后备母猪及经产母猪管理手册(PIC)
PIC配套系猪简介
PIC配套系猪简介PIC配套系猪是由世界上第一大种猪改良公司----英国PIC公司，运用“通过培育专门化父系和母系能够提高生产效率和经济利益”这一理论，经过30余年培育的、具有世界先进水平的优良配套系猪，父系猪具有生长速度快、饲料利用率高、体形好等优点，母系猪具有产仔率高、母性强等特点；用其父母代父母系猪杂交生产五元杂交商品猪，能够更好地提高养猪生产效率和经济效益。
PIC配套系猪的主要生产性能指标如下：每头母猪年产仔：2.2_2.4胎；每头母猪年产活仔数：22_23头；育肥猪达90千克活重：145_150天；耗料与增重比：2.6_2.8：1；平均日增重（20_100kg）：800克；商品猪瘦肉率：65%--67%重庆市大正畜牧科技股份有限公司（重庆市合川种猪场）是PIC中国种猪改良公司确认建设在西南地区唯一的一家PIC配套系猪扩繁场，该场全部运用PIC一流的技术和现代养猪设备，常年接受PIC公司技术专家来场进行技术指导。
繁育的PIC父母代配套系猪具有优良的生产性能（极快的生产速度，特定的体重和大的成年体型，脂肪少，瘦肉率高，繁殖力强），适宜规模化饲养，饲养者按照技术规范养猪可获得更高的生产效率和经济利益。
第一部分青年母猪的饲养管理1.引种前的准备工作已确定引进PIC配套系种猪的饲养户，应在引种前2周将全部圈舍，包括圈面、四周墙壁、舍内走道、圈内设施、圈舍周围环境等用高压水枪反复冲洗干净，待干后用2%的烧碱或10-20%的石灰乳或菌毒敌等消毒剂反复交替消毒2次，同时封闭猪舍，待干后提前1天打开窗户通风一天，然后关闭门窗等待进猪。
2.进猪及隔离观察种猪入舍第一天，预先在圈内固定的猪大小便处用水泼湿，猪只上圈时，驱赶猪只到大小便处停留10分钟左右，让其大便或小便一次，调教猪只养成定点大小便的习惯。
注意不要将猪只睡觉的地方打湿。
尽管PIC配套系种猪在种猪场都做了全面的免疫预防，但还是不可能确保种猪对疾病的抵抗力。
英国PIC操作手册
英国PIC操作手册导读本文来自全球最大的种猪育种公司：英国PIC种猪改良公司的操作手册，详细介绍了配种舍和产仔舍的操作流程，虽然手册的推出已经有一定的时间，但依然具有参考意义。
配种舍配种是所有以后生产的开始，也是猪场管理中唯一的有挑战性的部门;其它的部门都是防御性的管理，如果能把它们很好地连在一起可以减少损失。
配种舍的目标是：高的受胎率、保证所有的妊娠母猪生产出健康强壮的仔猪。
母猪在抚养小猪到21日龄时(约5kg重)断奶，然后在断奶后4~5天重新发情，再配种、再妊娠。
这样，母猪将有一个很长的生产寿命。
要实现生产水平的高标准，必须要做到猪群、环境和人能很好的协调、统一。
好的配种舍管理人员应是一个对小事都能关心的人。
他们必须对猪和人都很热情，制定健全的日常规范并严格执行;他们必须避免突然的删减人员，作草率的决定和任性的判断;好的管理者应有平常的心态;准确和详细的记录是实现已定目标的基础。
妊娠母猪的管理人员要是动作温和、平时比较安静、能得到猪信任的人，善于观察事物和考虑问题比较全面的人。
当增加新人时，应对他们进行培训，确保他们能完全理解和掌握其中的技术。
成功的配种和妊娠管理离不开好的记录。
制定一个配种目标，并了解每次妊娠检查后淘汰猪的数量。
所有母猪应有一个单独的卡片，记录母猪号、以前的生产成绩、遗传信息、用药及疫苗注射等情况。
另外，还应有生产日志、每天的配种日志、母猪的预产期和一张流动表，记录所有母猪的位置，特别是那些需要在配种后21天查情的母猪。
我们将从8个方面来采述配种房的管理，它们是相互关联的，但为了说明的需要，我们只能将其分开说明：1.后备母猪的隔离适应及管理程序2.断奶母猪的接纳及管理3.调教公猪4.查情5.人工授精(配种)程序6.妊娠母猪的管理和免疫程序7.临产母猪转入产仔房8.记录程序一、后备母猪的隔离适应及管理程序1.将隔离舍用高压冲洗机彻底冲洗干净，包括料槽、水管、窗帘、天花板、地面、墙壁，然后将所有的栏圈、水管、料槽等检修一遍，最后彻底进行消毒，再间隔12小时以上才能进猪。
PIC母猪管理手册
第一章：后备母猪饲养管理1。
配种前至少发情一次。
保证后备母猪存栏量和质。
质：一生生产5胎或更多胎次。
我们母猪平均一生生产几胎？怎么计算？母猪9天采食不良,肚大如鼓,便秘，用肥皂水灌肠后，流出黄色碎片状东西。
注射维生素等无效果。
2。
决定后备猪一生的生产潜力的因素。
采食量、限位栏的适应、公猪刺激、初配体重、妊娠期增重、哺乳期饲养管理。
这些因素会影响其以后的生产表现.所以说，后备猪的饲养管理很关键。
3。
后备猪20周龄前不要进行公猪接触（他们对公猪刺激无反应，有时公猪会让他们受惊，但是公猪在过道逗留,小后备猪好像很感兴趣）,21周后开始进行刺激。
后备猪24周即168天后，每天进行公猪刺激，每分钟接触四头母猪？？。
（张文杰讲在150天就可以开始刺激），刺激后3周,即27周，189天，大约有>70%后备猪发情,刺激后6周,即30周,210天，大约有〉95％的后备猪发情.即如果诱情充分，在7个月时应该有95%的后备猪都发过情。
4。
后备猪性能指标：性能保持：第二胎生产表现不应下降留种率：〉75％的母猪进入第三胎生产5.后备猪育成在大栏饲养直到第一次配种前的最后三周，即统计其发情周期，根据7.5—8个月的配种日龄，转移到限位栏.在限位栏进行短期适应和优饲,其实在我们猪场也可以做到。
后备猪养在漏缝地板，缝隙间距应在1英寸（2.5cm）以下,且为直棱？？后备猪在21周到配种，每头3.7平米空间？后备猪从始至终都是自由采食?？每天进行公猪刺激是诱导后备母猪初情最好的方法。
初情期越早出现的后备母猪，其怀孕胎数更高，生产年限更长。
4。
公猪刺激选择年龄超过12个月，性欲强、流涎、强烈公猪气味.公猪刺激，连续工作时间不能超过1小时，否则他会失去兴趣和效率，特别是天热季节.（我们16个栏,平均每栏不到4min,刚好)一头试情公猪每天可以试情100头后备母猪。
（16*6=96，刚好）每250头母猪至少拥有一头试情公猪？?（我们只有三头好像也够用）后备猪25-30头饲养在一个栏？?合格后备母猪数量应占母猪总数的3—6%。
PIC母猪管理手册
PIC母猪管理手册PIC母猪管理手册章节一、引言1.1 目的本文档旨在为养殖业者提供有关PIC母猪管理的详细信息和指导，帮助确保繁殖母猪的良好健康和生产力。
1.2 适用范围本手册适用于从养殖猪群中选出高质量PIC母猪，并提供全面的繁殖管理策略，以确保其健康、繁殖效益和经济效益。
章节二、繁殖母猪的选择2.1 品种选择2.2 年龄和体格条件要求2.3 繁殖能力评估2.4 繁殖母猪的健康检测章节三、饲养管理3.1 猪圈设计与环境控制3.2 饲养标准和喂养计划3.3 提供适当的饮水和饮水设施3.4 体重和体况监测3.5 对繁殖母猪进行定期检查和处理3.6 疫苗接种和预防措施的实施3.7 繁殖母猪的运输和迁移管理章节四、发情检测和配种4.1 发情周期的认识和管理4.2 发情检测方法4.3 配种策略和技术章节五、妊娠和妊检管理5.1 妊娠期饲养和管理5.2 妊娠检查和妊娠期营养要求5.3 防止流产和死胎5.4 生产前准备工作章节六、产后管理6.1 产房准备和环境控制6.2 母猪产后护理和恢复6.3 仔猪的初步护理和饲养6.4 母猪产褥期饲养和管理章节七、健康管理7.1 预防疾病的措施和管理7.2 疾病检测和诊断7.3 疾病处理和控制7.4 卫生措施和消毒管理章节八、行为管理8.1 基本的行为需求8.2 优化环境和群体管理8.3 预防攻击和伤害的措施8.4 消除应激和不适应的管理方法章节九、记录和数据管理9.1 关键数据的记录和跟踪9.2 数据分析和问题解决9.3 养殖群体的追溯管理本文所涉及的法律名词及注释：- 繁殖母猪：指用于生产猪苗的母猪。
- 疫苗接种：通过注射、细菌或其他生物制剂来防止疾病的发生。
- 流产：指未到预产期母猪自动失去胚胎或胎盘、胎儿的过程。
- 恢复期：母猪在分娩后至恢复体力健康的一段时间。
- 群体管理：指合理安排母猪的栖息环境和社交空间，以促进其行为表现和群体稳定。
PIC母猪管理指南说明书
GILT AND SOW MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESiPrinted 2020Welcome to the 2017 Edition of thePIC Gilt and Sow Management GuidelinesWe are pleased to present the 2017 PIC Gilt and Sow Management Guidelines. These guidelines are intended to provide recommendations for staff working at a commercial sow farm. In addition, these good management practices are also applicable to multipliers and production nucleus farms.Compared to the 2015 edition, we have simplified the search for information. The guidelines are divided into seven sections that cover the different phases of production on a sow farm. Each section contains expectations, good management practices and advice for troubleshooting the most common issues. In order to simplify and speed up the search for the information, we have made a serious effort to replace long texts by tables.The material has been reviewed by professionals and experts across the world to make it a global reference. The focus is on the biology of the animals, independent of the geographical location, size of operation, sow:worker ratio, facilities set up or use of specific feed ingredients. The guidelines focus on production management and we have chosen to leave out biosecurity and health protocols and acclimatization practices. We suggest you reach out to your herd veterinarian or our Health Assurance team to develop a tailored program based on your circumstances. Last, but not least, we have added separate sections for group housing and for batch farrowing.We recognize that there are different ways to achieve the desired results so these guidelines do not reject other management strategies.This document is intended to provide guidance and suggestions to our valued customers. At all times, please follow the best practices and appropriate standards with respect to animal welfare and health as outlined by the localgoverning body, within your country.Glossary of Terms & Acronyms (1)Section 1: General Farm Review........................................................................1-1Process Review ..................................................................................1-1Performance Review ..........................................................................1-1Financial Impact of Key Performance Indicators................................1-4Farm Visit ...........................................................................................1-4Section 2: Gilt Management .............................................................................2-1Eligibility for Breeding........................................................................2-1Good Management Practices.............................................................2-1Gilt Production Flows.........................................................................2-6Section 3: Breeding & Gestation .......................................................................3-1Good Management Practices.............................................................3-1Post Cervical Artificial Insemination (PCAI)........................................3-5Pregnancy Diagnosis ..........................................................................3-6Reproductive Performance Below Expectations ................................3-6Section 4: Group Housing..................................................................................4-1Flows and Group Size.........................................................................4-2ESF......................................................................................................4-3Trouble-Shooting ...............................................................................4-4Section 5: Farrowing Management ...................................................................5-1Good Management Practices.............................................................5-1Weaning Age/Lactation Length..........................................................5-4Trouble-Shooting Checklists...............................................................5-4Section 6: Batch Farrowing................................................................................6-1Type of Batches..................................................................................6-1Reconverting From Weekly Flow To Batch Farrowing ........................6-2Key Points...........................................................................................6-3Section 7: Parity Structure.................................................................................7-1Good Management Practices.............................................................7-2Gilt Availability ...................................................................................7-2Gilt Selection......................................................................................7-2Individual Sow Care ...........................................................................7-2Culling Strategy ..................................................................................7-3Trouble Shooting High Sow Mortality and Low Retention Rate.........7-3iiGlossary of Terms & AcronymsSection 1PICpro100An algorithm developed by PIC to remotely screen production processes, assigning then a score from 0 to 100.ParityFemale age based on how many farrowings they have. Thus, Parity 0 is gilt that has been bred but still has not farrowed;parity 1 is a female that has farrowed once before.Parity dipIt is when litter size drops from one parity to the next. Usually from parity 1 to parity 2.TargetThe numerical value of a goal.Intervention levelThe actual performance value that should trigger defined actions to break a performance trend and improve.Breed backPercentage of the weaned females that shows standing heat within a given period, usually 7 days.Piglet conversionPercentage of weaned pigs out of the total number of pigs born in a given period.Pigs weaned/sow/yearNumber of weaned pigs in a full year divided by the average inventory of mated females.Average age at removalAge of the sows, in number of parities, when the removal (death loss and culling) happens.Section 2Eligibility for breedingA set of characteristics that make a group of gilts ready to be bred with no negative long term repercussions andoptimized economics.First breedingThe first insemination that a female gets in its life.Lifetime performanceAverage number of weaned (or marketed) pigs until the female is culled or dead.NurseryUsually the phase from weaning to 11 weeks of age.GrowerUsually the phase from 11 weeks of age to 22 weeks of age.GDUIt stands for gilt developer unit. It is usually the phase from 22 weeks of age to 28 to 30 weeks of age.cfmIt stands for cubic feet per minute. It is an expression of the volume of air moving through a ventilation systemor other space.Sq. ft.It stands for square foot, a non-metric unit of area, equivalent to 144 square inches.Breeding interval lengthTime elapsed from the moment the first female is bred until the moment when the last one is bred in the day.AI/AOIt stands for all in-all out. It refers to the way a room or an entire building is loaded and emptied.1Printed 20202Section 3Meishan crossesAny individual containing blood from Meishan genotypes. They are broadly utilized as heat detection boars. FosteringAction to relocate individual piglets to another sow to give them more chances to nurse.Section 4Pre-implantationFlow where sows are moved to groups in early gestation, usually within 4 days after breeding.Post-implantationFlow where sows are usually moved to groups after spending the first 4 weeks of gestation in individual spaces. StaticThe group is constituted at once, social hierarchy stabilizes and the group is left intact for the duration of gestation. DynamicThe group is constantly changing by ~15 to 20% of the individuals. Essentially it is a continuous flow system that looks to optimize space utilization.Catabolic periodA time where body weight is lost, due to lack of enough feed intake or diets that don’t meet the required nutrient specifications for the age/weight/physiological status.Section 5ft.It stands for feet, a non-metric unit of length.Split-suckleA practice to separate part of the litter for a defined period, to allow the remaining piglets full access to the udder, with no competition.Runt littersLitters created by placing small but viable piglets on a good nursing sow. Parity structureThe combination of the different ages of the sow census.PWMIt stands for preweaning mortality RuntSmall but viable pigletSection 6Late weanersSows that don’t show signs of estrus 7 days after weaning and beyond. Non-productive daysDays where the sow is either not gestating nor lactating.Section 1:General Farm ReviewThis section provides checklists on key performance indicators related to general sow farm processes and performance. Comparing actual values versus target levels will help sow farm managers identify improvement opportunities to get the most value out of their operations. It will also indicate the need for intervention.Process ReviewIt is essential to understand the processes that could potentially limit the expression of the genetic potential. PIC has developed the PICpro100 tool to objectively assess a producer’s production practices. PICpro100 uses an algorithm developed by PIC that assign a score to 23 production practices most associated with high sow herd performance by comparing them against accepted good management practices. PICpro100 can be used to complement more traditional methods to review and evaluate sow herd performance. The PIC Technical Services Team or your PIC Account Manager can help you gain additional exposure to this tool.Performance ReviewIn addition to reviewing production processes, it is important to review performance records by parity and overa period of minimum 13 weeks. Key indicators to watch are farrowing rate, litter size, pre-weaning mortality,sow mortality, breeds per week and how many weeks are off target, replacement rate, wean to service interval,presence of parity dip and number of doses per sow in estrus. Many other indicators can be reviewed but the firstscreening will suggest which indicators to review and/or what to watch for during a farm visit.1-1Printed 20201-21-3Printed 20201-4Financial Impact Of Key Performance IndicatorsIn addition to reviewing the production KPIs, we encourage the review of financials associated with these targets and any proposed management changes. This will help to understand where to prioritize efforts and deploy resources when attempting to address indicators that are not up to the expectations.Farm VisitThe ultimate farm review is an in-person visit. It will help to confirm or rule out what is suspected from the records and remote review of the processes. It is also important to check that sick animals are timely treated and to discuss with the farm manager any concern about animal well-being.Printed 20202-1This section provides recommendations and best practices for gilt management. It will help producers prepare gilts to have high performance in their first parity while priming them for high lifetime performance.Eligibility For BreedingPart of the variation in performance across systems and even within systems can be attributed to the quantity and quality of gilts at their first breeding. The conditions associated with high performance in parity 1, such as lifetime performance and optimized cost of production, are summarized in the tables below.Under all circumstances, producers should adhere to the locally applicable laws that regulate management and housing practices, even if they differ from the recommendations presented in these guidelines.Section 2:Gilt ManagementTable 2.2: General Housing RecommendationsTable 2.4: Preliminary Gilt Selection Recommendations2-2Table 2.5: Mandatory Gilt Selection Recommendations(*): BEAR stands for boar exposure area. Source: Designing effective boar stimulation systems as a critical feature of the Gilt Development Unit. E.Beltranena, J. Patterson and G. Foxcroft. Leman Pre-Conference Reproduction Workshop Effective Management of Replacement Gilts (2005)2-3Printed 20202-4Table 2.7: Recommendations To Address Low Percentage Of Gilts In HeatTable 2.8: Recommendations To Address Low Litter Size And/Or Low Farrowing Rate In Gilts2-5Printed 20202-6Gilt Production FlowsThere is no consensus on what is the best flow to generate replacement gilts as each possibility has pros and cons and depends on the local circumstances. Different options are shown below.Key: + = unfavorable; ++ = less favorable; +++ = highly favorable3-1This section provides recommendations to realize superior reproductive performance. It also provides best practices on accomplishing a precise weekly breeding target which will help to establish a consistent pig flow downstream. Good Management PracticesProducers must follow local and national regulations at any time and place. When regulation allows, consider the following recommendations.Section 3:Breeding & GestationPrinted 20203-2Printed 20203-33-4Post Cervical Artificial Insemination (PCAI)The major differences between PCAI and traditional insemination are the insemination technique, and the use of the catheter and dose of semen.3-5Printed 2020Pregnancy DiagnosisPregnancy control can be done indirectly by detecting the return to estrus while exposed to a boar or directly by ultrasound. As a general strategy, the use of ultrasound should follow on positive pregnancy checks to validate results of the boar exposure. Sows that are already detected as returned to estrus do not need to be checked with ultrasound.Reproductive Performance Below ExpectationsThis section gives an overview of sow housing options. There are different types of group housing systems and each has pros and cons. Regardless of the type of sow housing, PIC recommends to have the same production targets as in individually housed facilities.Key: + Poor, ++ Acceptable, +++ Good, ++++Very good;x Lower, xx Moderate, xxx Higher.Section 4:Group HousingFlows and Group SizeDifferent flows can be implemented to optimize the performance in each type of group housing system. The flows can differ in terms of mixing time (pre- or post-implantation) and group integrity (static or dynamic). The size of the farm and breeding groups will also be a factor for optimal performance.ESFESF, or Electronic Sow Feeding, is one of the available options of feeding in group housing in the industry. This system can also be a platform on top of which more technology for the daily farm management can be applied.Trouble-shootingThe most common issues reported by producers across the globe in group housing are (1) aggressions, (2) low retention and (3) poor farrowing rate.This section provides recommendations for farrowing management. These recommendations aim to optimize throughput and quality of weaned pigs, while managing sows in a way that will allow quick and efficient return to estrus post-weaning. Good Management PracticesExecuting the right management at the right time has become more important to maximize piglet conversion with good quality pigs at weaning.Section 5:Farrowing Management5-4Table 5.6: Day 3 to 5 ProcessingWeaning Age/Lactation LengthThe topic of weaning age and lactation length usually generates debate and it is unlikely that consensus will be achieved soon. It is generally accepted that longer lactations tend to produce a heavier piglet at weaning and a better reproductive performance in the sow’s subsequent cycle. PIC adds a complementary view: higher feed intake in lactation is the factor most correlated with high performance in the subsequent cycle. Our recommendation is avoid weaning individual piglets before 18 days of lactation, with a minimum average of 21-23 days.Trouble-shooting ChecklistsIt is very common to find the following three concerns or issues in the farrowing house: low water/feed intake in sows, scours and elevated PWM.5-5Printed 20206-1Batch farrowing is the concentration of farrowings in a specific week. It is important to understand the potential benefits and costs required for the execution of a batch farrowing flow to ensure the return exceeds the investment. This section summarizes pros and cons of batch farrowing as well as best practices to optimize performance in systems that farrow in batches.Type of BatchesAlthough it is possible to have batch farrowing in 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks flow, the most common are the 3 and 4 weeks flow. The resulting lactation length and differences among space and flow will impact the decision of which one to implement.Section 6: Batch FarrowingReconverting From Weekly Flow To Batch FarrowingWhen changing from weekly flow to batch farrowing, some processes will have to be changed as well. Prior to implementation, it is important to check the points in the checklist below to avoid getting surprises of unexpected struggles that can jeopardize the process.Check-list Key points to check prior to batch farrowing implementation□Coordinate with semen supplier to ensure the larger number of doses will be available and supplied in ashorter time.□Ensure that there is enough semen cooler storage capacity to hold the large number of doses the farm willneed in the insemination period.□Check the necessity of extra space in gestation to wean a larger number of sows per time than usual.□Check water availability to account for all the water needed to power wash the rooms at once.□Make sure electric circuit is able to handle more power washers than usual at once.□Consider lactation feed bins to account for differences in feed intake pattern.□If synchronizing animals with synthetic progestagen, have a clear plan about how and where to utilize it.6-2Printed 20206-3Key PointsThe key points below are crucial to the success of batch farrowing in a sow farm. Generally speaking, proper husbandry practices continue to be important to the success of the flow.7-1Parity structure is the balance of sow mortality rate, culling rate and replacement rate against hog market price and feed cost.Parity structure can influence both biological and economical performance. Therefore it is important to have a good understanding of the factors involved to better manage parity structures and, ultimately, maximize long term profitability. This section provides best practices to optimize parity structures as a performance lever.Graph 7.1: Calculated Breeding Group Structure By Different Replacement RatesSection 7:Parity Structure25%20%15%10%5%0%%ofbreedinggroupParitiesPrinted 20207-2Good Management PracticesSuccess or failure of establishing the best parity structure depends on how proactive and prepared the system is to retain the right animals or cull the potentially risky or unpredictable ones. The key points to consider are gilt availability, gilt selection rate, individual sow care and culling strategy.Gilt AvailabilityGilt availability is the first element to achieve the proper replacement rate and parity structure in the system. The proper multiplication size to supply the required number of gilts is usually around 10% to 12% of the commercial sow herd inventory. It is important to be realistic with the performance of a multiplication unit. Beyond multiplication size, the critical control points below will also contribute to optimized gilt availability in the system:Timeline 7.1: Critical Control Points On Gilt Availability Coming From The Multiplication Unit.Gilt SelectionGilt selection plays an essential role in the process of entering the right animals to the sow farm, so the best sows can be retained for a longer time. For more information, review Tables 2.4 and 2.5 in the Gilt Management Section. Individual Sow CareThe population should be inspected at least once a day to identify earlyissues that can potentially affect the performance and well-being of the sows.Even in healthy and age-stable farms, every week many individual sows are treated against specific threatening conditions to prevent mortality and production flow shortages. PIC advises to be properly set up in terms of supplies and manpower. When the individual treatment rate is below or above the intervention level, further investigation is advised to better understand the cause. Keep in mind that many variables can influence the treatment rate, such as health status, body condition, productivity, facilities, type and quality of floor, environment, just to name a few. When the number of affected animals is greater than 10% of the population, it may be necessary to apply group treatment by water or feed adjustments. Always ask you herd veterinarian for directions.Culling StrategyCulling is the main opportunity to eliminate animals that are not producing according to the expectations or that have a considerable potential to bring future issues and are not needed to maintain the throughput. It is always important to have the breeding target in mind when making decisions about culling, so the farm does not run out of breeding sows.Trouble Shooting High Sow Mortality And Low Retention RateHigh sow mortality and low retention rate unbalance the farm’s parity structure, leading to(1) retention of marginal sows;(2) a lower selection pressure of the replacement gilts;(3) decreased sow inventory, and/or(4) higher costs with extra gilt entries.7-3Printed 20207-4PIC North America100BluegrassCommonsBlvd.,Suite2200|Hendersonville,TN37075|800-325-3398||*********************PIC®2017 | Printed 2020。
PIC营养手册
经产母猪 100 70 76 18 68 58
后备母猪 100 49 64 16 64 56
经产母猪 100 49 64 16 64 56
a 设定赖氨酸含量为100%，其它各种氨基酸的含量表达为相对于赖氨酸的比例； b 该比例应用于标准回肠可消化氨基酸模式（玉米-豆粕-DDGS日粮）或者更复杂的日粮组成； c 假设：后备母猪-136kg体重配种，34kg的净生产增重
5
饲喂高能量和低能量的育肥日粮对PIC商品猪的影响
猪标准回肠可消化氨基酸模型（SID）设计
猪标准回肠可消化氨基酸模型（SID）设计
PIC 营养标准手册 2013
2.猪标准回肠可消化氨基酸模型（SID）设计
为了获得理想的生长性能，所有的氨基酸必须达到甚至超过 需要水平。
NRC（1998）为每个不同生理阶段的猪设计了最理想氨基酸平 衡模式，所以在技术力量有限的情况下，NRC（1998）可以看作是 PIC的最基础的推荐量。最近PIC对泌乳母猪和生长猪营养需要进行 了相关调整，主要是基于PIC的研究，Ajinomoto Heartland（日本味 之素株式会社子公司）和大学等研究机构。由于赖氨酸是第一限制 性氨基酸，所以氨基酸的营养需要主要是采用其它氨基酸和赖氨 酸的比值来表示。不同氨基酸的组成具有不同的消化率，当需要 精确的设计日粮配方时，推荐采用标准回肠可消化氨基酸（SID） 来设计。
维生素和矿物质需要比商品猪推荐值要高，以便为后备母猪 的繁殖功能的发育打下基础（请查阅维生素和矿物质需要表）。
更多关于后备母猪育成与管理的信息，请查阅PIC母猪管理 手册。
表4
PIC后备母猪营养指南 a
营养
单位
22.7-40.8kg
40.8-68kg
后备母猪
一般在30日龄后即可断奶，最好采用移母不移仔断奶法，尽量做到饲料、环境、管理三不变，以防仔猪发生 应激反应，以后的管理、环境、饲料要逐步改善，使仔猪有一个适应过程。
感谢观看
优质后备母猪自身生产性能标准：外形（毛色、体形、头形、耳形等）符合本品种的标准，且生长发育好， 皮毛光亮，背部宽长，后躯大，体形丰满，四肢结实有力，并具备端正的肢蹄，腿不宜过直；有效乳头应在7对以 上（瘦肉型猪种6对以上），排列整齐，间距适中，分布均匀，无遗传缺陷，无瞎乳和副乳头；生殖器发育良好， 阴户发育较大且下垂、形状正常；出生重在1.5千克以上，28日龄断奶体重达8千克，70日龄体重达30千克，且膘 体适中，不过肥也不太瘦。在初配前再进行1次筛选，凡性器官发育不理想、发情周期不规律、发情现象不明显的 母猪应及时予以淘汰。
在7～10日龄时，给仔猪料槽内放入少许干净和新鲜的乳猪场料进行诱食，亦可将仔猪料放在干净的地面上， 让仔猪效仿母猪采食，投喂量要由少到多，并保证每天给仔猪料都是新鲜的。
仔猪出生后五天内，要有专人轮流看护值班，随时观察仔猪的发育、吃奶、吃料，粪便等情况，若发现仔猪 瘦弱，就要适当补充精料，发现仔猪拉稀或不食，要及时诊治，还要勤清点仔猪头数，以免母猪压死仔猪。
从60公斤以后进入后备母猪培育阶段，饲养管理不同于育肥猪。每天生长速度保持在500克～600克左右即可。 这要求适当控制后备母猪的饲料量。建议改成每天饲喂2顿，最好饲喂湿料。后备母猪的饲料最好单独配制，饲料 蛋白质、氨基酸、纤维素、维生素、矿物质水平要求略高于育肥猪。这样有利于培育出繁殖力高、健壮的后备母 猪。
同窝子猪胴体性状好，整齐度高，个体差异小，同胞中无疝气、瞎乳、隐睾、脱肛等生理遗传缺陷。
后备母猪必须来自产子数多、哺育率高、断奶窝重较高的良种经产母猪，以选留2胎~5胎母猪的后代为宜。 后备母猪的父母应生产能力强、抗逆性好、生长速度快、饲料利用率高等。
pic猪各阶段的营养标准
PIC 猪饲料建议营养标准（PIC商品猪场专用）料名Name of feedA B C D E F G H I I乳猪料Creep仔猪料1PigletNo. 1仔猪料2PigletNo. 2中猪料1GrowerNo. 1中猪料2GrowerNo. 2大猪料Finish妊娠料Gest哺乳料Lact后备母猪料BreederDeveloper种公猪Boar stud使用期(体重，公斤) 7日-7公斤7days-7kg 7-12 12-23 23-36 36-68 68-100 68-130粗蛋白质 %(最低) 20－22 20－22 18－20 17 16 15 13.5 18.5 16 16 可消化能(千卡/公斤)DE (Kcal/Kg) 3570 3450-3520 3430-3500 3320-3403320-3403320-3400 3200-3300 3370-3450 3320-3400 3180-3280可代谢能(千卡/公斤)ME(Kcal/Kg) 3370 3330 3300 3200 3200 3200 3125 3250 3200 3100 赖氨酸/可消化能比Lysine/DE Ratio 0.430 0.410 0.380 0.320 0.290 0.250 0.160 0.320 0.210 0.220 赖氨酸 %Lysine % 1.55 1.44-1.45 1.33-1.36 1.09-1.120.99-1.00.84-0.85 0.54-0.55 1.10-1.12 0.71-0.72 0.72-0.75粗脂肪 %Fat % 4－6 3－6 3－6 3--6 3--6 3—6 3—6 4—8 4—8 4—8 粗纤维 %Fiber % <3 <3 <3 <5 <5 <5 4.5 & <7 3.5 & <6 <7 4.0－6.0 钙 %Ca % 0.90 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.66 0.62 0.9 0.9 0.75 0.85 有效磷百分比Avp % 0.52 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.31 0.28 0.42 0.45 0.35 0.40 盐％Salt ％0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.36 0.45 0.50 0.40 0.50 钠％Sodium ％0.45 0.45 0.40氯％Chloride ％0.40 0.36 0.36豆粕％Soybean meal ％18 28 28-32每日增重(ADG)克ADG gm 160－200 320－370 500－580 660 802--865 828—920 600—680饲料转化率FCR 1.18 1.33 1.60 1.9－2.2 2.1－2.5 2.9－3.1 3.45 摄食量(公斤)/天Intake Kg/day 0.22－0.240.40－0.490.85－0.92 1.46 2.00 2.60 2.40-2.80 4.8－5.8 2.402.50－3.30PIC微量营养成份指标(最低添加限量)Micro-nutrients 微量营养成份Unit单位Nursery 1-3保育1-3Grower生长阶段Finishing肥育Ges,Lac & Gilt妊娠,泌乳,后备猪Boar stud种公猪5-27kg 27-68kg 68-100kgVitamin A 维生素A IU/㎏单位/千克10,000 7,770 5,780 10,000 11,000Vitamin D 维生素D IU/㎏单位/千克1,770 1,500 1,330 1,770 1,770Vitamin E 维生素E IU/㎏单位/千克77.8 33.3 22.2 66.7 110.0Vitamin K 维生素K mg/㎏毫克/千克4.44 3.33 2.22 4.44 4.44Thiamine (B1) 维生素B1 mg/㎏毫克/千克3.33 2.44 1.55 2.22 2.22Riboflavin (B2) 维生素B2 mg/㎏毫克/千克10.00 5.77 4.50 10.00 10.00d-Pantothenate(B3) 维生素B3 mg/kg毫克/千克33.33 20.00 14.44 33.33 33.33Pyridoxine (B6) 维生素B6 mg/㎏毫克/千克4.44 2.44 1.55 3.33 3.33Vitamin B12 维生素B12 mg/㎏毫克/千克44.44 26.70 22.22 37.80 37.80Niacin 尼克酸mg/㎏毫克/千克44.50 26.70 22.00 44.50 44.50Pantothenic Acid 泛酸mg/㎏毫克/千克35.24 20.00 14.50 33.00 33.00Biotin 生物素mg/㎏毫克/千克277.80 277.80 200.00 222.20 560.00Folic Acid 叶酸mg/㎏毫克/千克777.80 755.60 455.60 1,330.00 1,667.00Choline 胆碱mg/㎏毫克/千克333.00 111.00 0.00 660.00 660.00Ascorbic Acid (Vc) 抗坏血酸 (维生素C) mg/㎏毫克/千克0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 880.00Iron 铁PPM百万分比100.00 80.00 65.00 100.00 100.00Copper 铜PPM百万分比15.00 12.00 10.00 15.00 15.00Manganese 锰PPM百万分比35.00 20.00 16.00 35.00 35.00Zine 锌PPM百万分比125.00 100.00 70.00 125.00 125.00Iodine 碘PPM百万分比0.55 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.65Selenium 硒PPM百万分比0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30注意事项(Notes):1.不同阶段饲料所需的氨基酸比(Amino Acid Ration of different feeds) (见附表一)。
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·养猪专栏·1 目的及指标1.1 商业性生产系统必须有一定数量的合格小母猪，它们随时能配种，在繁育群中分娩5胎甚至更多胎次后仍能保持多产。
合格的小母猪必须体重正常、经过仔细挑选、经历适应/免疫，经查情至少有一次适合配种。
1.2小母猪一旦进入经产母猪场，必须以一种不会限制其生产潜力的方式进行管理。
采食量、定位栏适应、接触公猪、初配体重、妊娠期增重及第一胎哺乳期的管理，所有这些因素都决定了小母猪的终生生产潜力。
1.3 一头经过精心管理、细心选育并具有良好免疫力的小母猪，第一胎就表现优良，其良好的生产性能将持续终生。
反之，如果第一胎的生产性能表现很差，它们早期离群的可能性较高。
1.4 每种生产系统对于新进的小母猪都有特定的生产指标(表1)。
检查小母猪的培育和管理规程，可以明确改善之处。
2 饲养小母猪表2列出了饲养小母猪所需条件。
3 接触公猪及查情3.1 每天接触公猪是刺激小母猪初情的最好方法。
这是每周7天的必修课。
初情期较早的小母猪将具小母猪及经产母猪管理手册第一部分 小母猪管理韩子民 译 陶 莉校中图分类号：S828 文献标识码：C 文章编号：1001-0769(2013)06-0039-3有较多的窝仔数和终生产量。
3.2 小母猪在24～26周龄时开始接触公猪。
如此3周之后，70 ％以上的小母猪出现未交配的发情期(heat-no-service，HNS)，6周后，95 ％以上的小母猪至少出现1次未交配的发情期。
3.3 不要让小于20周龄的小母猪接触公猪，因为它们对公猪的刺激不会产生应答反应。
3.4 当试情公猪超过12月龄并出现强烈性欲时，表现为满嘴白沫，公猪气味浓郁，则效果更好。
梅山杂交公猪6月龄就发育成熟了。
详见用公猪查情 章节。
3.5公猪每次试情时间不要超过1 h，否则公猪将失去兴趣，没有效力。
3.6要考虑给每80～100头小母猪配备1头试情公猪。
母猪场每250头存栏母猪至少要有1头试情 公猪。
3.7 接触公猪应小心进行，避免发生意外交配和伤及工作人员、小母猪。
可考虑使用结扎公猪。
3.8理想的办法是，让公猪进入有小母猪的围栏，每个围栏容纳25～30头小母猪，接触持续10～ 15 min。
唾液中的信息素和鼻对鼻接触是刺激发情的最重要机制。
如果公猪无法进入栏内，就让公猪在栏外与小母猪鼻对鼻接触。
如果使用1头以上试情公猪，这些公猪必须同栏饲养。
3.9标记每头发情小母猪并将其HNS 信息记录在身份证上。
将出现HNS 的小母猪立刻汇聚到一个围栏一起饲养，避免非同天发情的小母猪放入同一栏中。
3.10那些外阴肿胀但发情不确实的小母猪被记录为“可能发情”，第2天再复查。
不要试图强迫小母猪进入静立发情期。
3.11可靠发情的关键标志是当公猪或其他小母猪爬跨该母猪，或当工作人员进行背压时，该母猪出现静立反应或僵直反应。
其他表现包括交配行为、鼻嗅侧腹、竖耳及阴户流出粘液。
3.12小母猪一旦接触公猪，如果健康、营养、饲喂空间、温度、公猪刺激及人-猪交流等因素不受限制，每天将有4 ％～6 ％、26周龄以上的小母猪出现发情。
也就是说，1周内繁育群中将有1/3的小母猪出现发情。
3.13合格的小母猪数量应限定在母猪总存栏量的 3 ％～6 ％。
3.14如果给一个新猪场供应种猪，为了实现育种目标，在育种计划启动时，需安排的小母猪数量可供3周配种。
这个办法将使你能适应小母猪群发情周期的正常变化。
例如：如果育种目标是每周配种140次，配种第1周则需安排420头以上合格的小母猪。
3.15使用药物干预(如：PG600)应被视为引起发情的最后一招。
生物学上可接受多达5 ％(最高 10 ％)的小母猪需进行药物催情。
Matrix 可用于使小母猪同期发情，尤其是进行批次产仔时。
4 隔离4.1 隔离是为了防止新的病原体进入接受群。
与主体猪群隔离至少28 d，采用全进全出(all-in-all-out，AI/AO)流程。
4.2 与你们的兽医一起制定针对猪场猪群的诊断检测计划，预防疫病侵入。
若有需要，PIC 健康保障团队可提供帮助。
4.3 除了验血，重要的是进行每日观察，并对隔离期死亡的猪进行尸检。
对于肉眼病变和/或临床体征，如咳嗽、腹泻和嗜睡，有必要做进一步诊断。
5 健康适应5.1 适应是为了使新进的猪接触接受群中存在的生物体和病原体，并给予充足时间进行免疫力恢复。
这个过程必须定义明确，严格执行。
正确的适应需要密切进行临床监测。
接触太少，将使免疫力不足，过度接触活的病原体将导致猪的发病和死亡。
猪场兽医可以帮助制定猪群的特定适应方案，如有需要，PIC 健康保障团队可以协助。
5.2 根据猪场兽医的建议，适应通常以自然接触和免疫相结合的形式进行。
使引进猪只与潜在的排毒体接触或返饲(用易感猪群的粪尿和/或组织匀浆口服接种)。
5.3 疫苗——免疫应包括接种猪细小病毒、钩端螺旋体和猪丹毒等疫苗，配种前至少分2次注射，间隔2～3周。
第2次接种至少应在首次配种前3周。
——如果是隔离断奶的后备母猪，建议接种2次丹毒疫苗(约在断奶后8周和10周)。
——如果是有发病史的猪群，建议注射猪副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis，Hps)疫苗。
——强烈建议使用猪回肠炎(胞内劳森氏菌) 疫苗——如果来自支原体阴性猪场的后备猪群进入支原体阳性猪群，则需要接种猪肺炎支原体疫苗。
建议接种2次疫苗，第2剂在自然接触前3～4周接种。
5.4 直接接触——老龄猪不是理想的散毒体，因此应避免使用之，可以用淘汰小母猪/一胎猪作为散毒者。
5.5 返饲——年龄小于20～22周龄的后备母猪，以及首次配种3周内的后备母猪不应接受反饲。
——返饲物包括最近24 h 内分娩的母猪的排泄物(最好是第一胎母猪的排泄物)，腹泻仔猪的排泄物，以及死亡24 h 内日龄小于7 d 的仔猪肠道。
水可被用作稀释液。
——不要含有干燥剂，因为它们会杀灭病原体，削弱返饲的意义。
——进行返饲的频率和强度为每周3次，连续3周。
一些会引发腹泻的病原体会出现在健康的肠道中，为此，要坚持使用死于腹泻以外原因的仔猪进行返饲。
5.6 从实际感染中恢复也很重要。
当新进猪转入基础群时，应不再排出病原体。
恢复的时间取决于健康状况、生产流程和管理措施。
特别是，PRRS 阴性后备猪群适应情况不尽相同，取决于接受群的PRRS 状况。
进入PRRS 阳性猪群的后备猪群，必须被暴露在接受群的病毒株下，以获得足够的时间恢复。
如果是PRRS，整个过程可能需要4～6个月。
如果爆发急性病，返饲可能对猪群的健康稳定起反作用。
根据猪群的具体情况，请咨询兽医。
□□(未完待续)原题名：Gilt and Sow Management Manual(英文)6 小母猪的合格条件6.1 小母猪管理的目标是生产足够的合格小母猪，实现育种目标，并使这些小母猪保留在猪场，至少分娩5次。
表3列出了合格小母猪的标准及其相对重要性。
6.2 确保合适的繁育规模，以供应所需的合格小母猪。
小母猪通常约占商品母猪群存栏量的8 ％～12 ％，使猪场的年更新率为40 ％～50 ％。
违背小母猪的选择标准将导致母猪淘汰率较高，死亡损失较大。
6.3 关注小母猪的日龄和体重。
体重是小母猪是否合格的最重要指标。
它反映了小母猪的生长情况和体成熟度。
建议小母猪初次配种的活体重达到135～145 kg(300～320 lbs)。
——商品小母猪应在200～210日龄时能达此重。
配种小母猪过轻或过重将降低其终生产量(图1)。
由于饲养大于210日龄的小母猪需要更多的饲料和设施，因而增加了小母猪的生产成本。
图2说明了初次配种大于210日龄的小母猪如何增加断奶仔猪的成本。
——日龄过大、过重的小母猪随后长成更重的母猪，耗费更多的维持成本。
350 lbs (160 kg)小母猪及经产母猪管理手册(续)第一部分 小母猪管理韩子民 译 陶 莉 校中图分类号：S828文献标示码：C文章编号：1001-0769(2013)07-0045-2配种的小母猪相对于300 lbs (135 kg)配种的小母猪，为了维持使用年限，每天的妊娠期日粮要多出 0.33 lbs(0.15 kg)。
——如果使用肋到肋测量，避免配种小母猪体围小于34 in (86 cm)(图3)。
6.4 与商业性饲喂方案相比，营养规范和饲喂方案的设计是为了满足小母猪的营养需求，以获得足够的蛋白增长，使其生产寿命最大化。
参见PIC 推荐的小母猪日粮营养规范。
6.5 为了简化员工操作并获得更好的效果，猪场倾向于把小母猪置于单体栏进行人工受精。
在小母猪移入单体栏后，通常可观察到采食量下降，持续1～4 d，因此，这几天要确保控制好可能出现的饲料浪费。
移入单体栏后约第4天，小母猪采食量恢复正常，日采食量7～8 lbs(3～3.6 kg)，因此，要确定其采食量没有受到限制。
6.6 确保小母猪日粮合理且采食充分。
当采食受限，头胎窝产仔数会打折扣。
配种前两周内采食不当也会导致窝产仔数减少。
图4强调了正确进行单体栏适应的重要性，可防止不当采食距初次配种太近所造成的负面影响。
□□图3 使用肋到肋测量，避免配种小母猪体围小于34 in(上接第22页)一些作者认为PCV2抗体滴度在疫苗接种和生长期不存在差异，但其他使用不同PCV2疫苗产品的研究人员认为存在着MDA 的干预，至少在疫苗诱导的血清转换方面是这样的。
现在，人们普遍认为疫苗的免疫效力(以平均日增重表示)与接种时相对较高水平的母源抗体无关，这个结果可以用PCV2疫苗的免疫效力不仅取决于体液免疫应答也取决于细胞免疫应答的事实来解释。
原则上，经产母猪接种疫苗可使仔猪群的MDA 水平均衡化，也可防止母猪发生PCV2感染。
因此，在配种前接种PCV2疫苗的母猪，其初乳中的抗体滴度和均质化水平较未接种母猪的更高。
另外，其他作者已报道了接种PCV2疫苗的母猪其PCV2病毒的排出减少。
数据还表明，正在进行的母猪免疫接种可“稳定”血清和初乳中的抗体滴度，增强猪群的免疫力。
这种持续保护作用所产生的功效要优于转移给仔猪的被动免疫力，同时还会提高猪的健康水平和生产性能，减轻感染压力。
最后，最近的研究表明，母猪长期免疫PCV2可改善生产参数。
因此，繁殖率、产活仔数、仔猪初生重、窝断奶仔数这些生产参数在母猪实施PCV2免疫接种计划之后都将得到改善。
另外，在接下来的繁殖周期中可观察到疫苗接种所带来的更多好处。
总之，PCV2疫苗控制PCV2相关疾病的效力不仅在仔猪而且在经产母猪上都得到了明确的证实。
另外，可以给母猪及其仔猪接种疫苗，同时不会影响其生长期的生长。
□□原题名：PCV2 vaccines: Efficacy and clinical application(英文)原作者：Nicolas Rose第2部分 胎次结构和终生产量1 选留一个稳定的小母猪生产流程，要求从猪群中淘汰老龄和非生产性母猪的同时必须完成育种目标。