preserves the traditional subjunctive form, whereas british English commonly adds should to the subordinate clause except in legal or formal context, e.g. I suggest that the meeting should be postponed.(BrE). I suggest the meeting be postponed.(AmE). And to ask similar question in the past, did you have…is used by AmE, while have you got… is used by BrE respectively. 6.In vocabulary. a. words without counterparts; b. samewords, different meanings; c. same ideas, different words.。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” intime.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Thebasic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form aminimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素:Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical classof words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small numberof classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology:A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what thesign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent beforeand for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach orlanguageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically inducedabortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is calleda polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired morethan one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答： Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
外交英语复习资料
外交英语复习指南名词解释：1. Diachronic study（语言历史研究） VS Synchronic study（共时性研究）1 Diachronic study is the study of the historical developmentof language.2 Synchronic study is the study of the present state oflanguage.3 In order to know the present state of language, we mustknow all stages of cultural evolution have left their imprints on linguistic structure.2. Dialect and registerThere are two major types of language variety, dialect（同语系的语支） and register（语域）. The former is defined as variety according to the user. It is what a person speaks, defined by who is. The latter is defined as variety according to the use of language. It is what a person is speaking, determined by what he is doing at the time. Resister can also be defined as the semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associated witha situation type.3. DiplomacyThere are several definitions:1 Diplomacy is the dialogue between states.2 Diplomacy is indeed the politics of international relations; itis international politics in the most precise sense of the term.3 Diplomacy is the management of international relations bynegotiation; the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by ambassadors and envoys; thebusiness or art of the diplomat.4 The dialogue between independent states is the substanceof diplomatic. Diplomacy is in essence international politics.4. Quiet DiplomacyThere are some states which have no diplomatic relations with each other owing to various reasons. Such states may establish contacts through their respective representatives and quietly resolve their differences. The increasing influence of the Secretary-General of the U.N.O. in the settlement of disputes, the establishment of permanent missions at the U.N. Headquarters, the development of blocs have all substantially helped to develop quiet diplomacy.5. Behavior potentialIf regard language as social behavior, this means that we are treating it as a form of behavior potential（行为势能 ）.It is what the speaker can do. Language is a potential which is the linguistic realization of behavior potential; “can mean” is “can do” when translated into language.The meaning potential is in turn what is the speaker can say. Thus “can do”, “can mean” and “can say” are united.6. Conative Function（意欲功能）Language is a social behavior which serves different purposes and thus has different functions. The CONATIVE function aims to influence the addressee’s behavior or attitude.7. Commercial DiplomacyIn socialist countries and underdeveloped or developing countries, economics and trade are controlled entirely or mostly by government agencies. Powerful nations also often try to extend their influence through skillful handling of differenteconomic measures. Among them, trade is most important. Along with trade, sanctioning economic aid or economic aid as a measure of persuasion or coercion also has become nowadays an important tool of diplomacy. We can call this type of diplomacy commercial diplomacy or diplomacy by economics. The diplomacy conducted by merchants of Venice undoubtedly laid the foundation of commercial diplomacy as a form of professional diplomacy.8. Referential Function（指称功能）Many messages refer to the subject matter: this gives rise to the REFERENTIAL function, typically used for conveying information.9. Diplomatic languageDiplomatic language is a language used on various diplomatic occasions. Diplomatic language is what a diplomat can say, can mean and can do verbally.In a broad sense, diplomatic language is the lingua franca between states, the common language used in diplomatic activities. Just as the standard language of a nation is usually a common language of a nation based on the dialect of the region which is most developed economically, culturally and politically, diplomatic language is generally the language of the nation which is most powerful and influential in a certain historical period of time.10. Field of discourse（话语范围）Field of discourse refers to the subject matter and the nature of activity. The function of language also falls into this domain. Since it largely determines the ‘content’ of what is being said, field of discourse is likely to exert major influence on the selection of vocabulary, and also on the selection of grammaticalpatterns.11. Precedence（优先权）Precedence in each category was not determined by the status and importance of the ambassador’s state, but by the priority of his own appointment. Under this system, the senior ambassador, or in other words, the ambassador who had been longest at the post, became the doyen (首席：dean) of the diplomatic corps. The other ambassadors took their precedence below him in the order of their appointment of the country. By this means all acute quarrels about precedence were avoided. 12. Diplomatic Privilege and ImmunitiesDiplomats enjoy certain privileges and immunities that are not granted to ordinary citizens. It is generally realized that, if governments try to influence each other’s policies and actions, they must maintain the effective communication. This can be done properly only if their respective diplomatic agents abroad are not placed under restraints that would prevent them from engaging freely in bargaining and persuasion.13. Tenor of discourse（话语基调）Tenor of discourse refers to the role relationship among the participants. Since it refers to the participants in the speech situation and how they relate to each other, tenor of discourse influences the speakers’ selection of mood (his choice of speech role: making statements, asking questions, making requests or giving orders) and of modality (感觉，his assessment of the validity of what he is saying).问答题：1. What functions does language play in diplomacy?Language is a social behavior which serves different purposes and thus has different functions: Roman Jakobson （布拉格学派学者）defines the functions of language as follows:1 Referential Function（指称功能）Many messages refer to the subject matter: this gives rise to the REFERENTIAL function, typically used for conveying information.2 Conative Function（意欲功能）The CONATIVE function aims to influence the addressee’s behavior or attitude.3 Phatic Function（交际功能）The PHATIC function aims to establish, maintain or discontinue communication.4 Metalinguistic Function（元语言功能）The METALINGUISTIC function aims to check whether the addresser and the addressee use the same code. In other words, it serves to explain to the addressee the language used by the addresser.5 Emotive (or expressive) Function（感情功能）Through the EMOTIVE function the speaker reveals his attitude, usually with some emotion, towards what he is speaking about.6 Poetic Function（诗学功能）The POETIC function covers not only poetry, but any situation in which language is used to give pleasure or emotional thrill to the speaker and the hearer.Any piece of language may have several functions at one time but only one of them is DOMINANT and the others are SUBORDINATE.A certain variety of language tends to be associated with particular functions. This, of course, is true of the different varieties of diplomatic language.2. Why are there so many technical terms in diplomacy in Latin or French?People of all walks of life have their own special terms, and the same is true of diplomats. In the past few centuries, Latin, French and English have in turn become the lingua franca（通用语） in diplomacy. In this course, some Latin and French words have remained and become part of the vocabulary of diplomatic English. Others have become out-of-date and out of use. No wonder there are so many Latin and French terms in diplomatic English.3. What are the cultural background of modern diplomacy and its effect on diplomacy and diplomatic language?Modern diplomacy has been influenced primarily by European diplomacy, because Europe was the first to enter capitalist society which was marked by its industrial power and political influence while the other civilizations were subdued（弱小） temporarily.GreeceEuropean diplomacy originated from Greece. In ancient Greece, there were a number of city states existing at the same time. In such situation is there hope of achieving goals by persuasion, inducement, threat or deterrence, and not by physical domination and war.When the Greek city states left the centre of history they handed down a rich legacy of diplomatic experience as well as a refined vocabulary such as “diploma”(权力，特权),“hegemony”, “anarchy”, “dialogue”, “democracy”. And arbitration used to be a favorite diplomatic device of the Greek city states.Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire’s chief achievement was that it extended the culture westward and northward.The feudal period of the Middle AgesThe power and authority of the pope (罗马教皇，主教) grew and gradually became the international centre of feudalist rule.A scale of hierarchy was built in the Empire by which the Christian rule was carried out. In fact, the Christian church was the most powerful feudal lord of the Western Europe and the most loyal advocate of the order of feudal society.The post-medieval EuropeThe culture of Latin Christendom(基督教徒) remained in influence. It is on this rigid feudal hierarchy and old conservative culture of Latin Christendom that the diplomatic system of Europe was built.And the modern world system of diplomacy is in turn based on the European system of diplomacy. Therefore, formalism(虚礼，形式主义) , conservatism(保守主义，守旧性) and rigid hierarchy in modern diplomacy are the reflections of this cultural background.The same characteristics manifest themselves in diplomatic language. Besides, Latin, the common language of the Rome Empire, once became the language used in Western learning and literature, and also the lingua franca (Lingua Franca是指某个时代广为流通的强势语言。
英语名词解释
英语名词解释一：[英语名词解释]初中英语名词复习名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。
下面是关于初中英语名词复习的内容，欢迎阅读！初中英语名词语法辅导1：名词的所有格名词的所有格：1、"s 所有格：1）构成：A. 一般词尾+ "s.：the teacher"s office, Xiao Li"s sister"s husband"s mother.B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+"" "： workers" rest room.C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加"s： children"s toys.D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 "s： my sister-in-law"s brother.E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加"s： This is Tom, James and Dick"s room.F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加"s：Jenny"s, Jean"s and Mary"s rooms face to the south.G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 "s： a quarter of an hour"s talk.2）用法：A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系： Lei Feng"s dairy.B. 用于表示时间的名词： today"s paper. an hour"s drive. Friday"s work.C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词： the country"s plan. the farm"s fruit. China"s population.D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词： our party"s standE. 用于表示度量、价值的名词： two dollars" worth of books. a pound"s weight.2、of所有格：1）凡不能用"s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系：the City of New York. a map of China.2）下列情况通常要用of 属格：A. 当名词有较长的定语时：the name of 初中学习方法 the girl standing at the gate.Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.【速记口诀】名词所有格，表物是“谁的”，若为生命词，加“"s”即可行，词尾有s，仅把逗号择;并列名词后，各自和共有，前者分别加，后者最后加;若为无生命词，of所有格，前后须倒置，此是硬规则。