欧洲文化入门
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础：欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程，本课程面向全校文理学生开设，是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。
二、适应对象：大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。
三、教学目的：本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野。
四、内容提要：本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门（下）。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。
五、自主学习授课模式：基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。
强调个性化教学与自主学习，以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导，传授知识和技能的特点，使学生可在教师的指导下，根据自己的特点、水平、时间，选择合适的学习内容，借助计算机的帮助，迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力，达到最佳学习效果。
1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主，以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。
如下图：图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法：依据建构主义学习理论，在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法，采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。
欧洲文化入门课程简介
《欧洲文化入门》课程简介课程介绍：本课程以欧洲国家文化概况为主要教学内容，以历史为线索，将文学、思想潮流、艺术、建筑等形式作为重要载体，为学生提供一个了解西方国家文化渊源的平台。
通过该课程的学习，学生将增强对欧洲文化历史的了解，对一些文化现象具有敏锐的观察鉴别能力, 并养成良好的阅读习惯。
这将在一定程度上为提高学生在不同文化背景下的有效交际的能力打下基础。
授课对象：对英美文化感兴趣，对欧洲历史较为熟悉且英语基础较好的2008级非英语专业学生授课形式以及预期效果：本课程采取教师讲解与学生自主展示相结合的授课形式，定期进行课程相关内容的测试，使学生积极主动的参与到课堂活动当中，达到有效学习的目的。
通过该课程的学习，学生应该达到以下几个目标：1、对主要西方国家的社会、文化、文学、历史等状况有一个全面而概括的了解。
2、对普遍的个体文化现象以及文化热点作专题的讨论和分析，在此过程中，学生的独立思考、研究、阅读能力以及口头表达能力要有所提升。
3、以英美文化为参照，促使学生更深层次的理解本国文化，树立学生热爱本国文化，包容异质文化，最终宣传本国文化的态度。
4、结合英语口语课程，实际锻炼学生的跨文化交际能力，达到有效交际的目的。
5、扩大单词量，为基础英语的巩固提供有力支持。
教学用书：王佐良主编，《欧洲文化入门》, 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005。
参考书目：朱永涛编著，1994，《英美文化基础教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
（配学习指导）朱永涛，2002，《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上、下册），北京：高等教育出版社。
罗选民，2003，《英美社会与文化》（上、下），武汉：华中理工大学出版社。
赵毅衡，2007，《有个半岛叫欧洲》，上海：世纪出版集团/上海人民出版社。
工具书：《英美文化辞典》，外教社，胡文仲。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，776 BC first celebration, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They are about events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案复习课程
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which arenot seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture i n works which have themselves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the developmen t of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece. And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include still lives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When the wandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God all Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first p art of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to thechurch groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠ continued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translated the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the Middle Ages, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written.。
欧洲文化入门(英文课件
历史性：欧洲文 化具有悠久的历 史，从古希腊、 罗马到中世纪、 文艺复兴等时期 都有丰富的文化 遗产
创新性：欧洲文 化具有创新性， 如文艺复兴、启 蒙运动等时期都 推动了人类文明 的进步
影响力：欧洲文 化对全球产生了 深远的影响，如 科学、哲学、艺 术、文学等领域 都产生了重要的 影响
欧洲文化的代表人物和事件
欧洲哲学的思想体系和代表人物
古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多 德
启蒙运动时期哲学：伏尔泰、卢梭、康德
中世纪哲学：奥古斯丁、托马斯·阿奎那
德国古典哲学：黑格尔、费尔巴哈、马克思
文艺复兴时期哲学：笛卡尔、培根、霍布斯
现代哲学：尼采、萨特、海德格尔
欧洲历史和哲学的文化内涵和影响
欧洲历史：从古希腊罗马到中世纪， 再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，欧洲历 史经历了多次变革和进步
欧洲宗教的信仰体系和仪式
东正教：基督教的另一个分支， 强调教会的独立性和传统
新教：基督教的另一个分支， 强调个人信仰和圣经的权威
天主教：基督教的一个分支， 强调教会的权威和传统
仪式：洗礼、婚礼、葬礼等， 都是欧洲宗教的重要仪式
基督教：欧洲最主要的宗教， 信仰上帝和耶稣基督
节日：圣诞节、复活节、万圣 节等，都是欧洲宗教的重要节
欧洲旅游的重要景点和特色
罗马斗兽场：意大利罗马的古 代建筑，可以了解古罗马的历 史和文化
卢浮宫：法国巴黎的著名博物 馆，收藏了大量的艺术品和历 史文物
埃菲尔铁塔：法国巴黎的标志 性建筑，可以俯瞰整个巴黎市 区
威尼斯水城：意大利威尼斯的 水上城市，可以体验独特的水
上生活
巴塞罗那高迪建筑：西班牙巴 塞罗那的建筑，可以欣赏到高
欧洲艺术和音乐在欧洲历史上扮演了重要的角色，如文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、古典主义时期等，这些时期的 艺术和音乐对欧洲文化的发展产生了重要的影响。
欧洲文化入门知识点总结
欧洲文化入门知识点总结《欧洲文化入门知识点总结》嘿，诸位！今天咱要来聊聊欧洲文化入门那些好玩的知识点，这可真是个有趣又充满魅力的领域啊！首先，咱得说说古希腊罗马文化，那可是欧洲文化的源头啊！那帮古希腊人可真是牛掰了，他们想出的那些哲学思想，到现在咱还在探讨呢！就说那苏格拉底，整天在街上和人辩论，问些稀奇古怪的问题，让人既头疼又佩服。
罗马人呢，盖起了大斗兽场，想想那时候的人在里面看角斗，得多刺激啊！这就像是咱现在看拳击比赛一样嗨呢！还有那基督教文化，可别小瞧它！整个欧洲都被它深刻影响着。
那教堂建得一个比一个宏伟壮观，让人一进去就感觉庄严肃穆。
就好像上帝在那瞪着你，让你不自觉地就挺直了腰板。
那些宗教故事也是丰富多彩，什么耶稣诞生啊，最后的晚餐啊，听得人一愣一愣的。
欧洲的文学艺术那也是杠杠的！莎士比亚的戏剧，那台词写得，就跟咱平时说话似的，特别有味道。
还有那些大画家，画出来的画简直像真的一样。
看着他们的作品，就感觉自己好像穿越到了画里的世界。
莫扎特的音乐就更不用说了，那旋律一响起来，整个人都陶醉了，感觉自己都要跟着节奏飘起来啦！再说说那欧洲的建筑，什么哥特式啊，巴洛克式啊，名字听起来就很高端大气上档次。
那些尖顶的教堂，华丽的宫殿，走在里面就跟走在童话故事里似的。
有时候都怀疑是不是有公主或者王子会突然冒出来。
不过呢，欧洲文化也不是没有奇怪的地方。
比如他们以前那贵族的礼仪，繁琐得要命，吃个饭都得比划半天，一顿饭吃完估计都饿过劲了。
还有那骑士精神，说是要忠诚勇敢啥的，感觉就是一群爱打架的人给自己找的借口。
总之呢，欧洲文化入门就是一个大坑，跳进去就出不来啦！这里面的好玩事情太多了，说也说不完。
咱要是有机会啊，可得好好去欧洲溜达溜达，亲身感受一下这些文化的魅力。
说不定还能在哪个角落里发现一些不为人知的小秘密呢！这样的欧洲文化，还真值得咱好好去探索一番呐！各位，是不是也迫不及待想去了解一。
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书，由外语教学与研究出版社出版。
书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等，并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。
通过本书用英语讲授欧洲各时期的思想﹑科技﹑政治﹑社会方面的重要时间和人物，可以让学习英语的学生提高对欧洲历史文化的了解，从而更加顺利的学习英语，更好的掌握英语语言文化。
欧洲历史文化的特征：西方文化的基本特征的形成，主要是开放的海洋性地理环境，奴隶主民主政治，以及奴隶制商品经济的充分发展。
人类的古代社会大多以农业为主, 古希腊、罗马社会, 商品生产较发达, 这在整个古代世界史上是绝无仅有的。
这与其特定的海洋地理环境有关。
商品经济的发达, 造就出了一个强有力的工商业阶层, 他们推翻了氏族贵族的统治, 建立了民主政治。
这一传统的建立, 使历史的发展一开始就有着较强的运转机制, 使国家机体充满活力。
商品经济发达, 使生产力得到迅速发展。
这样，征服自然、改造自然的信念易于形成。
社会生活的内容也就丰富多彩，这又促使人们开阔视野, 向外探求, 把发现世界和改造世界作为人生的最高价值和获取自由的主要途径。
生产力的发展也要求与之相适应的科学文化等上层建筑的繁荣,于是, 西方人渴求知识,把知识作为人类文化的最高价值范畴, 从而不固步自封。
他们有“爱知”的传统, 对知识从来是孜孜以求。
商品经济的发展和开放的海洋性地理环境, 使西方人产生了外向好动、冒险的性格。
他们有独立不羁的人格, 开拓精神和变异观念。
古希腊哲人赫拉克里特的“人不能两次踏进同一条河流”的哲理, 说明了这一点。
这种变动和开拓观念, 使他们思想活跃, 锐意进取, 创立了不少学术思想和文化艺术的领域, 如理性主义、自然主义、经验主义、存在主义等等。
古希腊罗马的奴隶制民主政治,使西方文化产生了民主传统和科学精神。
他们提倡人权, 讲平等。
欧洲文化入门名词解释题
欧洲文化入门名词解释题欧洲文化是一个广泛而丰富的主题，包含了许多名词和概念。
以下是一些常见的欧洲文化名词解释：1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance），指15世纪至17世纪期间在欧洲兴起的一场文化运动，标志着中世纪晚期的结束和现代时代的开始。
它在文学、艺术、科学和哲学等领域产生了重要影响。
2. 巴洛克（Baroque），巴洛克是17世纪至18世纪初期的一种艺术和建筑风格，以其复杂、夸张和华丽的特点而闻名。
它在欧洲各地留下了许多宏伟的教堂和宫殿。
3. 文艺复兴人文主义（Renaissance Humanism），文艺复兴时期的一种思想运动，强调人的价值和尊严，以人类中心主义为核心。
人文主义者关注人类的教育、人文科学和个人成就。
4. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment），18世纪欧洲的一场思想运动，强调理性、科学和个人自由。
启蒙运动的哲学家们反对封建主义和宗教教条，主张人民的权利和平等。
5. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity），欧洲是一个多民族、多语言和多文化的大陆。
文化多样性指的是不同民族和文化群体之间的差异和共存。
欧洲的文化多样性是其独特之处。
6. 民主（Democracy），民主是一种政治制度，强调人民的参与和决策权。
欧洲有许多国家采用民主制度，并且民主原则被认为是现代欧洲社会的基石。
7. 宗教改革（Protestant Reformation），16世纪欧洲发生的一场宗教运动，由马丁·路德等人领导。
它对天主教教会的权威提出了质疑，并导致了新教派别的兴起。
8. 工业革命（Industrial Revolution），18世纪末至19世纪初期，在英国开始的一场经济和技术变革。
工业革命引发了工业化和城市化进程，对欧洲社会和经济产生了深远影响。
9. 现代主义（Modernism），20世纪初期的一种文化和艺术运动，强调创新、个人表达和对传统的反叛。
现代主义在绘画、音乐、文学和建筑等领域都有显著影响。
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萨福诗
一
I could not hope
to touch the sky
with my two arms
二
In gold sandals dawn like a thief fell upon me
Pindar品达
在品达生活的年代，希腊盛行体育竞技， 竞技活动又和敬神的节日结合在一起，
品达在诗中歌颂奥林匹克运动会及其他
Sports
• Every four years they had a big festival on Olympus Mount
3、Homer
• He probably lived around 700 B.C. • He is bland • Weather did he exist
Homer Epics
5、Drama戏剧
代表性人物： Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯 Sophocles 索福克勒斯 Euripides 欧里庇得斯
• 埃斯库罗斯出生于一个古 老的贵族家庭，他的少年 时代是在希庇亚斯的暴政 下度过的。当时，雅典的 贵族和平民之间斗争非常 激烈，厄琉西斯是雅典贵 族势力的中心。公元前509 年，克利斯提尼实行改革， 使雅典走上民主发展的新 阶段，他很早就开始喜欢 戏剧和阿加索克利斯与阿 波罗多的诗。
• 后人为了纪念酒神狄俄尼 索斯，每当葡萄丰收的季 节，希腊人都要举行化装 歌舞会，向酒神祈祷和庆 祝。在喝酒颂歌时，参加 者披上羊皮，戴上面具， 人们围绕着“羊人”唱歌 跳舞，饮酒狂欢，这就是 “酒神祭祀”，也是希腊 最初的戏剧雏形。后来由 一名演员发展成多名演员， 加入了更多的情节对话， 从而形成了古希腊的悲剧 模式。悲剧一词，原意为 “山羊之歌”，也就是我 们所说的“山羊剧”。
• Odysseus :was the son of Laertes and was the ruler of the island kingdom of Ithaca. He was one of the most prominent Greek leaders in the Trojan War, and was the hero of Homer's Odyssey. He was known for his cleverness and cunning, and for his eloquence as a speaker.
• Author : Homer
• It includes the • Iliad and the Odyssey.
Iliad伊利亚特
• It talks about the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece against the city of Troy .
• TIME: around 1200B.C. • Establishment : after the war between Greece and Troy. • Cultural Significance: mark by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion . • Spread : Alexander and his armies conquered large areas of Europe Asia and Africa. • End: it was conquered by the Romans
Odysseus
4、Lyric Poetry 叙事诗 Representive persons 代表性人物: Sappho 莎孚(约公元前612—543年) Pindar品达(约公元前518-438年)Βιβλιοθήκη Sappho 莎孚（或萨福）
她几乎是我们目前所知的远古时代最著名的女 诗人。然而，对于萨福的诗篇，世人所知甚少。 据传，萨福留有诗歌九卷之多，但目前仅存一 首完整的诗章，其余均为残篇断简。从公元前 三世纪起，萨福的名字就开始出现在诗歌、戏 剧和各种著述中，她逐渐被神化或丑化，按时 代的需求——或被喻为第十位缪斯；或被描绘 为皮肤黝黑、长相丑陋的女人。中世纪时，因 她诗篇歌咏同性之爱而被教会视为异端，将她 的诗歌全部焚毁。若不是在十九世纪末一位埃 及农民在尼罗河水域偶然发现纸莎草本上记载 萨福的诗歌，被淹没的诗歌会更多。但萨福的 传奇始终流传着，尤其是在各代诗人们心中成 为一座灯塔。
Division one Greek culture and roman culture
I . Greek Culture
Group one
• Leader:李大勇 • Members:
• • • • •
Part 1-3 Part 4-6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9
1、The Historical Background
俄狄浦斯王
• 《俄狄浦斯王》取材于希腊神话传说中关于俄狄 浦斯杀父娶母的故事，展示了富有典型意义 《俄 狄浦斯王》的希腊悲剧冲突——人跟命运的冲突。 剧作家无法摆脱当时浓重的命运观念，使俄狄浦 斯逃脱不了体现命运的太阳神“神示”的罗网。 但他对命运抱有强烈的不满情绪，认为俄狄浦斯 并不是有意杀父娶母，本人非但没有罪，反而是 一个为民除害的英雄、受人爱戴的君王。俄狄浦 斯智慧超群，热爱邦国，大公无私。在命运面前， 他不是俯首帖耳或苦苦哀求，而是奋起抗争，设 法逃离“神示”的预言。 ……………………
山羊剧
Sophocles 索福克勒斯
• 索福克勒斯，古希腊三大悲剧家之一。出 身于兵器制造厂厂主家庭。生活于雅典极 盛时期，是雅典民主派领袖伯里克利的朋 友，曾任雅典税务委员会主席，被选为雅 典十将军之一。但他在艺术上的成就远远 胜过政治上的业绩。他从事戏剧创作60多 年，写了120多部剧本。获奖24次。但是 流传完整的剧本只有7部悲剧。其中最著名 的是《俄狄浦斯王》。
•
The Histories — his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced — is a record of his "inquiry" , being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history since ancient records are scanty, contradictory and often fanciful.
泛希腊运动会上的竞技胜利者和他们的 城邦。他写过十七卷诗，只传下四卷。 他的诗里有泛希腊爱国热情和道德教诲； 他歌颂希腊人在萨拉米之役中获得胜利； 他认为人死后的归宿取决于他们在世时 的行为。他的诗风格庄重，词藻华丽，
形式完美。品达的合唱歌对后世欧洲文
学有很大影响，在十七世纪古典主义时 期被认为是“崇高的颂歌”的典范。
Euripides 欧里庇得斯
• 欧里庇得斯,与埃斯库罗斯和 索福克勒斯并称为希腊三大 悲剧大师，他一生共创作了 九十多部作品，保留至今的 有十八部。对于欧里庇得斯 的评价，古往今来一向褒贬 不一，有人说他是最伟大的 悲剧作家，也有人说悲剧在 他的手中衰亡，无论这些评 价如何反复，无庸置疑的是 欧里庇得斯的作品对于后世 的影响是深远的。
Today in Athens
2、Social and political structure
• • • • Athens was a democracy Exercise of power by the whole people Only the adult male citizens Economy rested on an immense amount of slave labor • Olympus mount
• 欧里庇得斯一生共创作了 九十多部作品，但其中大 多散佚了，现存的剧本共 有十八部，分别为： 《独目巨人》 《阿尔刻提 斯》《美狄亚《大力士的 女儿》 《安德洛玛刻》 《希波吕托斯》 《赫卡 柏》《特洛伊的妇女》 《在陶洛人里的伊菲格纳 亚》 《厄勒克特拉》 《海伦》 《伊翁》 《腓尼基的妇女》 《俄瑞 斯特斯》 《醉酒的女 人》 《伊菲格纳亚在奥里 斯》
6 History 历史
• Herodotus 希罗多德 • Thucydides 修昔底德
希罗多德
在古罗马时代,希罗多德就被誉为 “历史之父”。所著《历史》一 书,共9卷。1～5卷第28章，叙述 西亚、北非及希腊诸地区之历史、 地理及民族习俗、风土人情。第 5卷第29章起，主要叙述波斯人 和希腊人在公元前478年以前数 十年间的战争。书名和分卷方法 均出自希腊化时代的学者之手。 该书也是一部文学作品，书中众 多人物性格鲜明，语言生动，亦 作《希腊波斯战争史》。
Aeschylus 埃斯库罗斯
• 埃斯库罗斯最著名的悲剧是 《被缚的普罗米修斯》， 与《被释放的普罗米修斯》、《带火的普罗米修斯》 组成三部曲。时间不明，可能写于公元前480年以后， 上演于公元前465年，是三连剧的第一部或第二部， 其他两部已经佚失，是《送火者普罗米修斯》和《被 解绑的普罗米修斯》，配套的山羊剧不明。 • 《波斯人》上演于公元前472年，是独立的悲剧，也 是现存唯一的取材于历史题材的古希腊悲剧。抒发了 诗人激昂的爱国热情、抨击了波斯帝国的独裁，赞扬 雅典的民主，把雅典人在萨拉弥斯取得的胜利描写成 民主政治和自由民集体的胜利。 • 《乞援人》中充满了民主精神，神话传说里阿耳戈斯 军事首长珀拉斯戈斯被塑造成一个作风民主的理想的 国王。写于公元前470年以后，是三连剧的第一部， 其他两部已经佚失，可能是《埃古普托斯的儿子们》 和《达奈俄斯的女儿们》，配套的山羊剧是《阿慕莫 奈》。