GAAP_Monetary Measurement 一般公认会计原则
美国 GAAP 下的公允价值计量及应用
美国 GAAP 下的公允价值计量及应用美国通用公认会计原则（Generally Accepted Accounting Principles，简称GAAP）是美国企业会计准则的综合规范，对企业的会计记录和报告提出了具体规定。
其中，公平价值计量（fair value measurement）是GAAP中重要的会计原则之一。
本文将深入探讨美国GAAP下公允价值计量的概念、原则，以及其在会计实务中的应用。
一、公允价值计量的定义与原则公允价值是指在交易市场上合理的交易价格，即买方与卖方同等公平地进行交易时形成的价格。
公允价值计量要求基于市场参与者的交易行为、相关市场信息以及企业自身知识，全面准确地评估一个资产或负债的价值。
根据美国GAAP，公允价值计量应遵循以下原则：1. 市场参与者的观点：公允价值计量需要基于市场参与者的角度进行，即考虑所有相关市场参与者对于资产或负债价值的看法。
2. 市场信息的有效性：公允价值计量依赖于充分且有效的市场信息，例如交易价格、报价、利率等，以确定资产或负债的公允价值。
3. 全面性与准确性：公允价值计量需要全面且准确地评估资产或负债的价值，包括考虑到未来现金流量、风险特征、市场波动等因素。
二、公允价值计量在美国GAAP中的应用范围美国GAAP要求企业根据市场价值对特定项目或金融工具进行公允价值计量，涵盖的范围主要包括以下方面：1. 金融工具：如股票、债券、衍生品等。
企业应根据市场价格或其他相关市场数据来计量金融工具的公允价值，以反映其实际价值。
2. 投资性房地产：企业根据市场价格或专业估值来计量投资性房地产的公允价值，以反映其在市场上的价值动态。
3. 商誉（Goodwill）：商誉通常是企业通过收购或合并产生的资产，其公允价值的计量需要基于市场信息和相关的预测模型。
4. 长期股权投资（Long-term equity investments）：企业对于其持有的长期股权投资，应按照公允价值进行计量，以准确反映企业的权益。
财务会计英汉对照词汇表
accountant n. 会计师，会计人员accounting n. 会计，会计学accounting concept 会计概念accounting element 会计要素accounting entity 会计主体accounting equation 会计等式accounting information 会计信息accounting period 会计期间accounting principle 会计原则accounting record 会计记录accounting report 会计报告accounting system 会计系统，会计制度accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制adequate disclosure 充分披露American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)美国注册会计师会analytical process 分析程序asset n. 资产auditing n. 审计balance sheet 资产负债表bookkeeper n. 簿记员，记帐员bookkeeping n. 簿记business n. 企业，商经，经营cash-basis accounting 现金收付制certified public accountants (CPAs) 注册会计师，注册会计师chartered accountant 特许会计师Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA)中国注册会计师协会client n. 客户，委托人company n. 公司conservatism n. 稳健性consistency n. 一致性controller n. 主计长corporation n. 公司cost accounting 成本会计CPA firms 注册会计师事务所debt n. 债务，欠款decision-making 决策double-entry accounting system 复式记帐体系executive n. 高级管理人，行政部门expense n. 费用financial accounting 财务会计financial position 财务状况financial statement 财务报表generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) 公认会计原则forecast n. 预测going-concern concept 持续经营概念governmental accounting 政府会计historical cost 历史成本income statement 收益表、损益表income tax returns 所得税申报表insolvent a. 无偿付能力的internal control 内部控制Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 国内税收暑interpret v. 解释、说明inventory n. 存货journal n. 日记帐jurisdiction n. 司法部门liability n. 负债management accounting 管理会计management advisory 管理咨询matching principle 配比原则materiality 重要性measure v. 计量、衡量net income 净收益net loss 净损失、净亏损nonprofit organizations 非营利组织objective principle 客观性原则operating results 经营成果owner’s equity 业主权益partnership n. 合伙企业private businesses 私营企业profit n. 利润、盈利public accounting 公共会计realization principle 实现原则render v. 提供，提出revenue n. 收入Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 证券交易管理委员会single proprietorship 独资企业solvent a. 有偿付能力的tailored a. 特定的tax statute 税法transaction n. 经济业务、交易withdrawals n. 撤资，撤回yardstick n. 标准、尺度2会计循环account n. 帐户accounting cycle 会计循环accounting entry 会计分录accounting procedure 会计程序accounts payable 应付帐款accounts receivable 应收帐款adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表adjusting entry 调整分录advertising expense 广告费用after-closing trial balance 结帐后试算表allocate v. 分配、分摊apportion v. 分配、分摊balance n. 余额balance sheet account 资产负债表帐户bank deposit slip 银行帐单book of original entry 原始分录帐簿calculate v. 计算cash payments journal 现金支出日记帐cash receipts journal 现金收入日记帐check stub 支票存根chronological record 序时记录closing entry 结帐分录closing the accounts 结帐compound journal entry 复合日记帐分录credit n. v. 贷项、贷记credit balance 贷方余额credit entry 贷方分录debit n. v. 借项、借记debit balance 借方余额debit entry 借方分录depreciation expense 折旧费用double-entry accounting 复式记帐会计、复式记帐制end-of-period adjusting entries 期末调整分录footnotes n. 附注general journal 普通日记帐income statement account 损益表帐户income summary account 收益汇总帐户income tax payable 应付所得税journal entry 日记帐分录ledger n. 分类帐ledger account 分类帐帐户liquidity n. 流动性，变现能力nominal account 虚帐户operating expense 营业费用，经营费用owner’s capital 业主资本permanent account 永久性帐户post v. 过帐premium n. 保险费、溢价profitability n. 盈利能力property insurance 财产险purchase journal 购货日记帐real account 实帐户retained earnings 留存收益Salaries expense 薪金费用sales journal 销货日记帐sale receipt 销货发票service revenue 服务收入solvency n. 偿债能力source document 原始凭证special journal 特种日记帐statement of cash flows 现金流量表statement of owner’s equity 业主权益表statement of retained earnings 留存收益表summarize v. 加总、汇总telephone expense 电话费用temporary account 临时性帐户unadjusted trial balance 调整前试算表3现金accounting record 会计帐簿accounts payable 应付帐款accounts receivable 应收帐款bank account 银行帐户bank charges 银行手续费bank credit memorandum 银行贷项通知bank debit memorandum 银行借项通知bank reconciliation 银行余额调节表bank statement 银行对帐单bond n. v. 债券brokerage commission 经纪人佣金cash account 现金帐户cash dividend 现金股利cash in bank 银行存款cash on hand 库存现金cash over and short 现金溢缺cash payment journal 现金支付日记帐cash receipts 现金收入cash receipt journal 现金收入日记帐cash register 现金登记簿check n. 支票checking account 支票帐户controlling account 统制帐户custodian 保管人deposit n. 存款deposit in transit 在途存款dividend revenue 股利收入fiscal period 会计期间government bond 公债income summary 收益汇总interest date 付息日internal control 内部控制IOU (由I owe you的读音缩略转义) 欠条long-term investment 长期投资lower of cost or market (LCM) 成本与市价孰低make change 交换，找零头marketable debit security 债务性有价证券marketable equity security 权益性有价证券marketable security 有价证券miscellaneous expense 杂项费用miscellaneous revenue 杂项收入money on deposit 货币存款money order 汇款单notes receivable 应收票据NSF (not sufficient funds) 存款不足outstanding check 未兑现支票petty cash 备用金petty cash fund 定额备用金postage n. 邮费postdated check 远期支票purchase price 买价quoted market price 挂牌市价replenish v. 补充security exchange 证券交易所short-term investment 短期投资sinking fund cash 偿债基金现金transaction n. 交易，经济业务transportation in 购货运费unrealized loss 未实现损失voucher n. 付款凭单4应收帐款account receivable n. 应收帐款accounts receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率adjusting entry 调整会计分录aging 帐龄(分析)aging schedule 帐龄分析表allowance for doubtful accounts 坏帐准备books n. 帐簿credit department 信贷部门，赊销管理部门credit loss 信贷损失，赊销损失credit manager 信贷经理，赊销管理经理credit ranking 信用评级credit risk 信用风险custody n. 监护，管理indebtedness n. 负债(额)installment plan 分期付款计划internal control 内部控制memorandum n. 备忘录，内容摘要，买卖通知书negotiable asset 可转让资产，可买卖资产net realizable value 可实现净值operating cycle 经营周期past due 逾期sell on account 赊销uncollectible accounts expense 坏帐损失write off 核销，冲减5存货acquisition n. 取得actual physical count 实地盘点average cost method 平均成本法balance sheet date 资产负债表日beginning inventory 期初存货cost of goods available for sale 可供销售的商品成本cost of goods sold 销货成本current asset 流动资产current replacement cost 现时重置成本current period 本期deflation n. 通货，紧缩ending inventory 期末存货finished goods 产成品first-in, first-out method (FIFO) 先进先出法goods in process of manufacture 在产品goods on hand 存货，库存商品goods in transit 在途商品gross profit method 毛利法gross profit on sales 销货毛利import duties 进口关税inflation n. 通货膨胀interim financial statement 中期财务报表inventory n. 存货inventory account 存货帐户inventory measurement 存货计量inventory sheet 盘存表inventory valuation method 存货计价方法last-in, first-out method (LIFO) 后进先出法loss on inventory shortage 存货短缺损失lower of cost or market rule (LCM) 成本与市价孰低原则manufacturing enterprise 制造业企业merchandise n. 商品，存货merchandise on account 赊销商品merchandising enterprise 商业企业net realizable value 可变现净值net purchases 购货净额net sales 销货净额preceding year 以前年度periodic inventory system 定期盘存制perpetual inventory system 永续盘存制physical inventory 实地盘存physical inventory system 实地盘存制purchases account 购货帐户purchases discount 购货折扣purchase invoice 购货发票purchases returns and allowances 购货退回及折让rate of gross profit 毛利率ratio of cost to selling retail price 成本与销售价格之比raw materials 原材料receivables 应收款项replacement cost 重置成本retail business 零售企业retail inventory method 零售价格法retail price 零售价格specific identification method 个别辨认法subsidiary record 明细记录taking a physical inventory 存货的盘点transportation-in 购货运费vendor n. 卖主weighted average cost 加权平均成本weighted average method 加权平均法weighted average unit cost 加权平均单位成本6固定资产above-average return 超常收益accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accumulated amortization 累计摊销accumulated depletion 累计损耗accumulated depreciation 累计折旧acquisition n. 获取，获得allocation n. 分配amortize v. 摊销book value 帐面值brand name 品牌名称capital expenditure 资本性支出capitalize v. 资本化carrying value 帐面净值cash flow 现金流comparable 可比的，有可比性的conservatively adv. 保守地contra-asset account 资产对冲帐户copyright n. 版权，专利权declining-balance method 余额递减（折旧）法deplete v. 损耗，用尽depreciable cost 可供折旧成本depreciation n. 折旧depreciation expense 折旧费depreciation rate 折旧率deterioration 恶化，磨损disposal n. 丢弃，处置double-declining-balance method 双倍余额递减（折旧）法expensing n. 费用化fair market value 公平市价federal government 联邦政府Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 财务会计准则委员会（美国）financial reporting 财务报告franchise n. 专营权，专卖权freight charge 运输费generally accepted accounting principles 通用会计准则goodwill n. 商誉incidental cost 附加成本income tax 所得税installment plan 分期付款协议intangible asset 无形资产interest charge 利息费用life-span 生命期，生命周期long-lived asset 长期资产natural resource 自然资源net identifiable asset 可确认净资产noncurrent adj. 非流动性的normal return 一般回报note payable 应付票据obsolescence 过时，淘汰on due 到期patent n. 专利，专利权physical substance 实物形态plant asset 长期资产prepaid expense 预付费用present value 现值property, plant & equipment 固定资产research and development cost 研究开发成本residual value 残值revenue expenditure 收益性支出round v. 四舍五入sales tax 销售税，消费税salvage value 残值straight-line method 直线（折旧）法tangible asset 有形资产trade in 置换，以旧换新trademark n. 商标useful life 使用年限，有效年限weigh v. 权衡7流动负债current liability 流动负债accounts payable 应付帐款notes payable 应付票据accrued liabilities 应计负债interest payable 应付利息income taxes payable 应付所得税unearned revenue 预收收入impairment of assets 资产减损commitments 承付款项estimated liabilities 估计负债loss contingency 或有损失8长期负债amortization of discount on bonds payable 应付债券的折价摊销convertible bond 可转换债券discount on bonds payable 应付债券折价premium on bonds payable 应付债券溢价mortgage bond 抵押债券000debenture bond 信用债券callable bond 可提前兑回债券sinking fund bond 偿债基金债券equity method 权益法cost method 成本法investee n. 被投资者9合伙企业drawing account 提用帐户general partner 普通合伙人limited liability partnership 有限责任合伙limited partner 有限合伙人limited partnership 有限合伙limited personal liability 有限的个人责任mutual agency 相互代理partnership 合伙企业partnership contract 合伙合同statement of partners’equity 合伙人权益表unlimited personal liability 无限的个人责任liquidation of a partnership 合伙的清算10股东权益Additional paid-in capital 超面值缴入股本Board of directors 董事会book value per share 每股帐面价值capital stock 股本closely held corporation 不公开招股公司common stock 普通股corporation n. 公司dividends n. 股利double taxation 双重纳税legal capital 法定股本imited personal liabil 有限责任paid-in capital 缴入股本par value 票面价值preferred stock 优先股publicly owned corporation 公开招股公司retained earnings 留存收益stockholders n. 股东stock dividend 股票股利stock split 股票分割treasury stock 库藏股票11现金流量表beginning balance 期初余额cash flows 现金流量cash inflows 现金流入cash outflows 现金流出cash equivalent 现金等价物cost of goods sold 商品销售成本direct method 直接法ending balance 期末余额financing activity 筹资活动indirect method 间接法interest expense 利息费用investing activity 投资活动net cash flows 净现金流量operating activity 营业活动operating expense 营业费用preparation of statement 报表编制statement of cash flows 现金流量表supplemental information 补充信息12财务报表分析accounting policy 会计政策acid-test ratio 酸性试验比率，速动比率analyst n. 分析者，分析人员asset turnover 资产周转率auditor's report 审计报告average collection days 平均收帐期base year 基年book value per share 每股帐面价值capital market 资本市场cash ratio 现金比率comparative statement 比较报表comparative common-size statement 比较共同比报表common-size statement 共同比报表contingent liability 或有负债current ratio 流动比率debt ratio 负债比率debt-equity ratio 负债与产权比率debt to tangible net worth ratio 负债与有形资产净值之比dividend yield 股利报酬率earning power 盈利能力earnings per common share(EPS) 每股盈利，每股净收益financial position 财务状况financial ratio 财务比率financial statement analysis 财务报表分析financial structure 财务结构footnotes to the financial statement 财务报表附注horizontal analysis 水平分析inventory turnover 存货周转率inventory turnover in days 存货周转天数liquidity n. 流动性operating cash flows/current debt ratio 现金流量与当期债务之比operating cycle 营业周期price/earning ratio 市盈率profit margin 利润边际，销售利润率profitability n. 盈利能力quick ratio 速动比率rate of dividend payout 股利分配率rate of return on investment(ROI) 投资报酬率rate of return on net sales 销售利润率rate of return on stockholders' equity 股东权益报酬率，净资产收益率rate of return on total assets 总资产报酬率ratio analysis 比率分析receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率receivable turnover in days 应收帐款周转天数share outstanding 发行在外的股票solvency . 偿债能力subsequent events 期后事项，资产负债表日后事项trade account 贸易项目trend analysis 趋势分析times-interest-earned ratio 利息保障倍数valuation . 估价，评估vertical analysis 垂直分析，纵向分析。
GAAP_Matching Principle 一般公认会计原则
GAAP – Matching PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objective, description and application rules of this principle. Examples have been given to strengthen your understanding.Objective: Guides you how to record "expenditure" (expenses).Description: The amount of “expenses” incurred to generate an amount of “revenue” should be matched to that amount of “revenue” at the period when the “revenue” is earned. This is in regardless when money is received or paid.Application Rules:If payment of $ will bring "future" benefits --> record as "Asset"If payment of $ will bring "current" benefits --> record as "Expense"If payment of $ will bring "NO" benefits --> record as "Loss"Example:Your company paid $100,000 cash for the purchase of a car on 1 September. Your financial year ends by 31 October of the year.Scenario 1: The car is for the delivery of goods to customers.Entries:Dr Car 100kCr Cash 100kNote: “Car” is classified as “non-current asset”Explanation:a) The car in this case fulfills the criteria of a non-current asset, since- you have ownership / control- you have no intention to resale for revenue- it can be measured in monetary value ($100k)- it has economic benefits (for delivery of goods)- you will probably keep it for more than 12 months (owing to its nature)b) Though the car is purchased on 1 September, however, there is no hint showing that you have the intention to "throw" it away in just a few days or weeks.c) According to point b), this car can bring upon "future" benefits, since your company will probably use it for quite a period of time. (e.g. Oct, Nov, Dec etc)d) Consequently, the payment of this $100,000 will bring upon "future" benefits, so we record it as an "asset". In this case, as non-current asset (NCA).e) "Non-current asset" is a permanent ledger, with which the balance will be carried down to the next financial period and the ledger will NOT be closed. It is to be recorded in the Balance Sheet.Scenario 2: (Same example applies but) The car is used as a gift for the lucky draw of a marketing activity for your company.Entries:Dr Marketing Expenses 100kCr Cash 100kNote: “Marketing expenses” is classified as “expense”Explanation:a) The car still fulfills all the criteria of a non-current asset as mentioned in Scenario 1.b) However, under this scenario, the car is purchased only as a "gift" of the lucky draw - which is a marketing activity of your company. The car "will not" and "cannot" be kept after the lucky draw, because it will be given as a gift to the winner (which surely will NOT be your company!).c) According to point b), this car can bring upon "current" benefits ONLY, since your company cannot "use" it for a period of time. (it can be used in the same manner as a "gift" only, e.g. a coupon!)d) Consequently, the payment of this $100,000 will bring upon "current" benefits, so we record it as "expense". In this case, as marketing expenses.e) "Expense" is a temporary ledger, which is to be closed by the end of the financial year and recorded in Income Statement.Final Comment:See the differences? Though the same amount of $ is paid (in this e.g. $100k) and the same item is purchased (in this e.g. the car), however because the duration of benefits that will bring upon by this item (or amount of $) differs (scenario 1 --> long term; scenario 2 --> current), then this same amount of $ will be recorded differently (scenario 1 --> as NCA; scenario 2 --> as expenses).This is exactly what the "matching principle" of the GAAP tells us. It guides us how to record an "amount of expenditure", based on how long the company can benefit from the relative amount of payment.Though this is NOT all!The matching principle also tells us "when" we should record an amount of expenses -- it is when revenue is generated due to this amount of expenses, therefore, comes the "adjustment". In short, matching principle guides us how and when to record expenditure.。
一般公认会计原则（GAAP）
一般公認會計原則(GAAP)壹、財務會計之環境一、會計的意義及基本特質會計的定義：＊美國會計學會（AAA）：會計是對經濟資訊的認定、衡量、與溝通的程序，以協助資訊使用者做審慎的判斷與決策。
」＊美國會計師協會（AICPA）：會計係一種服務性之活動，其功能在提供有關經濟個體之數量化資訊…尤其是財務資訊…予使用者，以便使用者藉此資訊在各種行動方案中，做一明智的抉擇。
」＊會計可藉由三項基本特性而定義：(1)確認、衡量與溝通，(2)關於經濟個體的財務資訊，(3)給相關使用者以協助其釐定決策。
二、財務報表（financial statement）及財務報導（financial reporting）1.會計的兩大支派----財務會計與管理會計＊財務會計之意義：研究如何提供有用資訊以幫助企業外部使用人做決策者，稱為財務會計。
＊管理會計之意義：研究如何提供有用資訊以幫助企業內部管理當局做決策者，稱為管理會計。
2.財務報表（含附註揭露）為財務會計之最終產品，用以顯示一企業之財務資訊（會計資訊）。
財務報表包括資產負債表、損益表、現金流量表、業主權益變動表及財務報表附註，附註為財務報表不可分割（integral part）的一部份。
3.財務報表加上補充附表（supplementary schedules）及其他報導方式（如管理當局的討論及分析、財務預測、致股東函、公開說明書）合稱財務報導。
4.財務報表及財務報導之關係財務報導財務報表主要報表＋附註＋管理當局的討論及分析＋財務預測＋致股東函＋公開說明書三、會計與資本分配1.資本市場分為初級市場與次級市場。
初級市場又稱發行市場，係指公司原始向社會大眾投資人發行股票、債券或其他權益憑證，亦即原始發行證券的市場。
次級市場又稱交易市場，為以發行證券之交易市場，如證券交易所及證券櫃檯買賣中心等，方便已發行證券之流通轉讓。
初級市場(發行市場) 股票資本市場投資人次級市場(交易市場) 公司債公司向外吸收資金貸款金融市場發行票券債權人賒帳2.資本分配過程四、財務會計所面臨之問題及挑戰1.挑戰（1）非財務指標（2）預期資訊（3）軟體資產（4）時效性2.為克服上述之挑戰，美國會計師協會特殊問題委員會建議未來財務報表應包括下列資訊：（1）財務資料與非財務資料＊財務報表與其相關策路。
GAAP_RevenueRecognitionPrinciple一般公认会计原则
GAAP_RevenueRecognitionPrinciple一般公认会计原则GAAP – Revenue Recognition PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To set forth the criteria for recognizing and recording revenue in the accounting period.Description:According to the revenue recognition principle, revenue must be reported when it is realized and earned, not necessarily when the actual cash is received. In addition, the following four criteria or conditions must also be met for revenue to be recognized:1. Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered2. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement for customer payment exists3. Price is fixed or determinable4. Collection is reasonably assuredApplication:Revenue is an item that investors and analysts always pay attention to. In order to avoid misrepresentation (overstatement and understatement) of revenue, GAAP has provided additional guidance for revenue reporting for different situations.For the traditional retail business, goods are delivered to the customers at the same time cash is received, and revenue will be recognized at the time of sales. However in other case that cash could be collected before or after goods or services are delivered,the timing of cash receipts from customers does not dictate when businesses report revenues.Instead, revenue will usually be recognized when the title, risks, and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customers. Depending on the situations, revenue may be recognized at different point of time.Example #1 (cash received at the same period goods/services delivered):The newspaper stand sells Macao Daily News to a customer who pays $4 cash and takes away the newspaper immediately.Entries:Dr. Cash…………… $4Cr. Revenue…………..$4Since cash is received at the same time the newspaper is delivered and all the four criteria are met, revenue will be recognized right away:Example #2 (cash received before goods/services delivered): On Jan 1, the Fortune Magazine has received a subscription form and $120 from an IFT student for subscribing 12 issues of Fortune Magazine ($10/issue). The student will receive 1 issue of the magazine on the last day of each month for 12 consecutive months. Entries:Jan 1 (cash received):Dr. Cash………………$120Cr. Unearned revenue …..... $120Jan 31 (and last day of every month):Dr. Un earned revenue… $10Cr. Revenue ………………..$10When the company received the $120 annual subscription fee for the magazine, criteria #1 has not been met and revenuecould not be recognized at that point of time. The cash received represented obligations to provide future magazine issues to the students which will be booked to the “Unearned Revenue” account temporarily.By definition, “Unearned Revenue” is the collection of cash from customers or clients before goods or services are delivered. Since the goods or services have not been delivered yet, the revenue cannot be considered as “earned”, these cash receipts are considered future obligations to the customers and will be booked to “Unearned Revenue” as a liability account. Only when the goods or services are partial ly or fully delivered, the n the related amount will be unwound from the “Unearned Revenue” account and finally be recognized as “Revenue” earned.In the above example, by the end of each month when the company deliveries the magazine to the student, it earns and records the revenue and reduces the liability account or “Unearned Revenue” account balance.Example #3 (cash received after goods/services delivered): An old customer filled in the cleaning form and dropped off his jacket for cleaning at Dave’s Dry Cleaning on June 30, listed price for cleaning such jacket is $30. Dave cleans the jacket on July 1, but customers do not claim and pay for the jacket until August 1. Entries:June 30 (Customer requests service):No Journal EntryJuly 1 (Service performed):Dr. Accounts Receivable …$30Cr. Revenue……………………..$30August 1 (Cash Received):Dr. Cash………………… $30Cr. Accounts Receivable ….…$30Under the revenue recognition principle, Dave’s earns revenue on July 1, rather than August 1 when cash is received, since it performed the service and met all the four criteria for revenue recognition. On July 1, Dave’s would report a receivable on its balance sheet and revenue in its income statement for the service performed.Final Comment:The following chart summarized the revenue recognition timing for different scenarios as illustrated in the above examples.SCENARIOS 1:Cash received same period goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Sale of product for cash --> Revenue Recognition at date of sale (date of delivery)SCENARIOS 2:Cash received before goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Revenue from subscriptions --> Revenue Recognition as time passes or upon consumptionsSCENARIOS 3:Cash received after goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Sale of service on credit --> Revenue Recognition when services performed and billable。
accounting专业术语
Account Book（会计账簿）Account（会计账户）Accountability（受托责任观）Accounting Assumption（会计假设）Accounting Computerization（会计电算化）Accounting Elements（会计要素）Accounting Entity（会计主体）Accounting Equation（会计等式）Accounting Events（会计事项）Accounting Informatization（会计信息化）Accounting Item（会计科目）Accounting Law（会计法）Accounting Management Systems（会计管理制度）Accounting Object（会计对象）Accounting Organization（会计机构）Accounting Personnel（会计人员）Accounting Professional Ethics（会计职业道德）Accounting Regulations（会计规范）Accounting System（会计制度）Accounting Theory（会计理论）Accounting Voucher （会计凭证）Accounting Voucher Transmitting（会计凭证的传递）Accounts Payable（应付账款）Accounts Prepaid（预付账款）Accounts Receivable（应收账款）Accrued Expenses (预提费用）Accrued Salaries Payable（应付职工薪酬）Accumulated Depreciation（累计折旧）Accumulative Voucher(累计凭证)Advances From Customers (预收账款)Allowance Method (备抵法)Assets（资产）Balance Sheet（资产负债表）Bank Reconciliation (银行余额调节表)Bank Reconciliation（银行存款余额调节表）Bank Statement (银行对账单)Basic Accounting Standards (基本会计准则)Booking Procedures Using Journal and General Ledger(日记总账账务处理程序) Bookkeeping Procedures (账务处理程序)Bookkeeping Procedures Using Categorized Accounts Summary(科目汇总表账务处理程序) Bookkeeping Procedures Using Multiple-column Journal(多栏式日记账账务处理程) Bookkeeping Procedures Using Summary Voucher(汇总记账凭证账务处理程序) Bookkeeping Procedures Using Voucher (记账凭证账务处理程序)Bookkeeping System（记账方法）Bookkeeping Voucher (记账凭证）Capital Surplus（资本公积）Cash Equivalents（现金等价物）Cash flow from Financing Activity (筹资活动现金流量) Cash flow from Investing Activity（投资活动现金流量）Cash Flow from Operating Activity（经营活动现金流量）Certified Public Accountant（注册会计师）Clearness and Conciseness（明晰性）Closing Accounts（结账）Commercial Paper (商业票据)Commodity Stocks（库存商品）Comparability（可比性）Complete Check（全面清查）Construction in Progress（在建工程）Credit（贷记）Current Asset（流动资产）Current Liability（流动负债）Debentures Payable (应付债券）Debit（借记）Decision-usefulness（决策有用观）Deferred Exchange Losses（待转销汇兑收益）Deferred Exchange Losses（待转销汇兑损益）Deferred Gains on Investment (递延投资收益）Deferred Losses on Investment (递延投资损失）Deferred Tax Charges (递延税款）Deferred Tax Credits (递延税款贷项）Deposit in Transit (在途存款)Direct Labor Cost（直接人工）Direct Material Cost（直接材料）Direct Method（直接法）Direct Write Off Method (直接冲销法)Dividend Payable（应付股利）Dividends Payable（应付股利）Double Entry Bookkeeping System（复式记账法）Double-Entry Voucher (复式记账凭证）Economic Transaction（经济业务）Expenses（费用）Fair Value（公允价值）Financial Accounting（财务会计）Financial Expense（财务费用）Financial Report（财务报告）Financial Report（财务会计报告）First-In, First－Out，FIFO (先进先出法)Fiscal Year（会计年度）Fixed Assets Pending Disposal（固定资产清理）Fixed Assets（固定资产）Fixed Assets-Cost（固定资产原值）Fixed Assets-Net Book Value（固定资产净值）Fixed/ Depreciable Assets（固定资产）Gains（利得）General Ledger Account（总分类账户）General Ledgers（总分类账簿）General journal（普通日记账）General Voucher (通用凭证）Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, GAAP（公认会计原则）Going Concern（持续经营）Good Will（商誉)Gross Profit（总利润）Historical Cost（历史成本）Income Summary （损益汇总）Income On Investment（投资收益）Income Statement（利润表）Income Tax Expense（所得税费用）Indirect Method（间接法）Information System（信息系统）Intangible Asset（无形资产）Inventory（存货）Journals（序时账簿）Last-In, First-Out，LIFO (后进先出法)Ledgers（分类账簿）Liabilities（负债）Long-Term Assets（长期资产）Long-Term Investments（长期投资）Long-Term Liability（长期负债）Long-term Loan（长期借款）Long-Term Loans（长期借款）Long-Term Notes Payable（应付长期票据)Losses（损失）Management Accounting（管理会计）Manufacturing Cost（生产成本）Manufacturing Expense（制造费用）Materiality（重要性）Materials In Transit（在途物资）Measurement Attributes（计量属性）Measurement（计量）Monetary Measurement（货币计量）Mortgage Payable（应付抵押借款）Net Profit（净利润）Net Realizable Value（可变现净值）Nonoperating Outlay（营业外支出）Non-periodic Checking Method（不定期清查）Nonrevenue Receipt（营业外收入）Notes Payable（应付票据）Notes Payable（应付票据）Notes Receivable（应收票据）Notes to Financial Statement（财务会计报告附注）Onetime Voucher（一次凭证）Original Voucher Come From Outside（外来原始凭证）Original Voucher（原始凭证）Other Deferred Credits（其他递延贷项）Other Deferred Expenses（其他递延支出）Other Operating Cost（其他业务成本）Other Operating Revenue（其他业务收入）Outstanding Checks (未兑现支票)Outstanding Items（未达账项）Overhead Expense（管理费用）Owner’s Equity（所有者权益)Owner’s Equity（所有者权益）Paid -in Capital（实收资本）Parallel Record（平行登记）Partial Check（局部清查）Payment Voucher (付款凭证）Periodic Checking Method（定期清查）Periodic Inventory System（实地盘存制）Perpetual Inventory System（永续盘存制）Petty Cash Fund (备用金)Plant and Equipment (厂场设备)Post Responsibility System（岗位责任制）Premium/Discount on Debentures Payable（应付债券溢价/折价）Pre-Operating Expenses（开办费）Prepaid Expense （预付费用）Present Value（现值）Prime Operating Cost（主营业务成本）Prime Operating Revenue（主营业务收入）Profit / (Loss) on Assets Pending for Disposal（待处理财产损溢）Profit（利润）Property Check（财产清查）Propriety Technology and Patent（专利技术权）Provision for Decline in Value of Inventories（存货跌价准备）Provisions for Foreseeable Liabilities（预计负债）Quality of Accounting Information（会计信息质量）Raw Material原材料（）Receipt Voucher (收款凭证）Recognition（确认）Recording Rules（记账规则）Registered Capital（注册资本）Registers（备查账簿）Relevance（相关性）Reliability（可靠性）Replacement Cost（重置成本）Reserve fund（储备金）Retained Earnings（留存收益）Revenues（收入）Self-Made Original Voucher（自制原始凭证）Selling Expense（销售费用）Short-term Loan（短期借款）Short-Term Loans（短期借款）Special Journal (特种日记账)Single Entry Bookkeeping System（单式记账）Single-Entry Voucher (单式记账凭证）Special Accounting Standards (具体会计准则)Special Voucher (专用凭证）Specific Identification（个别计价法）Staff and W orker’s Bonus and Welfare Fund（职工奖励及福利基金) Statement of Cash Flows（现金流量表）Statement of Change in the Owner’s Equity（所有者权益变动表）Subsidiary Ledger Account（明细分类账户）Subsidiary Ledgers（明细分类账簿）Substance over Form（实质重于形式）Summary Bookkeeping Voucher (汇总记账凭证)Summary Voucher (汇总凭证）Taxes Payable（应交税费)Time Period（会计分期）Timeliness（及时性）Trademark Franchise（商标权）Transfer Voucher (转账凭证）Trial Balance（试算平衡）Unearned Revenue （预收收入）Undistributed profits/Accumulated losses（未分配利润/未弥补亏损) Verification of Accounts（对账）Weighted Average（加权平均法）。
美国公认会计原则GAAP和国际会计准则IFRS差异
美国公认会计原则（US GAAP）与国际会计准则（IFRS）之间存在的主要差异1.在存货成本的计算方法上, IFRS规定禁止使用后进先出法。
US GAAP规定可以采用后进先出法。
2.在存货减值的转回上，IFRS规定在满足一定的条件时﹐需予以转回。
US GAAP规定不可以转回。
3.在现金流量表中收取和支付利息的分类上，IFRS规定可包括在来自经营活动、投资活动或筹资活动的现金流量中。
US GAAP规定必须归类为经营活动。
4.在完工比例无法确定的建造合同上，IFRS规定成本收回法。
US GAAP规定合同完工法。
5.在报告分部的基础上，IFRS规定根据业务和地区划分。
US GAAP规定根据公司内部向高层管理人员报告的信息组成进行划分﹐可以是也可以不是根据业务和地区划分。
6.在广场、厂房及设备的计量基础上，IFRS规定可以使用重估价或历史成本。
如果是按重估价计量﹐会根据重估日的公允价值减之后的累计折旧和减值损失列示。
US GAAP规定通常要求使用历史成本。
7.在辞退福利上，IFRS规定没有区分开“特别”和其他辞退福利﹐在雇主表明承诺会支付时确认辞退福利。
US GAAP规定当雇员接受了雇主提供的条件且金额能够合理估计时﹐确认“特别”（一次性）辞退福利；当雇员很可能有权享有﹐且金额能够合理估计时﹐确认合约性辞退福利。
8.在确认与既定福利相关的过去服务的成本上，IFRS规定立即确认。
US GAAP规定在剩余服务年限或生命期间摊销。
9.在设定受益计划中﹐最小应确认的负债金额上，IFRS规定没有最小的要求。
US GAAP规定应确认的负债金额最小为未注资的累积福利义务。
10.在养老金资产确认上的限制上，IFRS规定确认的养老金资产不能超过未确认的过去服务成本、精算损失以及从该计划返还资金或减少对计划的未来提存金供款而得到的经济利益的现值之总净额。
US GAAP规定对确认的金额没有这样的限制。
11.在确认缩减利得的时间上，IFRS规定当有关企业有明确表示将福利计划缩减﹐且已经对外宣布时﹐确认缩减利得和损失。
美国GAAP和IFRS的主要区别
美国GAAP 和IFRS 的主要区别Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 是一般公认会计原则，1937 年美国会计程序委员会(CAP)发表第一号会计研究公告，开创了由ZF 机关或行业组织颁布一般通用会计的先河。
下面小编准备了关于美国GAAP 和IFRS 的主要区别，提供给大家参考!1.在减值损失的计量上，IFRS 规定基于可收回金额(资产的使用价值和公允价值减销售成本的较高者)。
US GAAP 规定基于公允价值。
2.在资产剩余价值的计量上，IFRS 规定在假定资产已经使用完毕﹐且符合其使用年限结束时的预期状况的情况下﹐以资产目前的净销售价格计量。
US GAAP 规定通常是资产未来处置时预期收入的折现值。
3.在商誉减值测试的层次上，IFRS 规定现金产出单元或一组现金产出单元。
其代表了出于企业内部管理目的而对商誉做出监察的最低组织层次﹐其不能大于一个业务或地区分部。
US GAAP 规定报告单位业务分部或组织内的更低一个层次。
在商誉减值的计算上，IFRS 规定一步法比较现金产出单元的可收回金额(公允价值减销售成本和使用价值的较高者)和其账面价值。
US GAAP 规定两步法：比较报告单位的公允价值和其包括商誉在内的账面价值;如果公允价值大于账面价值﹐没有减值(不需要进行第二步);比较商誉的内含公允价值和其账面价值。
在不可确定年限的无形资产的减值上，IFRS 规定商誉和其他不可确定使用年限的无形资产包括在现金产出单元中﹐对现金产出单元进行减值测试。
US GAAP 规定商誉包括在现金产出单元中﹐其他不可确定使用年限的无形资产则作单独测试。
4.在减值损失的转回上，。
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GAAP – Monetary MeasurementThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To distinguish the qualitative and quantitative transactions which have to be recorded in the financial statements. Furthermore, the concept stated that the monetary unit is presumed to be stable over time.Description:- Only financial transactions are recorded- Money is the common denominator of economic activity- Non financial data are ignored- Qualitative data are ignored- No allowance for changing prices- Ignore some important economic informationApplication:For recording, accountants must be clear which transaction is qualitative and quantitative so that it may not have bias in the full picture of the report. Since investors, managers, government and general public take the financial statement as a reference in analyzing the performance of company, all the quantitative transactions should be included in order to fulfill the reliability of the financial statement.Example 1:A company has confirmed to issue 100,000 shares at $50 per share since they will have a joint-project with Venetian and the company expected to invest $5 million in the project. All the preparations have been finished but the issuance of the stock can only be carried out in Feburary next year. If you are the manag er, should you include this ‘qualitative’ transaction in your financial statement at the end of this year?Ans: No.Explanation:If you include this transaction, you will make the following entry:Dr Cash $5mCr Common stock $5mIn your financial statements, it will show an increase in both cash and common stock of $5m. Investors of your company will be misled by this information and they may make wrong decision on their investment. Therefore, instead of considering it as a quantitative transaction, full disclosure should be attached that the $5m issuance of stock will only be taken place in the following year. In this way, the investors can have a clear idea about the future prospect and development of the company and they can make their own choice on whether they should make their investment now or buy the newly issued shares of the company in February.Example 2:A new manager might improve employee morale and the improved morale might improve the performance of the business. Should this attitude be recorded in the financial statement?Ans: NoExplanation:Unlike the purchase of a new asset, the improved morale cannot be accurately expressed in monetary terms and therefore will not be recorded in the financial statements. The key thing is that accountants only record and measure financial transactions, even though there are many other things that are happening in a company that are important. Example 3This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable in which changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements. In other words, it ignores the time value of money.A piece of land which was worth $500,000 was bought last year. The value of the land has increased 20%. What adjustment has to be made in the Statement of Financial Position?Ans: The cost of land is still $500,000.Explanation:With the concept of ‘a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow’ (to be learnt in the Financial Management Course in Year 2), we can have the following assumptions: a. In not recording the new value (still using the historical cost) which means there is no adjustment in inflation or deflation, the current market value cannot be revealed in the financial statements.b. Since there is no adjustment in inflation or deflation if you base on the monetarymeasurement concept. Therefore, the market value of the company can be greater or less than the amount of equity at different economic situations.Final Comments:If it is the matter of market value of short term investment, Fair Value Accounting can be applied. In dealing with the qualitative transactions, disclosure documents can be attached for reference. In general, application of this concept depends on the even more basic assumption that quantitative data are useful in communicating economic information and in making rational economic decisions.Note 1:Fair Value Accounting:Fair Value Accounting can be applied in the valuation of short-term investments. Short-term investments are adjusted to current market value at the end of each financial period. 'Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investment' is recorded under stockholders' equity in the Balance Sheet. Since income tax has to be levied on gains and losses, therefore, thegain/loss will only be appeared in the Income Statement when the investments are sold. In the meantime, the gain/loss which has not been confirmed should still be placed in the stockholders' equity.。