TPO 10听力文本解析
剑10 听力解析
TEST 1-ListeningSection 1Question 1答案：Ardleigh定位：题目中的关键词为address、road number、24, 考査点为地址及路名。
解析：题目中的关键词and your address，24在录音中重现。
在录音中，Andrea女性客户读出了单词Ardleigh。
对于陌生路名，考生需要注意的是单词的读音，以保证后续拼写的正确性。
女性客户匀速报出A-R-D-L-E-I-G-H时，考生只要根据录音写出即可。
Question 2答案：newspaper定位：题目中的关键词为heard, from。
题目意思为“从哪个渠道知道这个旅行公司”，要填写的内容是某类广告宣传渠道。
解析：本题难度系数较低。
在录音中，Travel Agent男性中介提及題目关键词heard... from 时，女士回答为newspaper, 单词为初级基本单词。
广告渠道除了newspaper之外，还有advert (advertising/advertisement)和亲朋好友介绍。
Question 3答案：theme定位：Q3-6属于一类信息介绍题。
题目中的关键词为Los Angeles、visit。
题目的意思为“顾客在LA希望和孩子一起参观某类公园，为此中介方提供了两个方案”。
解析：地点名词是最稳定的关键词，考生在录音中等待定位即可。
在录音中Los Angeles、visit、theme parks连续出现。
theme就是答案。
Question 4答案：tent定位：题目中的关键词Yosemite Park、lodge、not。
题目意思为顾客选择住在小屋，而不是另外一种房间模式。
解析：本题注意not为否定信息提示词。
在录音中依次出现了San Francisco、Yosemite Park、lodge, 女性顾客否定回答don’t like…staying in a tent。
答案就是tent。
托福TPO10口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO10口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO10口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a Psychology class. (female professor) Ok, we generally assume that babies can feel only very basic emotions like happiness or anger, that is, the babies just react to things that happen directly to them. However, some new research’s suggesting that babies may be able to feel concern for others, to have empathy for others. Now, empathy is a complex emotion. It involves a baby relating to someone else’s emotions, not just reacting to things happening directly to them. Let’s talk about an experiment that may show that babies could be capable of feeling empathy. Ok, for the first part of the experiment, well, um, we’ve always known that babies start to cry when they hear other babies crying, right? One baby in a room starts crying and all the rest join in. We’ve always assumed that the other babies cry because they were reacting to the noise of crying, that the noise itself was distressing. So, in the experiment researchers play tape recording, a tape of baby’s crying, to another baby. And sure enough, the baby started crying when he heard the sound of other baby’s crying. This was no surprise, of course. And the researchers assumed that the baby cried because of the noise. But the next part of the experiment was surprising. The researchers played the baby a tape of his own crying. Now it was just as noisy, so the researchers expected him to cry. However, this time the baby did not cry. He wasn’t upset by the sound of his own crying. Why not? Well, maybe it wasn’t the noise that made him cry before when he heard other baby’s crying. In fact, maybe noise has nothing to do with it. It could be that the baby felt empathy for the other babies. And that was why he got upset when he heard them crying. Researchers concluded that it is indeed possible that babies feel empathy, concern for others. 托福TPO10口语Task6题目： Using the points from the lecture explain why researchers think that babies may feel empathy. 托福TPO10口语Task6满分范文： The professor talks about an experiment testing babies' empathy. We all know thatif one baby cries in a room, other babies in the same room will cry. Originally, we think it’s because of the noise of the crying, which means baby is directly influenced by the noise rather than feel concern for other babies. But in the experiment, the researchers played a tape recording of a baby’s cry to another baby, then of course the other baby cries. Then the researchers played a tape recording of the baby’s own crying which is equally noisy; however the baby didn’t cry. So baby cried not because of the noise. It could be that the baby felt empathy for the other baby. Then researchers concluded that it’s possible that babies feel empathy, concern, for others. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO10口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
上外中级口译第三版听力教程原文及讲解--Unit 10
Unit ten. Part one. We are surrounded by news. 2. Exercises.1. This is a talk about the work of a journalist. Listen and supply the missing words you hear from the talk.Nowadays more than ever before we are surrounded by news. You can get the news on radio, on television, in newspapers, and on the internet. In fact so many new stories appear everyday that is impossible to keep up with them. And behind all of these stories there is a journalist. First of all there are different kinds of journalists like entertainment journalists, sports journalists, and crime journalists. And they all work hard to deliver the news 24 hours a day. So how exactly do they find and write stories? Let’s look at the work of one type of journalist, a city reporter. Sometimes journalists are called reporters because they report the news. So a city reporter is a person assigned to find and write stories about local news. How does the reporter do her work? Well, to begin with she should be in contact with lots of different organizations, the local police, and fire apartments, the offices of local politicians, and religious and civic organizations in the neighborhood. Once the reporter had a good relationship wi th these organizations she can call them to see what’s happening or they might call her to tell her about something that’s going on. There are two kinds of story she could write about. The first is a planned event for which the reporter can anticipate many of the details. For example, a politician could be opening a new department store. The second is an unplanned event. For example, a fire or a crime. Usually unplanned events are more exciting.2. Listen to a talk about the types of news and then provide the missing information in the spaces given below.Let’s look at one kind of unplanned event, a crime. Imagine that a fight breaks up between 4 men in a neighborhood bar, and one of the men threatens another with a knife. The reporter will probably see a few lines about the crime in the police log. When she knows what happened she can go to the scene of the crime and interview people. The first person she will want to interview is a police officer. So that she can get the facts. There are four very important facts that every reader wants to know at the beginning of every story. One, what happened? Two, when did it happen? Three, where did it happen? And four, who was involved? Once the reporter has the basic facts of the story she can begin to interviewwit nesses. When you are interviewing witnesses it’s very important to get each witnesses full name and some other details, perhaps the person’s job or age. These details will make the story more interesting and credible. However, it’s important not to report too much personal information or anything that is scandaless. When the reporter has finished interviewing people she will go back to the news room and write the story. At that point she might talk to her editor to decide whether she has a good story. Together the reporter and editor must decide whether the reporter has enough facts and material to make a good story. Is it clear what happened and why?Part 2. Statements. 2. Exercises. Listen and then choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each statement you hear.1. In spite of the repeated complaints lodged by the local residents the noise of the construction site disturbed the people in the neighbor-hood.2. Charles is going to France for a short stay. In order to reduce the travelling expenses he paid for the airplane tickets 2 months in advance.3. It was Christmas and most people stayed in for family reunion. There was little traffic. So Mary got home in half the usual time.4. Peter often has a lot of good ideas and starts to implement them but he rarely follows them through to completion.5. If this weather keeps up you’d better buy a warmer coat. Spring is still a long way off, you know.6. Don’t report your wallets stolen to the campus security office before you have checked your car or our jacket pocket everywhere.7. I hear that Pocker Electronic is going to be holding interviews on campus next week. I’d like to talk to them and drop off my resume.8. Anybody who has seen the photograph will feel amazed how much the boy takes after his father who is a well-known lawyer in town.9. If the students don’t like the canteen food they can always buy a meal at one of the nearby restaurants, though they will have to pay a little bit more.10. The storm was much stronger than we had originally expected, causing extensive damage in this part of the coastal region.11. Hello, this is doctor Graze’s office, we are calling to remind you of your 4:15 appointment for your annual check-up tomorrow.12. My friend Rosy who had been teaching chemistry at a local high school for 10 years got a job with a drug company.13. Thank you for saying that my apartment looks great, but I didn’t paint it myself. I had it done professionally.14. Though I am not very much interested in politics, political topics are a source of many heated discussions among my friends.15. Doris would like to see your photographs from Australia. And so would I. You and your wife must have an excellent time there.16. We haven’t decided what to call the newly built stadium of o ur university. No one has come up with anything yet.17. These trees next to my house are beautiful and they are useful. They cut down the need for air-conditioning.18. The strike of the air control workers throughout the country brought air travel to a standstill. All domestic and international flights have been canceled or delayed.19. I telephoned the garage and they said that this car was so damaged that it is beyond repair. It will have to be scrapped.20. We went down town last weekend and attended a concert. The foreign orchestra performed well at the concert and got a good review in the newspaper.Part three. 3. Exercises. 1. I’d like to get your opinion about the news. This is a short conversation about the news in a newspaper. Listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear.1. I’d like to get your opinion about the news.W: Hi, Brown, I’d like to get your opinion about the news.M: OK. Well, I get most of my news on the internet. But I read papers too.W: And what do you think about the news in the newspaper?M: What I noticed about the papers is that the news is really depressing, especially the main stories. You have bombings, and accidents, and people killing people. I find more and more that the news in the United States i s getting focused on negative things. It’s always a disasterof some sort.W: So you think it’s very negative.M: Yeah. And there is something else. I’d like to read about international news. But it seems that people hear aren’t really that interested in it. I read somewhere I can’t remember that it is a prestige thing to cover the international news.W: And you don’t think people in the United States like the international news.M: No, I don’t. But because I have lived in so many countries around the w orld I am interested in international news. The news in Korea is from everywhere, the United States, Europe, Japan, China. Anyway what I like about newspapers are the arts and cultural sections, and the human interests stories which can be really up-liftin g. I’d like to read about people. For example, there was a story about some crime in the park, but now they are examining that case again. And it turns out that the five young people who they thought did it might be innocent actually. It was shocking that the judicial system had failed in the beginning. But I am glad they finally found out that those young people were innocent.W: So you liked that story.M: Yeah, I mean that kind of news. People could actually read it and feel positive like you could really improve the system or whatever compared to the news that is depressing. You feel helpless. You can’t do anything about it.Questions:1) What’s Brown’s opinion about the news in the newspaper?2) What type of news does Brown like to read about?3) Why is he interested in international news?4) Brown likes several sections in newspapers. Which of the following is not one of those sections?5) Which of the following statements is true about Brown?2. How do you become a foreign correspondent? Listen to the interview with a journalist and then choose the best answer to each question you hear.W: How do become a foreign correspondent?M: Usually you have to start at the beginning. That is you have to begin as a journalist of some sort on a local newspaper, a local radio station, maybe on this small magazine workyou way up. Now there aren't that many organizations which have large numbers of foreign correspondents. So you also have to sort of work with that aim in mind. Another way of doing it is to work abroad and work as a free-lance what we call a stringer, that’s somebody who sells stories and gets paid by the price to newspapers and magazines, and so on, and hoping to build up a reputation that way, and eventually to be offered a full time job. And that sometimes works. But I think to be honest, most people just drift into being foreign correspondents.W: What qualifications do you need? For example, a degree?M: I don’t really know what qualifications as such. I mean obviously a degree in moder n languages or political science or economics would be very useful. But a degree in itself probably won’t be enough to make an editor to decide to send you abroad. So it’s difficult to define precise qualities. You are going to need stamina, and ability to assimilate information quickly and accurately, and then produce stories which fit the style of the newspaper or radio or television station you work for. But there is no list of qualifications that an editor is going to be looking for when he is trying to appoint a new correspondent to a particular place. And so it often becomes a fairly personal choice I think.Questions:1) What’s the interview mainly about?2) According to the interview if you want to become a foreign correspondent you have to do something as a start. Which of the following is not one of these things mentioned in the interview?3) According to the interview what qualifications are needed for being a foreign correspondent?4) Which of the following statements is true when an editor is trying to appoint a foreign correspondent?中级口译听力教程第三版5AAn intermediate course of English listening. Third edition.Unit 10. Part 3. 3. Advertising is part of our daily lives. Listen to a passage about advertising and then provide the missing information in the spaces given below.Advertising is part of our daily lives. To realize this fact you have only to live through themagazine or newspaper, or count the radio or television commercials that you hear in one evening. Most people see and hear several hundred advertizing messages everyday. And people respond to the many devices that advertisers use to gain their attention. Advertizing is a big business, and to many people a fascinating business filled with attraction and excitement. It is part literature, part art, and part show business. Advertizing is the difficult business of bringing information to great numbers of people. The purpose of an advertisement is to make people respond. To make them react to an idea, such as helping prevent forest fires, or to make them want to buy a certain product or service. At the beginning of the 20th century, advertizing was described as salesmanship imprint. If this definition work expanded to include radio and television, it would still stand today. The most effective way to sell something is through person to person contact. But the cost of person to person selling is high, because it takes a great deal of time. It increases the cost of the product or service. Advertising distributes the selling message to many people at one time. The first printed advertisement in the English language appeared in 1478. This early ad was the work of England’s first printer. He used it to advertize religious books from his own workshop. He posted small printed notices along London’s main streets. Besides advertising his product he identified his shop with a red stripe shield so that customers could find it easily.Part four. Listening and translation. 2. Exercises.1. Sentence translation. Listen and translate each sentence you have heard into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below.1) Shirley, the best course of action would be to consult your lawyer before you sign the contract. Anyway, this is a big contract, and it is vital for your company.2) We can definitely assum e that this year’s show has been a huge success for the exhibitors, and that the fare has given the economy a significant impulse.3) I have certain reservations about setting up a branch in that area. It may be very difficult to expand into the market there.4) People have grown accustomed in recent years to higher and higher rates of inflation though sometimes they still make complaints.5) The success of any retail store depends largely on its sales workers. Courteous and efficient service from behind the counter does much to build up the store’s reputation.2. Passage translation. Listen and translate each passage you have heard into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening.1) My car is always breaking down. I have so much trouble with it. I wish there were some kind of device that would monitor the different parts of your car. You know, some kind of machine that will tell you when the engine is not working well or there are any problems of the brak es. That way I wouldn’t have to worry about my car. I could just take it to the garage right away and get it fixed.2) In this talk I would like to deal with the sources of the strength of the trade union movements in Britain. Trade unions in Britain are generally believed nowadays to be in a position of great political strength. What is this strength based on? I am going to suggest that it is based on three things, political power, economic power, and the protection of the law.Unit tenPart One We are surrounded by NewsTo assign分配给某人一部分工作去做或一份东西去使用/指定某人做一工作或任一职务; 委派, 选派某人/指定（时间﹑地点）; 确定（原因）/将（财产﹑权利等）转让予某人; 过户予某人.Civic集镇的; 城市的; 市的/公民的; 公民身分的; 市民的To anticipate预见到（要发生的事或需要做的事）而采取措施/先（於别人而）做（某事）; 抢先於（某人[某事物/期望, 预料（某事物/预先处理或提前使用（某事物Police log警方日志Witness事故（现场）的目击者/（在法庭上经宣誓的）证人/证词（尤指法庭中的）; 证明; 证据:Credible可信的; 可靠的Scandalous adj. 不体面的, 可耻的, 可恶的Part twoTo take after 照顾/与... 相像Canteen工厂﹑办事处﹑学校等的）食堂./ 一套刀﹑叉﹑勺的）餐具箱/士兵或露营者的）水壶.Part threeTake... with a grain of salt 不能完全相信Biased adj. 有偏见的Prestige 威望，影响力Uplifting adj. 令人振奋的Judicial法庭的; 司法的; 法官的; 审判的/善於判断的; 有判断力的; 明断的; 公正的Crossword puzzle纵横填字字谜Part fourCourteous彬彬有礼的; 客气的1.Surely the best course of action would be to consult your lawyer before you signthe contract. Anyway this is a big contract and is vital for your company. 在你签订合同之前，最好的做法当然是咨询你的律师。
【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3
【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO10 Lecture 3 EcologyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Ecology Class.Professor： So we’ve been talking about nutrients, the elements in theenvironment that are essential for living organisms to develop, live a healthylife and reproduce. Some nutrients are quite scarce; there just isn’t much ofthem in the environment. But fortunately they get recycled. When nutrients areused over and over in the environment, we call that a nutrient cycle. Because ofthe importance of nutrients and their scarcity, nutrient recycling is one of themost significant eco-system processes that we’ll cover in this course. The threemost important nutrient recycles are the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle andthe one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle.So the Phosphorus cycle has been studied a lot by ecologists because like Isaid, Phosphorus is an important nutrient and it’s not so abundant. The largestquantities are found in rocks and at the bottom of the ocean.How does Phosphorus get there? Well, let’s start with the Phosphorus inrocks. The rocks get broken down into smaller and smaller particles as they areweathered. They are weathered slowly by rain and wind over long periods of time.Phosphorus is slowly released as the rocks are broken down and it gets spreadaround into the soil. Once it’s in the soil, plants absorb it through theirroots.Student：So that’s the reason people mine rocks that contain a lot ofPhosphorus to help with agriculture?Professor：Uh-huh, they mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers. So humans can play a role in the first part of the Phosphorus cycle -- the breaking down of rocks and the spreading of Phosphorus into the soil by speeding up the rate at which this natural process occurs. You see.Now after the Phosphorus is in the soil, plants grow. They use Phosphorus from the soil to grow. And when they die, they decompose. And the Phosphorus is recycled back into the soil; same thing with the animals that eat those plants, or eat other animals that have eaten those plants. We call all of this – the land phase of the Phosphorus cycle. But a lot of the Phosphorus in soil getswashed away into rivers by rain and melting snow. And so begins another phase ofthe cycle. Can anyone guess what it is called? Nancy?Nancy：Well, if the one is called the land phase, then this has to be called the water phase, right?Professor：Yes, that’s such a difficult point isn’t it? In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, thePhosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae. Then fish eats the algae oreat other fish that have eaten those plants.But the water phase is sometime affected by excessive fertilizers. If not all of Phosphorus gets used by the crops and large amounts of Phosphorus gets into the rivers. This could cause rapid growth of water plants in the river, which can lead to the water ways getting clogged with organisms, which can change the flow of the water. Several current studies are looking at these effects and I really do hope we can find a way to deal with this issue before these ecosystems are adversely affected. Ok?Of course, another way that humans can interrupt the normal process is fishing. The fishing industry helps bring Phosphorus back to land. In the normal water phase the remaining Phosphorus makes its way, settles to the bottom of the ocean and gets mixed into ocean sediments. But remember, this is a cycle. The Phosphorus at the bottom of the ocean has to somehow make its way back to the surface, to complete the cycle, to begin the cycle all over again.After millions of years, powerful geological forces, like underwater volcanoes lift up the ocean sediments to form new land. When an underwater volcano pushes submerged rock to the surface, a new island is created. Then over many more years the Phosphorus-rich rocks of the new land begin to erode and the cycle continues.Guy： What about, well, you said that the nitrogen cycle is also an important nutrient cycle. And there is a lot of nitrogen in the atmosphere, so I waswondering, is there a lot of Phosphorus in the atmosphere too?Professor：Good question, George. You’re right to guess that Phosphorus can end up in Earth’s atmosphere. It can move from the land or from the oceans to the atmosphere, and vice versa. However, there’s just not a substantial amount of it there, like there is with nitrogen, it’s a very minimal quantity.。
剑桥雅思10听力真题解析 [干货推荐 新东方独家]
![剑桥雅思10听力真题解析 [干货推荐 新东方独家]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4f946249011ca300a6c390c2.png)
剑桥雅思10听力真题解析［干货推荐新东方独家］一、题型分析沿袭剑1-9的一贯风格，剑10听力此次收录分别来自各个年份场次的共16个section组合而成的4套完整学术类考题。
总体来看，如Chart 1和Chart 2所示，除去Test 1填空题比例远超于选择题，整体来说填空题和选择题比例相当，这和2015年开考至今的真实考试题型比例是基本吻合的。
这就意味着同学们在备考时，不要有题型上的偏颇，填空题和选择题的练习要同等重视。
另外，值得一提的是，剑10未收录地图题这一题型。
但从2015年亚太区目前实际考试情况来看，基本保持每个月考一至两次地图的概率，所以同学们还是要重视地图题的练习，特别是选择式的地图题。
Chart 1 剑10听力题型比例图1Chart 2 剑10听力题型比例图2进一步就具体题型而论，提纲填空题一如既往的以主流题型的姿态占据Section 4，这和当下考试基本吻合，且主要以填写单个单词为主。
同时，填空题的另外一大题型-信息题（姓名，地址，日期，数字等）也不出意外的仍然是Section1主要题型。
另外此次剑10中表格题和句子填空的比例比之前的剑7-9有所上升。
单选和配对题集中大量出现在剑10的Section 2和Section 3中，值得指出的是多选题也在这两个部分频繁亮相，且在Test 2和Test 4中以连续两道多选（5选2）的形式出现。
4月11号Section 2和4月30号Section 3都考了连续多选，同学们要不能放松多选的练习。
Chart 3 剑10听力题型比例图3Chart 4剑10听力题型比例图4二、场景分析场景上，剑10没有重大调整，和雅思听力开考至今的总体场景设置相符，前两个section为生活场景，后两个section为学术场景。
此次剑10收录的生活场景集中为旅游，交通，项目介绍和课程咨询；学术场景集中为作业讨论，课程讨论和专题讲座，具体主题如下表格所示。
需要注意的是，对于背景知识的要求变得更高，有交叉复杂的多场景出现，比如Test 1 Section 3在学业场景中还融汇了环保场景。
托福TPO10听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
Student: Yeah, the professor already announced that we won’t be reading this one by Jane Bowles and all the others I bought used. Employee: Jane Bowles? Which book of hers? Student: It is called “Two serious ladies”. Employee: Oh, but you should keep that one. Are you interested in literature? Student: Well. I am an English major. Employee: You are lucky to have a professor who includes a lesser-known writer like her on the syllabus, you know, not the usual authors we’ve all read. Student: So you really think… Employee: I do. And especially if you’re into literature. Student: Hmm... Well, this I wasn’t expecting. I mean…uh.. Wow! Employee: I hope you don’t think I am being too pushy. If you prefer, you can return the book and arrange for a store credit. You don't qualify for a refund. Policy is policy after all, but you can make an exchange and you can use the credit for your books for next semester. The credit carries over for one semester to the next. Student: Hmm…that’s good to know, but now I am really intrigued. I guess that just because we ran out of time to read this book in class, doesn't mean that I can’t read it on my own time. You know, I think I’ll give it a try. 托福 TPO10 听力 Conversation2 题目 Question 1 of 5 Why does the student go to the bookstore? A. To purchase a book by Jane bowles. B. To find out which books he need for a course. C. To return a book that was originally assigned for a course. D. To find out how to order a book for a course. Question 2 of 5
托福TPO10（试题+答案+译文...
托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrow托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，小编为广大的托福考生整理了TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth，下面就来跟小编一起来看下面精彩内容吧!托福阅读原文In the late sixteenth century andinto the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of therelatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late1400s). Among thekeyfactors behind this growth were increasedagricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.Populations cannot grow unlessthe rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people.During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at theexpense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in theNetherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the mostspectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.Much of the potential forEuropean economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to havebeen only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions ofrelatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survivalof peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus forinvestment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.Increased agricultural productionin turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion ofindustry. Woolens and textilemanufacturers, in particular, utilized ruralcottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rurallabor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasantfamilies spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in anattempt to supplementmeagerfamily income.More extended trading networksalso helped develop Europe's economy in this period.English and Dutch shipscarrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Populationgrowth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly ofhandicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts ofnorthern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only ironsmelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealthinvested to create more wealth).The development of banking andother financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middleof the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills ofexchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, whichhad their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises topay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerpfinancier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more tradewithout bill s of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longerhad to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. Theexchanger would then send a bill ofexchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.Bills of exchange contributed tothe development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not untilthe eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank ofAmsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for businessinvestment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.The rapid expansion in internationaltrade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from goldand silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financedthe production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe andoverseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments andloans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stockpartnerships—an English innovation(the first major company began in1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a singlecommercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding ofcapital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors whopurchased shares in the company.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, what was trueof Europe during the medieval period?A. Agricultural productivity declined.B.There was relatively little economicgrowth.C.The general level of prosperity declined.D.Foreign trade began to play an importantrole in the economy.2.The word key in the passage(Paragraph1)is closest in meaning toA.historicalB. manyC. importantD.hidden3.According to paragraph 2, one effect ofthe desire to increase food production was thatA. land was cultivated in a different wayB.more farmers were neededC.the ruraleconomy was weakenedD. forests and wetlands were used forfarming4.According to paragraph 3, what was onereason villages had such great economic potential?A.Villages were located in regions whereagricultural production was relatively advanced.B.Villages were relatively small inpopulation and size compared with urban areas.C.Some village inhabitants made investmentsin industrial development.D.Village inhabitants established markets withintheir villages.5.Paragraph 4 supports the idea thatincreased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industryprimarily because itA.increased the number of available workersin rural areasB.provided new types of raw materials foruse by industryC. resulted in an improvement in the healthof the rural cottage workers used by manufacturersD. helped repair some of the ravages of theThirty Years’ War6.The word “meager” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.very necessaryB. very lowC.traditionalD.primary7.Why does the author mention that “Englishand Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain andPortugal”(Paragraph 5)?A.T o suggest that England and theNetherlands were the two most important trading nations in seventeenth-centuryEuropeB.T o suggest how extensive tradingrelations wereC.To contrast the importance ofagricultural products with manufactured productsD.To argue that shipping introduced a rangeof new products8.By including the quotation in paragraph 6by the financier from Antwerp, the author is emphasizing thatA.sailing was an important aspect of theeconomyB. increasing the number of water routesmade trade possibleC.bills of exchange were necessary forsuccessful tradingD.financiers often exaggerated the need forbills of exchange9.According to paragraph 6, merchants wereable toavoid the risk of carrying large amounts of gold and silver ing third parties in Marseille to buygoods for themB. doing all their business by using DutchcurrencyC. paying for their purchases through billsof exchangeD. waiting to pay for goods until the goodshad been delivered10.According to paragraph 7, until theeighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following toprovide funds for the state?A.Bills of exchangeB.Exchangers who took loansC. BanksD. Business investment11.The phrase “an English innovation” inthe passage(Paragraph 8)is closest in meaning toA.a new development introduced by theEnglishB.an arrangement found only in EnglandC. a type of agreement negotiated inEnglishD.a type of partnership based on Englishlaw12.According to paragraph 8, each of thefollowing was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPTA.groups of investors engaged in short-termfinancial cooperationB. the stateC.wealthy merchantsD.joint-stock companies13. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherewould the sentence best fit? They could also avoid having to identify andassess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.The development of banking and otherfinancial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of thesixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchangein place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had theirorigins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay aspecified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. ■【A】Atmid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can nomore trade without bills of exchange thansail without water." ■【B】Merchants nolonger had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. ■【C】An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. ■【D】Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.In late sixteenth-and earlyseventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansionof trade were important in economic growth.A.Bringing more land under cultivationproduced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well asfor supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.B.Most rural villages established an arrangementwith a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urbanmarkets to sell any handicrafts they produced.C. Increases in population and theexpansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale incharacter but some requiring significant capital investment.D.Increased capital was required for theproduction of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of creditthroughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.E.Bills of exchange were invented inmedieval Italy butbecame less important as banks began to provide loans formerchants.F.The expansion of trade was facilitated bydevelopments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the hugeinflux of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.托福阅读答案1.以medieval period做关键词定位至第一句，说medievalperiod不那么prosperous繁荣，但如果只看这句的话很容易错选答案C，C的decline叫做减少，也就是说C说medieval时期prosperity下降了，但原文说不prosperous，是一种低的状态，不是下降的趋势，所以C错;而B的经济几乎没有增长是less prosperous 的同义替换，正确;A与C错的原因类似;D没说2.key众所周知的意思是钥匙，当然还有关键的意思，所以important正确。
托福TPO10综合写作精讲【环境污染】
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO10综合写作精讲【环境污染】摘要：如果在托福综合写作部分让我们遇到了描述一个事物的内容，你知道听力内容的重点在哪吗？你想知道我们该如何构思吗？类似于这种类型的作文有很多，我们就通过本文的详细介绍，来为大家解决这类问题，避免问题出席那是我们手足无措。
托福 TPO10综合写作：阅读材料：The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators.Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.海獭是一种生活在北美西海岸从加州到阿拉斯加沿线的小型海洋哺乳动物。
几年前，阿拉斯加海岸的海獭数量急剧减少。
由于海獭对于维持海岸沿线生态平衡有非常重要的作用，所以其数量下降引起了广泛的关注。
专家开始研究海獭数量下降的原因，并且很快发现了两个可能的原因，分别是环境污染和天敌捕食。
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Conversation 1photography摄影学；摄影术gallery美术馆make contact to联络make contact with 接触；与…联系；打交道stay true to sb/sth坚持/忠于artistic vision艺术眼光trendy时髦的uninspired乏味的；缺乏创见的mindlessly盲目地，the only thing at stake is your grade.at stake处于紧要关头，处于危险中techniques技巧surrender屈服you need to be a bit of an opportunist. 你需要一点机会主义者那样的投机取巧。
common sense things 常识性的东西/做法word消息，信息wind up：finally be or do something 以…而告终When you wind up an activity, you finish it or stop doing it. 完成; 停止(活动)例：I always said he would wind up in jail.我常说他到头来非进监狱不可。
Lecture 1marine biology海洋生物学whale鲸fossil record化石记录the missing link缺少的环节; 指为完全理解某事尚需知道的一则信息或证据例：We're dealing with probably the biggest missing link in what we know about human evolution. 我们正在解决的可能是我们所知的人类进化过程中缺失最大的一环。
transition过渡Pakistan巴基斯坦skull头盖骨aquatic mammal水栖哺乳动物aquatic与水相关的；水栖的，水生的aquatic resources水资源aquatic plant水生植物specifically更确切地说mouthful一口（食物或饮料）；长而绕嘴的字词a mouthful of coffee一口咖啡limb肢skeletal骨骼的pelvis盆骨a related debate involved some recent DNA studies. 一个相关的辩论涉及到DNA研究genetic code [遗] 遗传密码；基因序列descendant 后代evolutionary source进化源头revelation(惊人的、极好的) 发现；揭露; 透露contradictory相互矛盾的molecular data分子数据，分子生物学skeleton trail骨架结构sperm whales抹香鲸，巨头鲸killer whales杀人鲸; 虎鲸(black and white黑白色）toothless whales无牙齿的鲸blue whales蓝鲸（the largest mammal)baleen whales长须鲸at any rate不管怎么说，无论如何；至少Lecture 2European history欧洲历史dish菜肴squash南瓜属植物beans豆类turkey火鸡peanut花生Italian tomato sauces意大利番茄酱（sauce调味酱）Hungarian goulash匈牙利菜炖牛肉（a rich stew, originating in Hungary, made of beef, lamb, or veal highly seasoned with paprika (起源于匈牙利的)用牛肉、羊肉或用红辣椒高度调制的牛肉制成的丰富的炖煮菜肴(Also called Hungarian goulash)Frensh fries法式炸薯条fried potatoesAndes Mountain安第斯山脉Central America中美洲a food plant食用作物come on the scene到来，出现nightshade family茄科mandrake曼德拉草（可作镇静药用）belladonna 颠茄( deadly nightshade)tobacco烟草inedible不可食用的poisonous有毒的toxic有毒的catch on 流行起来，懂得make the return trip返回，回程Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰斐逊，美国第三任总统scholar学者be ahead of his time in many times 在很多方面走在时代前列he didn't let the conventional thinking of his day restrain his ideas. 他没有让当时的传统思想禁锢他的思想。
rejection process被拒过程greenish呈绿色的put off 推迟crop农作物contribute to有助于，促进play an important role in 在……起重要作用corn玉米maize玉米subsist on 靠。
生存grains谷物（a cereal crop, especially wheat or corn）political power政治力量be center in 集中在Mediterranean Sea地中海hardy(植物) 耐寒的northerly北方的climate气候the centers of power began to shift accordingly 政治力量中心开始相应地北移vitamin维生素acre英亩wheat 小麦the nutrition of the general population improved and population soared. 总体人口的摄入营养都大幅提升，而且人口激增。
so the shift of power from southern to northern Europe continued. 所以欧洲力量中心不断向北转移。
Conversation 2a conversation between a student and an employee in the University bookstorefor a full refund 要得到全额退款的话merchandise商品，货物；vt 买卖，vi经商assigned text books指定的教材course book:A course book is a textbook that students and teachers use as the basis of a course. 教科书,教材in full gear如火如荼地进行; 全力展开，全面开展withdraw from改修别的课early on在早期，在学期初marked up做记号make an exception 破例（break rules)policies aregenerally pretty rigid 我们的书店政策通常是很严格的。
miscalculate判断错误，估计错误；算错anyway the syllabus was too ambitious in my opinion. 不管怎么说，我觉得我们的教学大纲任务太重了。
there are only two weeks of classes left in the semeter and there are like 6 books on the syllabus that we haven't even touched. 这个学期只剩两周的课了，大纲上我们还有6本书没有开始学呢。
Jane Bowleslesser-known writer不怎么知名的作家pushy 有进取心的；爱出风头的；有冲劲的；固执己见的and arrange for a store creditqualify as 作为，符合。
的条件intrigued好奇的，感兴趣的give it a try试一试Lecture 3Ecology 生态学nutrient cycle养分循环nitrogen cycle氮循环carbon cycle碳循环phosphorus( ['fɑsfərəs]) cycle 磷循环mine rocks开采矿石fertilizer肥料agricultural fertilizer农用化肥decompose分解the land phase of the Phosphorus cycle磷循环的陆地阶段melting snow消融的雪empty into(江河)流入(大海等)：把…倒入；把…注入：algae藻类，海藻water plant水生植物adversely不利地powerful geological forces强烈的地质作用underwater volcanoes海底火山submerged水下的，在水中的the phosphorus-rich rocks of the new land begin to erode and the cycle continues. 含磷丰富的岩石开始受到侵蚀，这个循环又开始了。
substantial amount 大量minimal quantity 含量非常少vice versa 反之亦然Lecture 4sychology 心理学well-documented:存档完好的; 证据充分的childhood amnesia童年失忆症If someone is suffering from amnesia, they have lost their memory. 失忆症例：People suffering from amnesia don't forget their general knowledge of objects. 患有失忆症的人不会忘记他们对物品的常识。
repressed 受到压抑的disturbing 令人不安的solid research 可靠的研究lab testing 实验室实验cognitive capacity认知能力tied to与。
相关联symbolically represent objects and events 使用语言符号来表示物品和事件symbolically 使用符号地；象征主义地physically present实在存在的represent代表，表示symbolic representation [统计] 符号表示；符号表征；符号性表象stimuli刺激物be in favor 赞同prop道具replicate复制rate of forgetting 遗忘率。