计算机网络原理2018版 李全龙 第一章课后习题
《计算机网络》习题参考答案(1-4章)

习题参考答案第一章1-02 简述分组交换的要点。
答:(1)采用存储转发技术。
(1)基于标记。
(参见教材P165解释)(2)即可使用面向连接的连网方式,又可使用无连接的连网方式。
1-03 比较电路交换、报文交换、分组交换的优缺点。
答:可从以下几方面比较:(1)信道利用率。
(2)灵活性。
结点是否有路由选择功能。
(1)传输速度。
(2)可靠性。
1-06 比较TCP/IP和OSI体系结构的异同点。
答:相同点:均是计算机网络体系结构,采用了协议分层的思想。
不同点:(1)层次的划分不同。
(2)TCP/IP一开始就考虑到多种异构网的互连问题,它是从实际协议出发。
(3)TCP/IP一开始就对面向连接服务和无连接服务并重。
而O S I 开始只强调面向连接服务。
(4)OSI参考模型产生在协议发明之前,所以它没有偏向于任何协议,它非常通用;而TCP/IP参考模型首先出现的是协议,模型实际上是对已有协议的描述,但该模型不适合其他协议栈。
1-13 面向连接和无连接服务的特点是什么?答:参见教材27页1-14 协议和服务有何区别?有何联系?答:区别:(1)本层的服务用户只能看见服务而无法看见下面的协议。
下面的协议对上面的服务用户是透明的。
(2)协议是“水平的”,服务是“垂直的”。
协议是控制对等实体之间通信的规则,而服务是由下层向上层通过层间接口提供的。
联系:在协议的控制下,两个对等实体间的通信使得本层能够向上一层提供服务。
要实现本层协议,还需要使用下面一层所提供的服务。
1-15 网络协议的三要素。
(参见教材P21页)1-20 解:发送时延=数据长度/发送速率传输时延=信道长度/信道上的传输速率(1)发送时延=107/100*103=100(S) 传输时延=1000/2*108=5ms (2)发送时延=103/109=1(us) 传输时延=1000/2*108=5ms结论:若总时延由两部分组成,并不能说发送速率快,总的时延就小。
计算机网络课后题答案

第一章概述1-12 因特网的两大组成部分(边缘部分与核心部分)的特点是什么?它们的工作方式各有什么特点?答:边缘部分:由各主机构成,用户直接进行信息处理和信息共享;低速连入核心网。
核心部分:由各路由器连网,负责为边缘部分提供高速远程分组交换。
1-13 客户服务器方式与对等通信方式的主要区别是什么?有没有相同的地方?答:前者严格区分服务和被服务者,后者无此区别。
后者实际上是前者的双向应用。
1-19 长度为100字节的应用层数据交给传输层传送,需加上20字节的TCP首部。
再交给网络层传送,需加上20字节的IP首部。
最后交给数据链路层的以太网传送,加上首部和尾部工18字节。
试求数据的传输效率。
数据的传输效率是指发送的应用层数据除以所发送的总数据(即应用数据加上各种首部和尾部的额外开销)。
若应用层数据长度为1000字节,数据的传输效率是多少?解:(1)100/(100+20+20+18)=63.3%(2)1000/(1000+20+20+18)=94.5%1-20 网络体系结构为什么要采用分层次的结构?试举出一些与分层体系结构的思想相似的日常生活。
答:分层的好处:①各层之间是独立的。
某一层可以使用其下一层提供的服务而不需要知道服务是如何实现的。
②灵活性好。
当某一层发生变化时,只要其接口关系不变,则这层以上或以下的各层均不受影响。
③结构上可分割开。
各层可以采用最合适的技术来实现④易于实现和维护。
⑤能促进标准化工作。
与分层体系结构的思想相似的日常生活有邮政系统,物流系统。
第二章物理层2-13 为什么要使用信道复用技术?常用的信道复用技术有哪些?答:为了通过共享信道、最大限度提高信道利用率。
频分、时分、码分、波分。
2-17 试比较xDSL、HFC以及FTTx接入技术的优缺点?答:xDSL 技术就是用数字技术对现有的模拟电话用户线进行改造,使它能够承载宽带业务。
成本低,易实现,但带宽和质量差异性大。
HFC网的最大的优点具有很宽的频带,并且能够利用已经有相当大的覆盖面的有线电视网。
1.计算机网络原理第一章课后习题及答案

第一章1.(Q1) What is the difference between a host and an end system? List the types ofendsystems. Is a Web server an end system?Answer: There is no difference. Throughout this text, the words “host” and “end system” are used interchangeably. End systems include PCs, workstations, Web servers, mail servers, Internet-connected PDAs, WebTVs, etc.2.(Q2) The word protocol is often used to describe diplomatic relations. Give an example of adiplomatic protocol.Answer: Suppose Alice, an ambassador of country A wants to invite Bob, an ambassador of country B, over for dinner. Alice doesn’t simply just call Bob on the phone and say, come to our dinner table now”. Instead, she calls Bob and sugges ts a date and time. Bob may respond by saying he’s not available that particular date, but he is available another date. Alice and Bob continue to send “messages” back and forth until they agree on a date and time. Bob then shows up at the embassy on the agreed date, hopefully not more than 15 minutes before or after the agreed time. Diplomatic protocols also allow for either Alice or Bob to politely cancel the engagement if they have reasonable excuses.3.(Q3) What is a client program? What is a server program? Does a server programrequestand receive services from a client program?Answer: A networking program usually has two programs, each running on a different host, communicating with each other. The program that initiates the communication is the client.Typically, the client program requests and receives services from the server program.4.(Q4) List six access technologies. Classify each one as residential access, company access, ormobile access.Answer:1. Dial-up modem over telephone line: residential; 2. DSL over telephone line: residential or small office; 3. Cable to HFC: residential; 4. 100 Mbps switched Etherent: company; 5. Wireless LAN: mobile; 6. Cellular mobile access (for example, 3G/4G): mobile5.(Q5) List the available residential access technologies in your city. For each type of access,provide the advertised downstream rate, upstream rate, and monthly price.Answer: Current possibilities include: dial-up (up to 56kbps); DSL (up to 1 Mbps upstream, up to 8 Mbps downstream); cable modem (up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream.6.(Q7) What are some of the physical media that Ethernet can run over?Answer: Ethernet most commonly runs over twisted-pair copper wire and “thin” coaxial cable.It also can run over fibers optic links and thick coaxial cable.7.(Q8)Dial-up modems, HFC, and DSL are all used for residential access. For each of theseaccess technologies, provide a range of transmission rates and comment on whether the transmission rate is shared or dedicated.Answer:Dial up modems: up to 56 Kbps, bandwidth is dedicated; ISDN: up to 128 kbps, bandwidth is dedicated; ADSL: downstream channel is .5-8 Mbps, upstream channel is up to1 Mbps, bandwidth is dedicated; HFC, downstream channel is 10-30 Mbps and upstreamchannel is usually less than a few Mbps, bandwidth is shared.8.(Q13)Why is it said that packet switching employs statistical multiplexing? Contraststatistical multiplexing with the multiplexing that takes place in TDM.Answer:In a packet switched network, the packets from different sources flowing on a link do not follow any fixed, pre-defined pattern. In TDM circuit switching, each host gets the same slot in a revolving TDM frame.9.(Q14) Suppose users share a 2Mbps link. Also suppose each user requires 1Mbps whentransmitting, but each user transmits only 20 percent of the time. (See the discussion of statistical multiplexing in Section 1.3.)a.When circuit switching is used, how many users can be supported?b.For the remainder of this problem, suppose packet switching is used. Why will there beessentially no queuing delay before the link if two or fewer users transmit at the same time? Why will there be a queuing delay if three users transmit at the same time?c.Find the probability that a given user is transmitting.d.Suppose now there are three users. Find the probability that at any given time, allthree users are transmitting simultaneously. Find the fraction of time during which the queue grows.Answer:a. 2 users can be supported because each user requires half of the link bandwidth.b.Since each user requires 1Mbps when transmitting, if two or fewer users transmitsimultaneously, a maximum of 2Mbps will be required. Since the available bandwidth of the shared link is 2Mbps, there will be no queuing delay before the link. Whereas, if three users transmit simultaneously, the bandwidth required will be 3Mbps which is more than the available bandwidth of the shared link. In this case, there will be queuing delay before the link.c.Probability that a given user is transmitting = 0.2d.Probability that all three users are transmitting simultaneously=33p3(1−p)0=0.23=0.008. Since the queue grows when all the users are transmitting, the fraction oftime during which the queue grows (which is equal to the probability that all three users are transmitting simultaneously) is 0.008.10.(Q16)Consider sending a packet from a source host to a destination host over a fixed route.List the delay components in the end-to-end delay. Which of these delays are constant and which are variable?Answer:The delay components are processing delays, transmission delays, propagation delays, and queuing delays. All of these delays are fixed, except for the queuing delays, which are variable.11.(Q19) Suppose Host A wants to send a large file to Host B. The path from Host A to Host Bhas three links, of rates R1 = 250 kbps, R2 = 500 kbps, and R3 = 1 Mbps.a.Assuming no other traffic in the network, what is the throughput for the file transfer.b.Suppose the file is 2 million bytes. Roughly, how long will it take to transfer the file toHost B?c.Repeat (a) and (b), but now with R2 reduced to 200 kbps.Answer:a.250 kbpsb.64 secondsc.200 kbps; 80 seconds12.(P2)Consider the circuit-switched network in Figure 1.8. Recall that there are n circuits oneach link.a.What is the maximum number of simultaneous connections that can be in progress atany one time in this network?b.Suppose that all connections are between the switch in the upper-left-hand cornerand the switch in the lower-right-hand corner. What is the maximum number ofsimultaneous connections that can be in progress?Answer:a.We can n connections between each of the four pairs of adjacent switches. This gives amaximum of 4n connections.b.We can n connections passing through the switch in the upper-right-hand cornerandanother n connections passing through the switch in the lower-left-hand corner, giving a total of 2n connections.13.(P4) Review the car-caravan analogy in Section 1.4. Assume a propagation speed of 50km/hour.a.Suppose the caravan travels 150 km, beginning in front of one tollbooth, passingthrough a second tollbooth, and finishing just before a third tollbooth. What is theend-to-end delay?b.Repeat (a), now assuming that there are five cars in the caravan instead of ten.Answer: Tollbooths are 150 km apart, and the cars propagate at 50 km/hr, A tollbooth services a car at a rate of one car every 12 seconds.a.There are ten cars. It takes 120 seconds, or two minutes, for the first tollbooth to servicethe 10 cars. Each of these cars has a propagation delay of 180 minutes before arriving at the second tollbooth. Thus, all the cars are lined up before the second tollbooth after 182 minutes. The whole process repeats itself for traveling between the second and third tollbooths. Thus the total delay is 364 minutes.b.Delay between tollbooths is 5*12 seconds plus 180 minutes, i.e., 181minutes. The totaldelay is twice this amount, i.e., 362 minutes.14.(P5) This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay and transmission delay,two central concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, A and B, connected by a single link of rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the propagation speed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to Host B.a.Express the propagation delay, d prop , in terms of m and s.b.Determine the transmission time of the packet, d trans, in terms of L and R.c.Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the end-to-enddelay.d.Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = d trans, where isthe last bit of the packet?e.Suppose d prop is greater than d trans. At time t = d trans, where is the first bit of thepacket?f.Suppose d prop is less than d trans.At time t = d trans,where is the first bit of the packet?g.Suppose s = 2.5*108, L = 100bits, and R = 28kbps. Find the distance m so that dprop equals d trans .Answer:a. d prop = m/s seconds.b. d trans = L/R seconds.c. d end-to-end = (m/s + L/R) seconds.d.The bit is just leaving Host A.e.The first bit is in the link and has not reached Host B.f.The first bit has reached Host B.g.Wantm=LRS=10028∗1032.5∗108=893 km.15.(P6) In this problem we consider sending real-time voice from Host A to Host B over apacket-switched network (VoIP). Host A converts analog voice to a digital 64 kbps bit stream on the fly. Host A then groups the bits into 56-Byte packets. There is one link between Host A and B; its transmission rate is 500 kbps and its propagation delay is 2 msec.As soon as Host A gathers a packet, it sends it to Host B. As soon as Host B receives an entire packet, it converts the packet’s bits to an analog signal. How much time elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original analog signal at Host A) until the bit is decoded(as part of the analog signal at Host B)?Answer: Consider the first bit in a packet. Before this bit can be transmitted, all of the bits in thepacket must be generated. This requires56∗8sec=7 msec64∗103The time required to transmit the packet is56∗8sec=896 μsec500∗103Propagation delay = 2 msec.The delay until decoding is7msec +896μsec + 2msec = 9.896msecA similar analysis shows that all bits experience a delay of 9.896 msec.16.(P9) Consider a packet of length L which begins at end system A, travels over one link to apacket switch, and travels from the packet switch over a second link to a destination end system. Let d i, s i, and R i denote the length, propagation speed, and the transmission rate of link i, for i= 1, 2. The packet switch delays each packet by d proc. Assuming no queuing delays, in terms of d i, s i, R i, (i= 1, 2), and L, what is the total end-to-end delay for the packet? Suppose now the packet Length is 1,000 bytes, the propagation speed on both links is 2.5 * 108m/s, the transmission rates of both links is 1 Mbps, the packet switch processing delay is 2 msec, the length of the first link is 6,000 km, and the length of the last link is 3,000 km. For these values, what is the end-to-end delay?Answer: The first end system requires L/R1to transmit the packet onto the first link; the packet propagates over the first link in d1/s1; the packet switch adds a processing delay ofd proc; after receiving the entire packet, the packet switch requires L/R2to transmit the packetonto the second link; the packet propagates over the second link in d2/s2. Adding these five delays givesd end-end = L/R1 + L/R2 + d1/s1 + d2/s2 + d procTo answer the second question, we simply plug the values into the equation to get 8 + 8 +24 + 12 + 2= 54 msec.17.(P10) In the above problem, suppose R1 = R2 = R and d proc= 0. Further suppose the packetswitch does not store-and-forward packets but instead immediately transmits each bit it receivers before waiting for the packet to arrive. What is the end-to-end delay?Answer: Because bits are immediately transmitted, the packet switch does not introduce any delay;in particular, it does not introduce a transmission delay. Thus,d end-end = L/R + d1/s1 + d2/s2For the values in Problem 9, we get 8 + 24 + 12 = 44 msec.18.(P11) Suppose N packets arrive simultaneously to a link at which no packets are currentlybeing transmitted or queued. Each packet is of length L and the link has transmission rate R.What is the average queuing delay for the N packets?Answer:The queuing delay is 0 for the first transmitted packet, L/R for the second transmitted packet, and generally, (n-1)L/R for the nth transmitted packet. Thus, the average delay for the N packets is(L/R + 2L/R + ....... + (N-1)L/R)/N = L/RN(1 + 2 + ..... + (N-1)) = LN(N-1)/(2RN) = (N-1)L/(2R) Note that here we used the well-known fact that1 +2 + ....... + N = N(N+1)/219.(P14) Consider the queuing delay in a router buffer. Let I denote traffic intensity; that is, I =La/R. Suppose that the queuing delay takes the form IL/R (1-I) for I<1.a.Provide a formula for the total delay, that is, the queuing delay plus the transmissiondelay.b.Plot the total delay as a function of L/R.Answer:a.The transmission delay is L / R . The total delay isILR(1−I)+LR=L/R1−Ib.Let x = L / R.Total delay=x 1−αx20.(P16) Perform a Traceroute between source and destination on the same continent at threedifferent hours of the day.a.Find the average and standard deviation of the round-trip delays at each of the threehours.b.Find the number of routers in the path at each of the three hours. Did the pathschange during any of the hours?c.Try to identify the number of ISP networks that the Traceroute packets pass throughfrom source to destination. Routers with similar names and/or similar IP addresses should be considered as part of the same ISP. In your experiments, do the largest delays occur at the peering interfaces between adjacent ISPs?d.Repeat the above for a source and destination on different continents. Compare theintra-continent and inter-continent results.Answer: Experiments.21.(P18) Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 10,000 kilometers and are conn ectedby a direct link of R =2 Mbps. Suppose the propagation speed over the link is 2.5•108 meters/sec.a.Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R•d prop.b.Consider sending a file of 400,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is sentcontinuously as one large message. What is the maximum number of bits that will be in the link at any given time?c.Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.d.What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a football field?e.Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the propagation speed s,the transmission rate R, and the length of the link m.Answer:a.d prop= 107 / 2.5•108= 0.04 sec; so R •d prop= 80,000bitsb.80,000bitsc.The bandwidth-delay product of a link is the maximum number of bits that can be inthelink.d. 1 bit is 125 meters long, which is longer than a football fielde.m / (R •d prop ) = m / (R * m / s) = s/R22.(P20) Consider problem P18 but now with a link of R = 1 Gbps.a.Calculate the bandwidth-delay product,R·d prop .b.Consider sending a file of 400,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is sentcontinuously as one big message. What is the maximum number of bits that will be inthe link at any given time?c.What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link?Answer:a.40,000,000 bits.b.400,000 bits.c.0.25 meters.23.(P21) Refer again to problem P18.a.How long does it take to send the file, assuming it is sent continuously?b.Suppose now the file is broken up into 10 packet is acknowledged by the receiver andthe transmission time of an acknowledgment packet is negligible. Finally, assumethat the sender cannot send a packet until the preceding one is acknowledged. Howlong does it take to send the file?pare the results from (a) and (b).Answer:a. d trans + d prop = 200 msec + 40 msec = 240 msecb.10 * (t trans + 2 t prop ) = 10 * (20 msec + 80 msec) = 1.0sec。
哈工大计算机学院 李全龙 计算机网络课件chapter1

Internet: “network of
loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Network edge: connectionless service
Goal: data transfer
same as before!
between end systems
App’s using TCP:
HTTP (Web), FTP (file transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)
哈工大计算机学院 李全龙 Computer Networks 1: Introduction 14
Network edge: connection-oriented service
Goal: data transfer
between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
Internet phones
哈工大计算机学院 李全龙
Computer
Networks
1: Introduction
5
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs networks”
哈工大计算机学院 李全龙
Computer
计算机网络课后习题答案

w 第一章1-01、计算机网络向用户可以提供哪些服务?答:计算机网络向用户提供的最重要的服务有两个:(1)、连通服务:指计算机网络使上网用户之间可以交换信息,好像这些用户的计算机可以彼此直接连通一样。
(2)、资源共享:用户可以共享计算机网络上的信息资源、软件资源和硬件资源。
1-02、试简述分组交换的要点。
答:(1)分组传送:分组交换网以“分组”作为数据传输单元。
在发送报文前,先将较长的报文划分成一个个更小的等长数据段,在每一个数据段前面,加上必要的控制信息组成的首部,构成分组,传送到接收端。
接收端收到分组后剥去首部还原成报文。
(2)无连接:发送端在发送分组之前不必先建立连接,占用一条端到端的通信资源,而是在传输过程中一段段地断续占用通信资源,省去了建立连接和释放连接的开销,也使数据的传输效率更高。
(3)存储转发:路由器收到一个分组时,先将分组放入缓存,再检查其首部,查找转发表,按照首部中的目的地址找到合适的接口转发出去,把分组交给下一个路由器。
这样一步一步地以存储转发的方式,把分组交付到最终的目的主机分组交换具有高效、灵活、迅速、可靠等优点,但也存产生增加了时延(排队)和传送开销(包头)等问题。
分组交换比电路交换的电路利用率高,比报文交换的传输时延小,交互性好。
1-03、试从多个方面比较电路交换、报文交换和分组交换的主要优缺点。
答:(1)电路交换电路交换就是计算机终端之间通信时,一方发起呼叫,独占一条物理线路。
当交换机完成接续,对方收到发起端的信号,双方即可进行通信。
在整个通信过程中双方一直占用该电路。
它的特点是实时性强,时延小,交换设备成本较低。
但同时也带来线路利用率低,电路接续时间长,通信效率低,不同类型终端用户之间不能通信等缺点。
电路交换比较适用于信息量大、长报文,经常使用的固定用户之间的通信。
(2)报文交换将用户的报文存储在交换机的存储器中。
当所需要的输出电路空闲时,再将该报文发向接收交换机或终端,它以“存储——转发”方式在网内传输数据。
计算机网络课后习题答案——第一章

1复习题1.没有不同。
主机和端系统可以互换。
端系统包括PC,工作站,WEB服务器,邮件服务器,网络连接的PDA,网络电视等等。
2.假设爱丽丝是国家A的大使,想邀请国家B的大使鲍勃吃晚餐。
爱丽丝没有简单的打个电话说“现在我没一起吃晚餐吧”。
而是她先打电话给鲍勃建议吃饭的日期与时间。
鲍勃可能会回复说那天不行,另外一天可以。
爱丽丝与鲍勃不停的互发讯息直到他们确定一致的日期与时间。
鲍勃会在约定时间(提前或迟到不超过15分钟)出现再大使馆。
外交协议也允许爱丽丝或者鲍勃以合理的理由礼貌的退出约会。
3.联网(通过网络互联)的程序通常包括2个,每一个运行在不同的主机上,互相通信。
发起通信的程序是客户机程序。
一般是客户机请求和接收来自服务器程序的服务。
4.互联网向其应用提供面向连接服务(TCP)和无连接服务(UDP)2种服务。
每一个互联网应用采取其中的一种。
面相连接服务的原理特征是:①在都没有发送应用数据之前2个端系统先进行“握手”。
②提供可靠的数据传送。
也就是说,连接的一方将所有应用数据有序且无差错的传送到连接的另一方。
③提供流控制。
也就是,确保连接的任何一方都不会过快的发送过量的分组而淹没另一方。
④提供拥塞控制。
即管理应用发送进网络的数据总量,帮助防止互联网进入迟滞状态。
无连接服务的原理特征:①没有握手②没有可靠数据传送的保证③没有流控制或者拥塞控制5.流控制和拥塞控制的两个面向不同的对象的不同的控制机理。
流控制保证连接的任何一方不会因为过快的发送过多分组而淹没另一方。
拥塞控制是管理应用发送进网络的数据总量,帮助防止互联网核心(即网络路由器的缓冲区里面)发生拥塞。
6.互联网面向连接服务通过使用确认,重传提供可靠的数据传送。
当连接的一方没有收到它发送的分组的确认(从连接的另一方)时,它会重发这个分组。
7.电路交换可以为呼叫的持续时间保证提供一定量的端到端的带宽。
今天的大多数分组交换网(包括互联网)不能保证任何端到端带宽。
计算机网络技术课后习题及答案(新)资料

计算机网络技术课后习题及答案(新)资料第一章计算机网络概论1;.计算机网络可分为哪两大子网?它们各实现什么功能?计算机网络分为用于信息处理的资源子网和负责网络中信息传递的通信子网。
2;计算机网络的发展可划分为哪几个阶段?每个阶段各有什么特点?.可以分成三个阶段。
第一阶段为面向终端的计算机网络,特点就是由单个具备独立自主处置功能的计算机和多个没独立自主处置功能的终端共同组成网络。
第二阶段为计算机-计算机网络,特点就是由具备独立自主处置功能的多个计算机共同组成单一制的网络系统。
第三阶段为开放式标准化网络,特点就是由多个计算机共同组成难同时实现网络之间互相相连接的开放式网络系统。
3;早期的计算机网络中,那些技术对日后的发展产生了深远的影响?.早期的arpanet、tcp/ip、sna的技术对日后的发展产生了深刻的影响。
4;详述计算机网络的功能。
计算机网络主要存有存储器、打印机等硬件资源共享,数据库等软件资源共享和通话邮件通话消息等信息互换三方面的功能。
5;简写名词解释pse:分组交换设备pad:分组装拆设备ncc:网络控制中心fep:前端处理机imp:接口信息处理机dte:数据终端设备dce:数据电路终接设备pdn:公用数据网osi:开放系统互连基本参考模型hdlc:高级数据链路控制协议第二章计算机网络基础知识1;详述演示数据及数字数据的模拟信号及数字信号则表示方法。
模拟数据可以直接用对应的随时间变化而连续变化的模拟信号来表示,也可以经相应的转换设备转换后用离散的数字信号表示。
数字数据需用二进制编码后的线性数字信号则表示,也可以经切换设备切换后用已连续变化的模拟信号则表示。
2;简述modem和codec的作用.modem可以把离散的数字数据调制转换为连续变化的模拟信号后经相应的模拟信号媒体传送出去,把接收到的连续变化的模拟信号解调还原成原来的离散数字数据。
codec把已连续变化的模拟信号编码转换成二进制数字信号后传输过来,把接到的数字信号解码转换成原来的模拟信号。
自考04741《计算机网络原理》课后习题答案

⾃考04741《计算机⽹络原理》课后习题答案第1章节计算机⽹络概述1.计算机⽹络的发展可以分为哪⼏个阶段?每个阶段各有什么特点?A ⾯向终端的计算机⽹络:以单个计算机为中⼼的远程联机系统。
这类简单的“终端—通信线路—计算机”系统,成了计算机⽹络的雏形。
B 计算机—计算机⽹络:呈现出多处中⼼的特点。
C 开放式标准化⽹络:OSI/RM 的提出,开创了⼀个具有统⼀的⽹络体系结构,遵循国际标准化协议的计算机⽹络新时代。
D 因特⽹⼴泛应⽤和⾼速⽹络技术发展:覆盖范围⼴、具有⾜够的带宽、很好的服务质量与完善的安全机制,⽀持多媒体信息通信,以满⾜不同的应⽤需求,具备⾼度的可靠性与完善的管理功能。
2.计算机⽹络可分为哪两⼤⼦⽹?它们各实现什么功能?通信⼦⽹和资源⼦⽹。
资源⼦⽹负责信息处理,通信⼦⽹负责全⽹中的信息传递。
3.简述各种计算机⽹络拓扑类型的优缺点。
星形拓扑结构的优点是:控制简单;故障诊断和隔离容易;⽅便服务,中央节点可⽅便地对各个站点提供服务和⽹络重新配置。
缺点是:电缆长度和安装⼯作量客观;中央节点的负担较重形成“瓶颈”;各站点的分布处理能⼒较低。
总线拓扑结构的优点是:所需要的电缆数量少;简单⼜是⽆源⼯作,有较⾼的可靠性;易于扩充增加或减少⽤户⽐较⽅便。
缺点是:传输距离有限,通信范围受到限制;故障诊断和隔离较困难;分布式协议不能保证信息的及时传输,不具有实时功能。
树形拓扑结构的优点是:易于扩展、故障隔离较容易,缺点是:各个节点对根的依赖性太⼤。
环形拓扑结构的优点是:电缆长度短;可采⽤光纤,光纤的传输率⾼,⼗分适合于环形拓扑的单⽅向传输;所有计算机都能公平地访问⽹络的其它部分,⽹络性能稳定。
缺点是:节点的故障会引起全⽹故障;环节点的加⼊和撤出过程较复杂;环形拓扑结构的介质访问控制协议都采⽤令牌传递的⽅式,在负载很轻时,信道利⽤率相对来说就⽐较低。
混合形拓扑结构的优点是:故障诊断和隔离较为⽅便;易于扩展;安装⽅便。
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第一章计算机网络概述
1.什么是计算机网络
答:计算机网络是计算机技术与通信技术相互融合的产物。
计算机网络是互连的、自治的计算机的集合。
2.网络协议的三要素是什么每个要素的含义是什么
答:(1)语法:定义实体之间交换信息的格式与结构,或者定义实体之间的传输信号的电平等。
(2)语义:语义就是定义实体之间交换的信息中需要发送(或包含)哪些控制信息,这些信息的具体含义,以及针对不同含义的控制信息,接收信息端应如何响应。
(3)时序:时序也称为同步,定义实体之间交换信息的顺序以及如何匹配或适应彼此的速度。
3.计算机网络的功能是什么
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答:(1)硬件资源共享。
(2)软件资源共享。
(3)信息资源共享。
4.按网络覆盖范围划分,主要有哪几类计算机网络各有什么特点
答:按网络覆盖范围划分,可分为以下4种类型:
(1)个域网(PAN):通常是个人设备通过无线通信技术构成小范围的网络,实现个人设备间的数据传输,个域网通常覆盖范围在1~10m。
(2)局域网(LAN):采用高速优先或无线链路链接主机,实现局部范围内高速数据传输。
局域网通常覆盖范围在10m~1km。
(3)城域网(MAN):城域网是指覆盖一个城市范围的网络,覆盖范围通常在5~50km。
(4)广域网(WAN):广域网覆盖范围在几十到几千千米,通常跨越更大的地理空间,可以实现异地城域网或局域网的互连。
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5.按网络拓扑划分,主要有哪几类计算机网络各有什么特点
答:(1)星形拓扑结构:易于监控与管理,故障诊断与隔离容易;中央节点是网络的瓶颈,一旦故障,全网瘫痪,网络规模受限于中央结点的端口数量。
(2)总线型拓扑结构:结构简单,所需电缆数量少,易于扩展;通信范围受限,故障诊断与隔离比较困难,容易产生冲突。
(3)环形拓扑结构:所需电缆长度短,可以使用光纤,易于避免冲突;某结点的故障容易引起全网瘫痪,新结点的加入或撤出过程比较麻烦,存在等待时间问题。
(4)网状拓扑结构:可靠性高;结构复杂,造价成本高,选路协议复杂。
(5)树形拓扑结构:易于扩展,故障易于隔离;对根结点的可靠性要求高。
(6)混合拓扑结构:易于扩展;网络结构复杂、管理与维护复杂。
6.计算机网络结构主要包括那几部分每部分的主要功能是什么
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答:(1)网络边缘(network edge):网络边缘为网络用户提供了网络应用服务。
(2)接入网络(access network):实现网络边缘的端系统与网络核心连接与接入的网络。
(3)网络核心(network core):实现网络边缘中的主机之间的数据中继与转发。
7.简要描述你了解的接入网络,这些接入网络都有什么特点经常使用的是哪类接入网络
答:(1)电话拨号接入:覆盖广泛;带宽有限。
(2)非对称数字用户线路ADSL:覆盖广泛;共享线路;带宽较大。
(3)混合光纤同轴电缆HFC接入网络:总带宽较大,但受限于用户数。
(4)局域网。
(5)移动接入网络。
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常用的有(2)(3)(5)。
8.请简述电路交换工作过程以及电路交换的特点。
答:电路交换过程为:
(1)建立电路。
(2)传输数据。
(3)拆除电路。
电路交换的优点是实时性高,时延和时延抖动都较小;缺点是对于突发性数据传输,信道利用率低,且传输速率单一。
9.什么是报文交换什么是分组交换试比较两者的优劣。
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答:报文交换:发送方把要发送的信息附加上发送/接收主机的地址及其其他控制信息,然后以报文为单位在交换网络的各结点之间以存储-转发的方式传送,直至送达目的主机。
分组交换:需要将待传输数据分割成较小的数据块,每个数据块附加上地址、序号等控制信息构成数据分组,每个分组独立传输到目的地,目的地将接收到的分组重新组装,还原为报文。
分组交换相比较于报文交换有以下优点:
(1)交换设备存储容量要求低。
(2)交换速度快。
(3)可靠传输效率高。
(4)更加公平。
参考模型包括几层每层的主要包括哪些协议
答:OSI参考模型包括7层,分别为:
·
(1)物理层
(2)数据链路层
(3)网络层
(4)传输层
(5)会话层
(6)表示层
(7)应用层
IP参考模型包括几层每层主要包括哪些协议
答:TCP/IP参考模型包括4层:
,
(1)网络接口层
(2)网络互连层:BGP/OSPF/RIP/IGMP
(3)传输层:TCP/UDP
(4)应用层:HTTP/FTP/SMTP/POP3
12.考虑两台主机A和主机B由一条带宽为R(bit/s)、长度为D(m)的链路互连,信号传播速率为V(m/s)。
假设主机A从t=0时刻开始向主机B发送分组,分组长度为L位。
试求:1)传播延迟(时延)d p
2)传输延迟d t
3)若忽略结点处理延迟和排队延迟,则端到端延迟T是多少
4)若d p>d t,则t=d t时刻,分组的第一位在哪里
;
5)若V=250000km/s,L=512bit,R=100Mbit/s,则使时延带宽积刚好为一个分组长度(即512bit)的链路长度D是多少
答:1)传播延迟(时延)d p= D(m)/ V(m/s)
2)传输延迟d t =L / R(bit/s)
3)端到端延迟T== d p + d t
4)
5)时延带宽积G = d p X R
G = D(m)/ V(m/s)X R
512bit = D / 250000km/s X 100Mbit/s
D = 512bit X 250000km/s / 100Mbit/s
= 768m
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13.假设主机A向主机B以存储-转发的分组交换方式发送一个大文件。
主机A到达主机B的路径上有3段链路,其速率分别是R1=500kbit/s,R2=2Mbit/s,R3=1Mbit/s。
试求:
1)假设网络没有其他流量,则该文件传输的吞吐量是多少
2)假设文件大小为4MB,则传输该文件到主机B大约需要多少时间
答:1)Thr = min(R1,R2,R3) = R1= 500kbit/s。
所以该文件传输的吞吐量为500kbit/s。
2)T = 4MB X 8bit / 500kbit/s = 64s。
14.假设主机A向主机B发送一个L=1500B的分组,主机A到达主机B的路径上有3段链路,2个分组交换机,3段链路长度分别为D1=5000km、D2=4000km、D3=1000km;每段链路的传输速率均为R=2Mbit/s,信号传播速率为V=250000km/s,分组交换机处理每个分组的时延为d c=3ms,试求:
1)若以存储-转发的分组交换方式,则该分组从主机A到达主机B的端到端时延是多少
2)若d c=0,则不采取存储-转发的分组交换方式,而是分组交换机直接转发收到的每个分组(即直通交换),则该分组从主机A到达主机B的端到端时延是多少
—
答:1)端到端延迟T=d i n = d c1 +d c2 + d p1 + d p2+ d p3 + d t1 + d t2 + d t3
=3ms + 3ms + D1 / V + D2 / V + D3 / V + (L / R) * 3
= 6ms + 40ms + 18ms = 76ms
2)端到端延迟T=d i n = d p1 + d p2 + d p3 + d t1 + d t2 + d t3 = 70ms
15.如图所示的网络。
A在t=0时刻开始向C发送一个2Mbit的文件;B在t=+es(e为无限趋近于0的小正实数)向D发送一个1Mbit的文件。
忽略传播延迟和结点处理延迟(注:k=103 ,M=106)。
请回答下列问题:
1)如果图中网络采用存储-转发的报文交换方式,则A将2Mbit的文件交付给C需要多长时间B将1Mbit的文件交付给D需要多长时间
2)如果图中网络采用存储-转发的报文分组方式,分组长度为等长的1kbit,且忽略分组头开销以及报文的拆装开销,则A将2Mbit的文件交付给C需要大约多长时间B将1Mbit的文件交付给D需要大约多长时间
3)报文交换与分组交换相比,那种交换方式更公平
答:1)Thr = min(R1,R2,R3)= 10Mbit/s。
A将2Mbit的文件交付给C需要d t = L / R = 2Mbit / 10Mbit/s = 。
B将1Mbit的文件交付给D需要d t = L / R = 1Mbit / 10Mbit/s = 。
2)A将2Mbit的文件交付给C需要d t =N X L / R = 2Mbit / 1kbit X 1kbit / 10Mbit/s = 。
B将1Mbit的文件交付给D需要d t =N X L / R = 1Mbit / 1kbit X 1kbit / 10Mbit/s = 。
3)报文交换与分组交换相比,分组交换更公平。
因为如果采用报文交换的方式,先将A传输给C,需要占用,在此期间B是无法将数据传输给D的,需要等到A的文件传输完毕后才能开始。
而如果采用分组方式则将两个文件都分为1kbit的长度,可以进行交替传输,所以分组交换更公平。
…。