物流供应链管理第九章习题复习资料
物流管理、供应链管理习题集打印版
目录第一章现代物流管理概论 (2)第二章供应链管理 (6)第三章现代物流过程与管理 (10)第四章物流配送 (13)第五章物流中心与物流园区 (20)第六章城市物流与国际物流 (23)第七章物流模式 (28)第八章第三方物流与客户服务 (29)第九章现代物流技术与设备 (32)第十章现代物流管理方法 (37)第一章现代物流管理概论一、单项选择题1. 下列说法正确的是（）。
A. 物流活动克服了供给方和需求方在空间维和时间维方面的距离，创造了空间价值和时间价值。
B. “效益背反”是物流领域中的普遍现象，说明了提高物流某一功能的效益时，物流其他功能的效益同时要减少。
C. 流通活动中资金流是在所有权更迭的交易过程中发生的，可以认为从属于商流。
D. 物流被称为“第三利润源泉”是表明只要重视和发展物流业就能提高效益，产生利润。
2. 关于商流和物流，下列说法正确的是（）。
A. 商流指的是商品的商业性交易，是伴随着物流过程的商品所有权的转让。
B. 物流是增值性的经济活动，其主要经济功能之一是增加物流对象的使用价值。
C. 商流是产生物流的物质基础。
D. 商流和物流的关系非常密切，它们都具有相同的活动内容和规律。
3. 通过物流理论的研究，物流概念产生的原因是（）。
A. 经济原因和管理原因B. 企业原因和军事原因C. 经济原因和军事原因D. 理论原因和企业原因4. 商流与物流的关系（）。
A. 相互独立，毫无关系B. 关系密切，相辅相成C. 物流是商流的先导D. 商物不分离5. 电子商务物流中的瓶颈是（）。
A. 信息技术B. 管理方法C. 配送体系D. 商务标准6. 物流中二律背反的特性是指（）两方面的要求是相互矛盾的。
A. 物流服务与成本B. 物流数量与服务C. 物流结构与成本D. 物流数量与结构7．物体横向或斜向的移动，称作（）。
A. 搬运B. 装卸C. 装卸搬运D. 运输8．运输向用户提供的不是有形产品，而是一种服务，它创造了物品的（），并以该效用为主，辅以多种增值服务功能，满足了用户的需求。
物流与供应链管理(研)第九章精品PPT课件
4、为防范需求和补货提前期的变动而建立库存
安全库存由用于处理波动随机性的统计方法来确定。精确 的预测是降低安全库存水平的关键。
5、仓耗
有些存货在存储期间会损坏，被报废、丢失或被盗。如果 存储的是高价值、易腐烂或易于被盗的产品，就要采取特 别防范措施尽量减少仓耗。
为了更好地进行整体控制可以集中管理库存，利用生产和 采购规模经济来决定库存水平以降低成本，在总体需求的 基础上进行预测，然后分摊到每个存储点来提高准确性。
联合补货
综合拉动和推动两种思想。 由渠道成员代表供货点和存储点共同确定补货数量
和时间安排。 联合补货比供货点或存储点单方决策更经济。
（三）产品汇总法
由于客户的缺货反应无法捉摸，所以准确衡量缺货 成本非常困难。
五、推动式库存管理
在每一个存储点需要保持多少库存？ 一批生产或采购应分配到各个存储点的库存是多
少？ 超过需求的供给量在各个存储点之间怎样分摊？
将产品推向存储点的步骤
1、通过预测或其他手段确定从现在到下一次生产或采购期 间的需求量
采购成本包括： 不同订货批量下产品的价格或制造成本 生产的启动成本； 订单经过财务、采购部门的处理成本； 订单传输到供应地的成本； 货物运输成本（若采购价格不含运输费用）； 在收货地点的所有物料搬运或商品加工成本。
如果企业由内部供货，比如企业的工厂为自己的成品库补货， 采购成本就要反映生产启动成本，随之发生变化。如果采用 的是运到价格，那么就不涉及运输成本。
多数企业在对每一种产品进行精确控制的基础上， 实现对所有产品库存总量的精确控制，即自下而上 法。
供应链管理第三版Unit9习题与答案(可编辑修改word版)
Chapter 9Planning Supply and Demand in the Supply Chain:Managing Predictable VariabilityTrue/False1. Predictable variability is change in demand that cannot be forecasted.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy2. Faced with predictable variability of demand, a company’s goal is to respond in amanner that maximizes profitability.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy3. The advantage of carrying enough manufacturing capacity to meet demand inany period is very low inventory costs, because no inventory needs to be c arried from period to period.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy4. The disadvantage of carrying enough manufacturing capacity to meet demand inany period is that much of the expensive capacity would go unused during most months when demand was lower.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy5. The advantage of building up inventory during the off season to keep productionstable year round lies in the fact that a firm could get by with a smaller, moreexpensive factory.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6. The disadvantage of building up inventory during the off season to keepproduction stable year round is the expensive capacity that would go unusedduring most months when demand was lower.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy7. An approach where a firm works with their retail partners in the supply chain tooffer a price promotion during periods of low demand would shift some of thedemand into a slow period, thereby spreading demand more evenly throughoutthe year and reducing the seasonal surge.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. With supply and demand management decisions being made independently, it iseasier to coordinate the supply chain, thereby increasing profit.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate9. A firm can vary supply of product by controlling production capacity andinventory.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. A firm that uses flexible work hours from the workforce to manage capacity tobetter meet demand is using a seasonal workforce.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate11. Scheduling the workforce so that the available capacity better matches demandis using time flexibility from the workforce.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The use of a part-time workforce to increase the capacity flexibility by enablingthe firm to have more people at work during peak periods is designing productflexibility into the production processes.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate13. A firm that uses a temporary workforce during the peak season to increasecapacity to match demand is using a seasonal workforce.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy14. The use of dual facilities to manage capacity may be hard to sustain if the labormarket is tight.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard15. A firm that purchases peak production capability from other companies so thatinternal production remains level and can be done cheaply is usingsubcontracting.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy16. A firm that builds dedicated facilities to produce a relatively stable output ofproducts over time in a very efficient manner and purchases peak productioncapability from other companies is using subcontracting.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard17. A firm that has production lines whose production rate can easily be varied tomatch demand has designed product flexibility into the production processes.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy18. The use of a seasonal workforce requires that the workforce be multi-skilled andeasily adapt to being moved from line to line.Answer: ModerateDifficulty: Hard19. The use of common components across multiple products, with each producthaving predictably variable demand, will result in the demand for the components being relatively constant.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate20. When most of the products a firm produces have the same peak demandseason, the use of common components to create relatively constant overalldemand in the components is feasible.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate21. When most of the products a firm produces have the same peak demandseason, it is necessary to build products during the off season that have morepredictable demand.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy22. Operations usually makes the promotion and pricing decisions.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy23. Maximizing revenue is typically the objective when marketing and sales make thepromotion and pricing decisions.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy24. Pricing decisions based only on revenue considerations often result in anincrease in overall profitability.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate25. The combination of pricing and aggregate planning (both demand and supplymanagement) can be used to maximize supply chain profitability.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate26. When performing aggregate planning, the goal of all firms in the supply chainshould be to maximize individual firm profits.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate27. Determining how profits will be allocated to different members of the supply chainis a key to successful collaboration.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate28. In general, as the fraction of increased demand coming from forward buyinggrows, offering the promotion during the peak demand period becomes moreattractive.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate29. Offering a promotion during a peak period that has significant forward buyingcreates even more variable demand than before the promotion.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy30. Average inventory decreases if a promotion is run during the peak period andincreases if the promotion is run during the off-peak period.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy31. Promoting during a peak demand month may decrease overall profitability if asignificant fraction of the demand increase results from a forward buy.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Hard32. As forward buying becomes a smaller fraction of the demand increase from apromotion, it is less profitable to promote during the peak period.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Hard33. As the product margin declines, promoting during the peak demand p eriodbecomes less profitable.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy34. When faced with seasonal demand, a firm should use a combination of pricing(to manage demand) and production and inventory (to manage supply) toimprove profitability.Answer: TrueDifficulty: ModerateMultiple Choice1. Predictable variability isa. change in demand that can be forecasted.b. change in demand that cannot be forecasted.c. change in demand that has been planned.d. change in demand that has been scheduled.e. all of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy2. Which of the following is not a problem caused by products experiencingpredictable variability of demand?a. high levels of stockouts during peak demandb. high levels of excess inventory during periods of low demandc. increased responsiveness of the supply chaind. increased costs in the supply chaine. decreased responsiveness of the supply chainAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy3. A firm can handle predictable variability by managinga. supply using capacity, inventory, trade promotions, and backlogs.b. supply using capacity, inventory, subcontracting, and backlogs.c. demand using short-term price discounts and trade promotions.d. a and c onlye. b and c onlyAnswer: e Difficulty:Easy4. Seasonal demand can be met bya. maintaining enough manufacturing capacity to meet demand in anyperiod.b. building up inventory during the off season to meet demand during peakseasons.c. offering a price promotion during periods of low demand to shift some ofthe demand into a slow period.d. all of the abovee. a and b onlyAnswer: d Difficulty:Moderate5. The advantage of maintaining enough manufacturing capacity to meet demand inany period isa. very low inventory costs because inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.b. very low inventory costs because no inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.c. very high inventory costs because no inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.d. very high inventory costs because expensive capacity would go unusedduring most months when demand was lower.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate6. The disadvantage of maintaining enough manufacturing capacity to meetdemand in any period isa. much of the expensive capacity would go unused during most monthswhen demand was lower.b. the expensive capacity would be used consistently throughout the year.c. most of the expensive capacity would still be used during most monthswhen demand was lower.d. very low inventory costs because no inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.e. None of the above are true.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate7. The advantage of building up inventory during the off season to meet d emandduring peak seasons and keep production stable year round isa. very low inventory costs because no inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.b. much of the expensive capacity would go unused during most monthswhen demand was lower.c. in the fact that a firm could get by with a smaller, less expensive factory.d. in the fact that a firm could get by with a larger, more expensive factory.e. None of the above are true.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate8. The disadvantage of building up inventory during the off season to meet demandduring peak seasons and keep production stable year round isa. very low inventory costs because no inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.b. very high inventory costs because inventory needs to be carried from periodto period.c. in the fact that a firm could get by with a smaller, less expensive factory.d. in the fact that a firm could get by with a larger, more expensive factory.e. None of the above are true.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate9. The advantage of offering a price promotion during periods of low demand toshift some of the demand into a slow period isa. a demand pattern that is less expensive to supply.b. very high inventory costs because inventory needs to be carried fromperiod to period.c. in the fact that a firm could get by with a smaller, more expensive factory.d. much of the expensive capacity would go unused during most monthswhen demand was lower.e. all of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate10. Companies typically divide the task of supply and demand so thata. Marketing manages demand and Operations manages supply.b. Marketing manages supply and Operations manages demand.c. Marketing manages demand and supply.d. Operations manages demand and supply.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy11. With supply and demand management decisions being made independently,a. it is increasingly difficult to coordinate the supply chain, therebyincreasing profit.b. it is increasingly difficult to coordinate the supply chain, therebydecreasing profit.c. it is easier to coordinate the supply chain, thereby decreasing profit.d. it is easier to coordinate the supply chain, thereby increasing profit.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate12. A firm can vary supply of product by controllinga. production capacity and inventory.b. production capacity and price promotions.c. price promotions and inventory.d. production capacity and inventory promotions.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate13. Which of the following is not an approach that firms can use when managingcapacity to meet predictable demand variability?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. using common components across multiple productsAnswer: eDifficulty: Easy14. The capacity management approach that uses flexible work hours from theworkforce to manage capacity to better meet demand isa. time flexibility from workforce.b. use of seasonal workforce.c. use of subcontracting.d. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.e. designing product flexibility into the production processes.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate15. The capacity management approach that uses a temporary workforce during thepeak season to increase capacity to match demand isa. time flexibility from workforce.b. the use of seasonal workforce.c. the use of subcontracting.d. the use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.e. designing product flexibility into the production processes.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy16. The capacity management approach where a firm purchases peak productionfrom another firm so that internal production remains level and can be donecheaply isa. time flexibility from workforce.b. the use of seasonal workforce.c. the use of subcontracting.d. the use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.e. designing product flexibility into the production processes.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate17. The capacity management approach where a firm builds facilities to produce arelatively stable output of products over time in a very efficient manner andfacilities to produce a widely varying volume and variety of products, but at ahigher unit cost isa. time flexibility from workforce.b. the use of seasonal workforce.c. the use of subcontracting.d. the use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.e. designing product flexibility into the production processes.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy18. The capacity management approach where a firm has production lines whoseproduction rate can easily be varied to match demand isa. time flexibility from workforce.b. the use of seasonal workforce.c. the use of subcontracting.d. the use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.e. designing product flexibility into the production processes.Answer: eDifficulty: Moderate19. Which approach to capacity management may be hard to sustain if the labormarket is tight?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate20. Which approach to capacity management makes use of spare plant capacity thatexists in the form of hours when the plant is not operational?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate21. Which approach to capacity management makes use of overtime, which is variedto match the variation in demand?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy22. Which approach to capacity management would schedule the workforce so thatthe available capacity better matches demand?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy23. Which approach to capacity management would use a part-time workforce toincrease capacity flexibility by enabling the firm to have more people at workduring peak periods?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate24. The key to which capacity management approach would involve having bothvolume (fluctuating demand from a manufacturer) and variety flexibility (demand from several manufacturers) to be sustainable?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard25. Which approach to capacity management would require that the workforce bemulti-skilled and easily adapt to being moved from line to line?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate26. Which approach to capacity management would use production machinery thatcan be changed easily from producing one product to another?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate27. Which approach to capacity management would only be effective if the overalldemand across all the products is relatively constant?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. designing product flexibility into the production processesAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard28. Which of the following is an approach that firms can use when managinginventory to meet predictable demand variability?a. time flexibility from workforceb. use of seasonal workforcec. use of subcontractingd. use of dual facilities—dedicated and flexiblee. using common components across multiple productsAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate29. When a firm designs common components used in multiple products, with eachproduct having predictably variable demand, they are trying toa. develop relatively constant overall demand.b. use a seasonal workforce.c. build inventory of high demand or predictable demand products.d. use subcontracting.e. use dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy30. When most of the products a firm produces have the same peak demandseason, in order to meet predictable variability with inventory, it musta. use common components across multiple products.b. use a seasonal workforce.c. build inventory of high demand or predictable demand products.d. use subcontracting.e. use dual facilities—dedicated and flexible.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate31. Supply chains can influence demand by usinga. production capacity and inventory.b. pricing and other promotions.c. price promotions and inventory.d. production capacity and inventory promotions.e. production capacity and other promotions.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate32. The pricing and promotion decisions are often made bya. marketing and sales.b. marketing and operations.c. operations and sales.d. marketing, operations, and sales.e. marketing and operations without sales.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate33. The promotion and pricing decisions made by marketing and sales typically havethe objective ofa. maximizing profitability.b. minimizing profitability.c. minimizing revenue.d. maximizing revenue.e. maximizing profitability across the supply chain.Answer: dDifficulty: Hard34. Pricing decisions based only on revenue considerations often result ina. a decrease in overall profitability.b. an increase in overall profitability.c. a decrease in overall revenue.d. a decrease in supply chain revenue.e. an increase in supply chain profitability.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate35. The combination of pricing and aggregate planning (both demand and supplymanagement) can be used toa. maximize customer orders.b. minimize customer orders.c. maximize supply chain profitability.d. minimize supply chain profitability.e. None of the above are accurate.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy36. When performing aggregate planning, the goal of all firms should be toa. minimize company profits.b. maximize company profits.c. minimize supply chain profits.d. maximize supply chain profits.e. All of the above are accurate.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate37. When planning, the goal of all firms in the supply chain should be to maximizesupply chain profits becausea. this leaves them less profit to divide among themselves.b. this leaves them more profit to divide among themselves.c. this outcome leaves them more profit to pay tax on.d. this outcome will increase their charitable giving.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy38. One key to successful collaboration when the supply chain is performingaggregate planning isa. determining how losses will be allocated to different members of thesupply chain.b. determining how profits will be allocated to different members of t hesupply chain.c. determining how labor will be allocated to different members of the supplychain.d. determining how customers will be allocated to different members of thesupply chain.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate39. Which of the following is not a key factor influencing the timing of a tradepromotion?a. impact of the promotion on demandb. product marginsc. cost of holding inventoryd. cost of changing capacitye. none of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate40. Which of the following is not a factor that would result in increased demand froma trade promotion?a. market growthb. stealing sharec. forward sellingd. forward buyinge. All of the above are factors in increased demand.Answer: cDifficulty: Hard41. An increase in consumption of the product either from new or existing customersisa. market growth.b. stealing share.c. forward selling.d. forward buying.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy42. Customers substituting the firm’s product for a competitor’s product isa. market growth.b. stealing share.c. forward selling.d. forward buying.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy43. Customers moving up future purchases to the present isa. market growth.b. stealing share.c. forward selling.d. forward buying.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Easy44. In general, as the fraction of increased demand coming from forward buyinggrows, offering the promotion during the peak demand period becomesa. less attractive.b. more attractive.c. more profitable.d. less significant.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate45. Offering a promotion during a peak period that has significant forward buyinga. creates a desirable demand pattern.b. creates a demand pattern less costly to serve.c. creates a demand pattern even more costly to serve.d. shifts demand from the peak period to the slow period.e. shifts demand to a more desirable period.Answer: cDifficulty: Hard46. Average inventorya. increases if a promotion is run during the peak period.b. increases if a promotion is run during the off-peak period.c. decreases if a promotion is run during the peak period.d. decreases if a promotion is run during the off-peak period.e. both a and dAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate47. Promoting during a peak demand month may decrease overall profitability ifa. a small fraction of the demand increase results from a forward buy.b. any of the demand increase results from a forward buy.c. a significant fraction of the demand increase results from a forward buy.d. none of the abovee. all of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Hard48. As the product margin declines, promoting during the peak demand p eriodbecomesa. less profitable.b. more profitable.c. less of a risk.d. more desirable.e. none of the aboveAnswer: aDifficulty: HardEssay/Problems1. Discuss how a firm can respond to predictable variability of demand in the supplychain.Answer: Faced with predictable variability, a company’s goal is to respond in amanner that maximizes profitability. A firm must choose how to handlepredictable variability by utilizing techniques in two broad categories:1. Manage supply using capacity, inventory, subcontracting, and backlogs2. Manage demand using short-term price discounts and trade promotionsThe use of these tools enables the supply chain to greatly increase its profitability because it is able to match supply and demand in a much more coordinatedfashion. One way to meet seasonal demand requires carrying enoughmanufacturing capacity to meet demand in any period. The advantage of thisapproach is very low inventory costs, because no inventory needs to be carriedfrom period to period. The disadvantage, however, is that much of the expensive capacity would go unused during most months when demand was lower.Another approach to meeting demand would be to build up inventory during theoff season to keep production stable year round. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that a firm could get by with a smaller, less expensive factory. High inventory carrying costs, however, make this alternative expensive. A thirdapproach would be for a firm to work with their retail partners in the supply chain to offer a price promotion during periods of low demand. This promotion shiftssome of the demand into a slow period, thereby spreading demand more evenly throughout the year and reducing the seasonal surge. Such a demand pattern is less expensive to supply. A company needs to decide which alternativemaximizes their profitability.Often companies divide the task of supply and demand management betweendifferent functions. Marketing typically manages demand and Operations typically manages supply. At a higher level, supply chains suffer from this phenomenon as well, with retailers independently managing demand and manufacturersindependently managing supply. With supply and demand managementdecisions being made independently, it is increasingly difficult to coordinate thesupply chain, thereby decreasing profit. Therefore, maximizing profitabilitydepends on these decisions being made in a coordinated fashion and requiressupply chain partners to work together across enterprises.Difficulty: Hard2. Discuss the approaches that can be used to manage capacity to meetpredictable variability of demand.Answer: When managing capacity to meet predictable variability, firms use acombination of the following approaches:•Time flexibility from workforce: In this approach, a firm uses flexible work hours from the workforce to manage capacity to better meet demand. In manyinstances, plants do not operate continually and are left idle during portions of the day or week. Therefore, spare plant capacity exists in the form of hours when the plant is not operational. Many plants do not run three shifts, so the existingworkforce could work overtime during peak periods to produce more to meetdemand. If demand fluctuates by day of the week or week of the month and theworkforce is willing to be flexible, a firm may schedule the workforce so that theavailable capacity better matches demand. In such settings, use of a part-timeworkforce may further increase the capacity flexibility by enabling the firm to have more people at work during peak periods.•Use of seasonal workforce: In this approach, a firm uses a temporary workforce during the peak season to increase capacity to match demand. This approachmay be hard to sustain if the labor market is tight.•Use of subcontracting: In this approach, a firm subcontracts peak production so that internal production remains level and can be done cheaply. With thesubcontractor handling the peaks, the company is able to build a relativelyinflexible but low-cost facility where the production rates are kept relativelyconstant (other than variations that arise from the use of overtime). Peaks aresubcontracted out to facilities that are more flexible. A key here is the availability of relatively flexible subcontractor capacity. The subcontractor can often provide。
10507物流与供应链管理第九章库存管理
库存状态透明性（对供应商）是实施供应商管 理用户库存的关键。
实施步骤：
(1)建立顾客情报信息系统 (2)建立销售网络管理系统 (3)建立供应商与分销商（批发商）的合作框架协议 (4)组织机构的变革
五、联合管理库存策略
第九章 库存管理
第一节 库存管理的基本原理和方法
库存是指处于储存状态的物品或商品。
问题1：库存成本包括哪些要素
1、订购成本 2、库存持有成本 3、缺货成本
日本的理念
成本
总库存成本
库存持有成本
经济订货批量（2）
3
单位订货成本缺货成本
Copyright
n问题2：怎样进行库存分类
n ABC分类法 n 将库存物资按重要程度分类 特别重要的库存（A类库存） 一般重要的库存（B类库存） 不重要的库存（C类库存）
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9、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自 强不息 。上午 4时50 分16秒 上午4时 50分04 :50:162 0.6.3
• 10、你要做多大的事情，就该承受多大的压力。6/3/20
20 4:50:16 AM04:50:162020/6/3
• 11、自己要先看得起自己，别人才会看得起你。6/3/20
3、实施VMI的好处
(1)成本缩减
VMI缓和了需求的不确定性 VMI解决了存货水平与顾客服务水平的冲突 VMI提高了补货频率，使供需双方都受益 VMI将使运输成本减少
(2)服务改善
VMI中，在多用户补货、递送间的协调大大改善了 服务水平。
VMI可以使产品更新更加方便.
4、VMI的实施方法
2、VMI的基本思想
(1)合作精神（合作性原则）
2022年物流师第九章商业物流系统复习重点
2022年年物流师第九章商业物流系统复习重点(一)第一节我国的商品流通渠道与环节一、商品流通渠道商品流通渠道是指商品从生产领域向消费领域转移过程中所经过的流转路线和所经过的经济组织。
商品流通渠道在商业运行和整个国民经济生活中, 相像人体的血液循环系统。
流通渠道的畅通无阻, 显示市场和整个经济生活的活力, 保证商品源源不断地从生产领域向消费领域转移。
现阶段我国商品流通渠道可以分为三大类。
(一)产销合一的渠道。
又称产销直接联系的渠道。
是由生产者把商品直接卖给消费者, 不需要商人或企业部门在买卖中间作媒介。
(二)产销分别渠道。
又称商业渠道。
它是由商业部门来组织商品流通的全过程。
商品生产出来以后, 首先由批发部门和零售部门进展收购。
经过运输、储存、加工、编配等活动, 通过批发商业和零售商业的形式或环节, 先后转卖到消费者手中。
这种渠道是商业运行的主要渠道。
(三)产销结合的渠道。
它是由生产企业和销售企业先后有序地共同组织完成商品流通的全过程。
商品生产出来以后, 先由生产部门的推销机构完成一般商品流通过程, 再由商业部门连续完成商品流转的其它过程, 直到最终卖给消费者。
上述商品流通渠道, 根据详细的商品流转路线不同, 又有多种详细的组织形式。
在我国, 产销直接联系的渠道包括农村集市贸易、城乡农贸市场、生产单位的自销门市部或其销售机构和某些大型专用设备的定点供给等。
商业渠道则包括：(1)经过零售商业为媒介的, 如厂店挂钩：(2)经过单个批发和零售环节为媒介的, 主要是地产地销商品;(3)经过多个批发环节和单位个零售环节为媒介的, 如某些集中生产分散消费的工业品或分散生产集中消费的农产品, 往往要经过产地批发环节到中转地、集散地和销售地批发环节, 最终再经过零售企业出售给消费者。
产销结合的渠道则包括有：生产部门的销售机构只经营产地批发, 或经营中转批发, 或进一步经营销地批发。
经过上述批发, 再由商业企业经营。
物流与供应链管理复习资料(doc 12页)
物流与供应链管理复习资料(doc 12页)第一章1.试述物流的概念。
物流是指物品从供应地向需求地的实体流动过程。
根据实际需要，将运输、储存、装卸搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合。
2.讨论物流、商流、信息流的关系。
商流是物流的先导，物流是商流的基础，信息流伴随着商流和物流。
3.物流有何效用？又有何价值？物流活动创造价值在于它在物资流转、运动过程中形成了时间效用、场所效用、形质效用。
物流的价值可以归纳为：获得第三利润源泉（3rd profitresource ）、降低成本(reducingcost)、提性质与地位企业或组织体的“后勤”，“内部事务”；成本支出项目企业或组织体的“先锋”， “外部事务”；价值创造事业 目标与理念效率与成本的均衡 效率、成本、服务 与效益的均衡服务对象企业或组织体内部企业或组织体外部顾客功能定位节约成本的“手段”与“策略”扩大销售、增加利润的“战略”6.物流的构成要素？基础要素：与物流活动有关的“人、财、物”；功能（活动）要素：运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等。
7.商流与物流的关系：1)商流：对象物所有权转移的活动；2)物流：实物从供应方向需求方的转移，创造时间和空间价值；3)都是流通的组成部分，二者结合才能有效地实现商品由供方向需方的转移。
关系密切、相辅相成；4)物流是产生商流的物质基础；（谁先谁后、需求与实际操作的区别）5)局部环节独立发生、全局上总是相伴发生。
8.物流的种类分类标准或方法物流种类或名称其他名称空间范围国际物流、国内物流、区域物流、城市物流、企业物流—物流主体生产企业物流、流通企业物流、专业化物流、消费者物流制造商物流、批发商物流、零售商物流、第三方物流、第四方物流物流业种铁路物流、公路物流、航运物流、航空物流、邮政物流行业物流物流阶段供应物流、生产物流、销售物流、退货物流、回收物流、废弃物流采购物流、厂内物流、正向物流、逆向物流物流客体生产资料物流、消费品物流、散装货物流、包装货物流—其他宏观物流、中观物流、微观物流社会物流、行业物流、企业物流9. 物流管理（Logistics management）为了满足客户的需求，对商品、服务和相关信息从产出点到消费点的合理、有效的流动和储存，进行规划、实施和控制的过程。
物流与供应链管理2版ppt案例习题-第九章 供应链集成
B.业务结构或 生产能力
人 事 简 况
财 务 状 况 设 备 状 况 制 造 或 生 产 状 况 质 量 体 系 产 品 开 发 中 的 质 量
C.质量系统
供 应 中 质 量
制 造 中 的 质 量 保 证
D.企业环境
质 量 资 源 与 质 量 职 员
成 本 分 析
质 量 检 验 和 实 验
交 货 质 量
《现代物流丛书》
第九章 供应链集成
《物流与供应链管理》 高等教育出版社
顾客服务
供应链集成 供应链协调
•供应链合作伙伴关系 •供应链环境下的业务流 程重组
•供应链环境下的企业计划
物流网络设计 物流信息管理
运输管理
库存管理 物流辅助活动
现代物流丛书---《物流与供应链管理》
2
集成化供应链管理是一种围绕核心企业，通过对从采购原材料 开始到制成中间产品以及最终产品，再到最终由销售网络把产 品送到消费者手中的一系列活动中涉及到的信息流、知识流、 实物流、资金流的控制，将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、 直至最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构模式。
现代物流丛书---《物流与供应链管理》
10
对供应商与制造商双方的作用
①改善相互之间的交流；
②实现共同的期望和目标； ③共担风险和共享利益；
④共同参与产品和工艺开发，实现相互间的工艺集成、技术 和物理集成；
⑤降低投机思想和投机几率；
⑥增强解决矛盾冲突的能力；
⑦减少管理成本； ⑧订单、生产、运输上实现规模效益以降低成本；
⑥提高面向工艺的企业规划； ⑦更好的产品设计和对产品变化更快的反应速度；
⑧强化数据信息的获取和管理控制
现代物流丛书---《物流与供应链管理》
物流供应链管理第九章习题-答案
【第九章国际物流】【选择题】1．CFR条款下，买方应：（）A．承担货物在装船时越过船舷后的风险B．负责租船订舱，支付到指定目的港的运费C．办理货运保险，支付保险费D．办理出口手续E．办理进口手续【答案】ABE2．交易磋商中不可缺少的环节是：（）A．询盘B．发盘C．还盘D．接受E．以上四个环节必不可少【答案】BD3．商品由A国运往B国途中，途经本国，对于本国来说为：（）A．进口贸易B．出口贸易C．过境贸易D．转口贸易E．复出口【答案】C3．我国对外贸易商品检验检疫的范围包括:( ）A．所有进出口的商品B．船舶C．集装箱D．海运出口危险品的包装E．《进出境动植物检疫法》规定的商品【答案】BCDE5．出境货物最迟于报关或装运前天报检.（）A．7B．15C．20D．30E．60【答案】A6．对一般的进出口货物报关时需交验以下哪些单证？（）A．进出口货物报关单B．发票C．商品检验证明D．减免税或免检证明E．提货单、装货单或运单【答案】ABCDE7．海上风险包括：( ）A．恶劣气候B．流冰C．船舶搁浅D．偷窃E．战争【答案】ABC8．根据我国现行的《海洋货物运输保险条款》的规定，基本险别包括：( ）A．平安险B．偷窃、提货不着险C．水渍险D．一切险E．串味险【答案】ACD9．平安险的承保责任范围包括：（）A．由于自然灾害和运输工具发生意外事故，造成被保险货物的全部或部分损失B．由于运输工具遭遇搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞造成被保险货物的全部或部分损失C．在装卸转船过程中，被保险货物一件或数件落海所造成的全部损失或部分损失D．货物在运输过程中,因一般外来原因所造成的被保险货物的全部或部分损失E．货物在运输过程中,因特殊外来原因所造成的被保险货物的全部或部分损失【答案】BC10．出口货物的报关报检等工作可由（）办理。
A．出口商B．进口商C．国际货运代理D．理货机构E．船方【答案】AC11．以下单证具有物权凭证作用的有:（)A．提单B．提货单C．货协运单D．航空货运单E．多式联运单据【答案】A12．根据货物外表状况有无不良批注可将提单分为:（）A．记名提单B．指示提单C．不记名提单D．清洁提单E．不清洁提单【答案】DE13．国际海上货物运输有关国际公约有:（）A．《海牙规则》B．《海牙/维斯比规则》C．《汉堡规则》D．《华沙公约》E．《海牙议定书》【答案】ABC13．国际集装箱运输中,拼箱货的装拆箱业务是在进行的。
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【第九章国际物流】【选择题】1．CFR条款下，买方应：（）A．承担货物在装船时越过船舷后的风险B．负责租船订舱，支付到指定目的港的运费C．办理货运保险，支付保险费D．办理出口手续E．办理进口手续【答案】ABE2．交易磋商中不可缺少的环节是：（）A．询盘B．发盘C．还盘D．接受E．以上四个环节必不可少【答案】BD3．商品由A国运往B国途中，途经本国，对于本国来说为：（）A．进口贸易B．出口贸易C．过境贸易D．转口贸易E．复出口【答案】C3．我国对外贸易商品检验检疫的范围包括：（）A．所有进出口的商品B．船舶C．集装箱D．海运出口危险品的包装E．《进出境动植物检疫法》规定的商品【答案】BCDE5．出境货物最迟于报关或装运前天报检。
（）A．7B．15C．20D．30E．60【答案】A6．对一般的进出口货物报关时需交验以下哪些单证？（）A．进出口货物报关单B．发票C．商品检验证明D．减免税或免检证明E．提货单、装货单或运单【答案】ABCDE7．海上风险包括：（）A．恶劣气候B．流冰C．船舶搁浅D．偷窃E．战争【答案】ABC8．根据我国现行的《海洋货物运输保险条款》的规定，基本险别包括：（）A．平安险B．偷窃、提货不着险C．水渍险D．一切险E．串味险【答案】ACD9．平安险的承保责任范围包括：（）A．由于自然灾害和运输工具发生意外事故，造成被保险货物的全部或部分损失B．由于运输工具遭遇搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞造成被保险货物的全部或部分损失C．在装卸转船过程中，被保险货物一件或数件落海所造成的全部损失或部分损失D．货物在运输过程中，因一般外来原因所造成的被保险货物的全部或部分损失E．货物在运输过程中，因特殊外来原因所造成的被保险货物的全部或部分损失【答案】BC10．出口货物的报关报检等工作可由（）办理。
A．出口商B．进口商C．国际货运代理D．理货机构E．船方【答案】AC11．以下单证具有物权凭证作用的有：（）A．提单B．提货单C．货协运单D．航空货运单E．多式联运单据【答案】A12．根据货物外表状况有无不良批注可将提单分为：（）A．记名提单B．指示提单C．不记名提单D．清洁提单E．不清洁提单【答案】DE13．国际海上货物运输有关国际公约有：（）A．《海牙规则》B．《海牙/维斯比规则》C．《汉堡规则》D．《华沙公约》E．《海牙议定书》【答案】ABC13．国际集装箱运输中，拼箱货的装拆箱业务是在进行的。
（）答案（）A．发货人仓库B．收货人仓库C．发货人工厂或仓库D．集装箱货运站E．集装箱堆场【答案】D15．构成国际多式联运应具有下列哪些条件：（）A．至少采用两种不同的运输工具B．有一个多式联运合同C．有一份全程多式联运单据D．有一个多式联运经营人对全程运输负责E．必须是国际的货物运输【答案】BCDE16．以下属于多式联运的是：（）A．海海联运B．海陆联运C．陆空联运D．海铁联运E．国际铁路货物联运【答案】BCD【填空题】1．广义的国际物流是指（）。
答：货物及物品在不同国家和地区间的流动和转移2．国际物流具有高风险性的特点，其风险主要包括（）。
答：政治风险、经济风险和自然风险3．（）是指世界各国（地区）之间的商品以及服务和技术交换活动，如果从一个国家（或地区）的角度来看这种活动，则称为该国的（）。
答：国际贸易，对外贸易4．商品由A国运往B国途中，途经本国，对于本国来说为（）。
答：过境贸易5．（）指进口的外国商品未经加工又输出到国外，如进口货物的退货，转口贸易等。
答：复出口6．在常用国际贸易术语中，（）、（）和（）只适用于海运。
答：FOB，CIF，CFR7．（）又称贸易谈判，是指买卖双方就交易的各项条件进行谈判，以期达成交易的过程。
一般包括四个环节，即（）、（）、（）、（），其中（）和（）是不可缺少的环节。
答：交易磋商，询盘，发盘，还盘，接受，发盘，接受8．报检是对外贸易关系人向检验检疫机构申请检验。
对于入境货物，应在（）向入境口岸、指定或到达站的（）办理报检手续。
答：入境前或入境时，检验检疫机构9．（）是国家设在进出境口岸的监督机关，在国家对外经济贸易活动和国际交往中，代表国家行使监督管理的权利。
答：海关10．《海关海》规定，进出口货物必须经（）进境或出境。
答：设有海关的地点11．（）是反映船舶载运货物在港口交接时的数量和状态的实际情况的原始记录，具有凭证和证据的性质。
答：理货单证12．货物溢短单是记载进口货物（）。
答：件数溢出或短少的证明13．（）是出口货物实际装舱部位的示意图。
答：货物积载图14．保税是指（）。
答：海关保留对货物征税的权利15．（）是指经海关批准未办理纳税手续进境，在境内储存、加工、装配后复运出境的货物。
答：保税货物16．（）是指经海关批准设立的专门存放（）以及其他未办结关手续货物的仓库。
答：保税仓库，保税货物17．（）又称保税仓库区，是海关设置或经海关批准注册的，受海关监督的特定地区和仓库。
答：保税区18．海运风险包括（）和（）两类。
答：海上风险，外来风险19．（）是指被保险货物在海洋运输中，因遭受海上风险而造成的损坏或灭失。
就货物损失的性质而言，可分为（）和（）。
答：海上损失，共同海损，单独海损20．全部损失是指被保险货物遭受全部损失，按损失情况的不同，可分为（）和（）。
答：实际全损，推定全损21．根据我国现行的《海洋货物运输保险条款》的规定，在基本险别中包括（）、（）和一切险。
答：平安险，水渍险22．（）是根据客户的指示，并为客户的利益而揽取货物运输的人，其本身并不是承运人。
答：国际货运代理23．根据船公司对船舶经营方式的不同，可将海洋运输分为（）和（）。
答：班轮运输，租船运输24．根据货物是否已装船，可将提单分为（）和（）。
答：已装船提单，收货待运提单25．集装箱运输方式根据货物装箱数量和方式不同可分为（）和（）两种。
答：整箱，拼箱【名词解释】国际物流答：广义的国际物流是指货物（包括原材料、半成品、制成品）及物品（如邮品、展品、捐赠物资等）在不同国家和地区间的流动和转移。
狭义的国际物流指当生产和消费分别在两个或两个以上的国家（或地区）独立进行时，为了克服生产和消费之间的空间隔离和时间距离，对物资（商品）进行物理性移动的一项国际商品贸易或交流活动，从而完成国际商品交易的最终目的，即实现卖方交付单证、货物和收取货款，而买方接受单证、支付货款和收取货物的贸易对流条件。
国际贸易答：国际贸易是指世界各国（地区）之间的商品以及服务和技术交换活动。
转口贸易答：转口贸易，指本国从A国进口商品后，再出口至B国的贸易，本国的贸易就称为转口贸易。
过境贸易答：过境贸易，指商品由A国运往B国途中，途经本国，对于本国来说即为过境贸易。
理货答：理货是指船方或货主根据运输合同在装运港和卸货港收受和交付货物时，委托港口的理货机构代理完成的在港口对货物进行计数、检查货物残损、指导装舱积载、制作有关单证等工作。
保税货物答：保税货物是指经海关批准未办理纳税手续进境，在境内储存、加工、装配后复运出境的货物。
保税仓库答：保税仓库是指经海关批准设立的专门存放保税货物及其他未办结海关手续货物的仓库。
国际货运代理答：国际货运代理协会联合会的定义：国际货运代理是根据客户的指示，并为客户的利益而揽取货物运输的人，其本身并不是承运人。
《中华人民共和国国际货物运输代理业管理规定》的定义：接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托，以委托人的名义或者以自己的名义，为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务并收取服务费的行业。
【简答题】什么是国际物流，有什么特点？答：广义的国际物流是指货物（包括原材料、半成品、制成品）及物品（如邮品、展品、捐赠物资等）在不同国家和地区间的流动和转移。
狭义的国际物流指当生产和消费分别在两个或两个以上的国家（或地区）独立进行时，为了克服生产和消费之间的空间隔离和时间距离，对物资（商品）进行物理性移动的一项国际商品贸易或交流活动，从而完成国际商品交易的最终目的，即实现卖方交付单证、货物和收取货款，而买方接受单证、支付货款和收取货物的贸易对流条件。
国际物流的特点：国际性、复杂性、高风险性、运输方式的多样性。
简述国际物流与国际贸易的关系。
答：国际物流是随着国际贸易的发展而产生和发展起来的，并已成为影响和制约国际贸易进一步发展的重要因素。
国际贸易与国际物流之间存在着非常紧密的关系。
（1．国际物流是开展国际贸易的必要条件，国际物流是完成国际贸易必不可少的环节。
（2．国际贸易促进了物流国际化。
跨国经营与国际贸易的发展，促进了事物和信息在世界范围内的大量流动和广泛交换，物流国际化成为国际贸易和世界经济发展的必然趋势。
（3．国际贸易不断对国际物流提出新的要求，如：质量要求、效率要求、安全要求、经济要求等。
简述出口合同履行的程序（以CIF为例）。
答：出口合同的履行包括：（1．备货；（2．报验；（3．催证；（3．审证；（5．租船、订舱，投保；（6．制单结汇。
简述进口合同履行的程序（以FOB为例）。
答：（1．开立信用证；（2．派船接运货物与投保；（3．审单和付汇；（3．报关；（5．验收货物；（6．办理拨交手续；（7．进口索赔。
简述理货单证的作用。
答：（1．承运人与托运人或提单持有人之间办理货物数字和外表状态交接的证明；（2．承运人、托运人、提单持有人以及港方、保险人之间处理货物索赔案件的凭证；（3．船舶发生海事时，处理海事案件的主要资料，这里主要是指货物积载图的作用；（3．港口安排作业，收货人安排提货的主要依据。
这里主要是指货物实际积载图和分舱单的作用；（5．船舶在航行途中，保管照料货物的主要依据；（6．买卖双方履行合同情况的主要凭证；（7．理货机构处理日常业务往来的主要依据。
国际货运代理有何作用？答：国际货运代理的作用主要有：（1．能够安全、迅速、准确、节省、方便地组织进出口货物运输。
（2．能够就运费、包装、单证、结关、检查检验、金融、领事要求等提供咨询，并对国外市场的价格、销售情况提供信息和建议。
（3．能够提供优质服务。
为委托人办理国际货物运输中某一个环节的业务或全程各个环节的业务，手续方便简单。
（3．能够把小批量的货物集中成为组货物进行运输，既方便了货主，也方便了承运人。
（5．能够掌握货物全程的运输信息，使用现代化的通信设备随时向委托人报告货物在途的运输情况。
（6．货运代理不仅能组织协调运输，而且影响到新运输方式的创造、新运输路线的开发以及新费率的制定。
特别是在简述海运提单的作用。
答：提单，是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。
其作用有：（1．提单是运输合同的证明；（2．提单是承运人拉收货物或货物装船的收据；（3．提单是物权凭证。