词汇学第二单元
英语词汇学第二章课件
geographical distribution, the surviving languages of Indo-European language family fall into 10 principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.
of English;
• Let students know the growth of contemporary
English vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development
➢ Teaching focus:
• the Indo-European language family • three phases of the historical development • general characteristics of English • three sources of contemporary English vocabulary • modes of vocabulary development
➢ Russian俄罗斯语
2. Indo-Iranian印伊语族 ➢ Persian波斯语 ➢ Bengali 孟加拉语 ➢ Hindi 北印度语 ➢ Romany吉普赛语
3. Armenian亚美尼亚语族 ➢ Armenian
4. Albanian阿尔巴尼语族 ➢ Albanian
The Western Set
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：英语词汇的发展 制作人：寻阳、孙红梅 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
英语词汇学教程第四版第二单元中文
英语词汇学教程第四版第二单元中文《英语词汇学教程第四版》第二单元为我们介绍了词根、前缀和后缀的知识。
这些知识对于我们学习英语词汇具有重要的指导意义。
下面我们将全面地探讨这些知识，并给出一些学习建议。
首先，词根是构成英语词汇的基本单位，它能帮助我们理解单词的含义。
比如，"dict"这个词根表示"说"，它可以在很多单词中找到，比如"dictate"（命令）、"dictionary"（字典）。
通过了解词根的含义，我们可以更好地猜测出未知单词的含义。
其次，前缀是附加在词根前面的字母或字母组合，它可以改变单词的意义。
例如，"un-"这个前缀表示"不"，当我们在"happy"（快乐的）前加上"un-"，变成"unhappy"（不快乐的），意思就完全相反了。
熟悉一些常见的前缀，可以帮助我们更好地理解单词，并且能够更准确地运用这些词汇。
最后，后缀是附加在词根后面的字母或字母组合，它也能改变单词的含义。
例如，"-ly"这个后缀表示"以...方式"，当我们在"happy"（快乐的）后加上"-ly"，变成"happily"（快乐地），就表示以快乐的方式。
掌握一些常见的后缀，可以使我们的表达更加丰富，让我们的写作更具魅力。
在学习词根、前缀和后缀时，我们可以采用一些有效的方法。
首先，我们可以通过阅读来积累词汇。
在阅读中，我们可以不断地遇到、学习和记忆新的词根、前缀和后缀。
同时，我们也可以结合看电影、听音乐等娱乐活动，通过上下文来理解和记忆这些词汇。
其次，我们可以利用词根、前缀和后缀来记忆单词。
比如，当我们学习新的单词时，可以将其和已知的词根、前缀和后缀进行联系。
词汇学第二章 The Development of the English Vocabulary ppt
The Western Set
1. Hellenic希腊语族 Greek 2. Celtic凯尔特语族 Scotish苏格兰语 Irish爱尔兰语 Welsh威尔士 Breton布列塔尼语 Pictish皮克特语
Norwegian挪威语
Icelandic冰岛语
Danish丹麦语 Swedish瑞典语
Characteristics of Middle English
Middle English retained much few inflections. Endings of nouns and adjectives making distinction of number, case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms. The same is true of the verb. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.
• The language used by Shakespeare is early Modern English. Yes, even though it is 400 years old, it is modern! It is much easier to read than the Middle English used by writers such as Chaucer. And unless you are an expert, it is almost impossible to read Old English.
chapter 2 词汇学
• In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. • The five Romance languages罗曼斯语-由拉丁 语演变而来(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian)belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin.
3) Modern English 现代英语(1500---now)
It began with the establishment of printing in England. It is subdivided into(细分为): a. Early Modern English早期现代英语 (1500-1700) Because of the Renaissance文艺复兴 , many Latin and Greek words entered English and English began to have a Latinate flavor拉 丁味.From 1500 to 1700, over 10, 000 new words entered the English language.
分布图
A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary(英语词汇发展的历史回顾)
• 英语虽是英国的语言 , 但它作为英国人的语 言的历史并不悠久 . 大不列颠岛上最早的居 民是操凯尔特语的凯尔特人 (Celts), 他们于 公元 43 年被罗马人征服 . 罗马人统治英国直 到410年,被来自欧洲大陆的几个日耳曼部落 取而代之 . 来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼 部 落 盎 格 鲁 人 （ Angles ） 、 撒 克 逊 人 （ Saxons ）和朱特人（ Jutes ）。英语（ the English language ）就是盎格鲁 ; 撒克逊人的
0832 英语词汇学 第二章考点归纳Chapter 2 The development of the
Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。
词汇学chapter 2
13
English Lexicology(I)
3.1 Free and Bound Morphemes
Types of bound morphemes
Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.
3
English Lexicology(I)
1. Morphemes
A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.
Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis
9
English Lexicology(I)
词汇学U1-2
A Course in English LexicologyIntroductionWhat is lexicology?What is a word?What does it mean to know a word?How many words are there in English?How many of these words do I know?What is lexicology ?* Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language. It has five sub-branches:Semantic, Etymology, History lexicology, Phraseology, Lexicography.(语义学、词源学、历史词汇学、选词学、词典学)* Lexicology deals with : words and word-forming morphemes* Lexicology relying:(1) on information about their form and their meaning;(2) on information derived from morphology, the study of the forms of words and their components, and semantics, the study of their meanings;(3) on information about etymology, the study of the origins of words.Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabularye.g.* die* expire* pass away* bite the dust* kick the bucket* give up the ghost1.1 WHAT IS A WORD ?* A word is a speech sound or combination of sounds having meaning and used as a basic unit of language and human communication. (Longman Modern English Dictionary: LMED)* A word is a sound or combination of sounds forming a unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language.( Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English :OALDCE)* A word is one or more sounds which can be spoken (together) to represent an idea, object, action. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English LDCE)* A word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.( The American Heritage Dictionary: AHD)① sound [m æ n]② meaning [+human +adult +male]e.g. [1] man③ free form④ syntactic function[2] He run up the hill.[3] understand: get the meaning ofA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. i.e. a word is the sm allest unit only when it is free, it can stand alone, because all the complex words can be further divided.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WORD* The word is an uninterruptible unit .e.g. understand: get the meaning ofunder: to a place/position lower thanstand: be on one ’s leg2) The word may consist of one or more morphemes .3) The word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.4) The word should belong to a specific word class or part of speech .1.3 VOCABULARY1.3.1 Size of the English vocabulary* a wide range: from 400,000 to 600,000 words (Claiborne, 1983, p. 5)* a half million to over 2 million (Crystal, 1988. p. 32)* about I million (Nurnberg & Rosenbium, 1977, P. 11)* 200,000 words in common use* adding technical and scientific terms stretch the total into the millions (Bryson, 1990).*1.3.2 How many words do native speakers know?* English native-speaking university graduates will have a vocabulary size of about 20,000 word families* English native speakers will add roughly 1,000 word families a year to their vocabulary size.* five year old beginning school will have a vocabulary of around 4,000 to 5,000 word families.* a 20-year-old university student having 20,000 word families.* A word family: is usually held to include the base word, all of its inflections, and its common derivatives.1.4 Word Different Criteria(1) By use of frequency: the basic word stock, non-basic vocabulary(2) By notion: content words, functional words(3) By origin: native words, borrowed wordsborrowed words: when speakers imitate a word from a foreign language and, at least partly, adapt it in sound or grammar to their native language, the process is called ‘borrowing’, and the word thus borrowed is called a ‘loanword’ or ‘borrowing’.Chapter 2 The Development of the English VocabularyINTRODUCTIONWhat is the significance of the knowledge of vocabulary development ?What is the Indo-European language family?Where did the vocabulary come from?How is the vocabulary related to other languages ?What is the process of borrowing？2.0.1 Awareness of culture behind the languagee.g. beef, bull bookish2.0.2 Efficiency &interest in language learning1) origin and change of word meaninge.g. school:leisure (Greek )e.g. the ancient Chinese sayings: 行有余力,则以学文《论语·学而篇》2) the relationship of English vocabularythree synonyms: Latin; French ;English2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyA language family refers to a group of languages that have developed from a single ancestor.based on: phonological, morphological, andlexical correspondences that stem from the protolanguage.Protolanguage(原始母语)is a term indicates an early stage of a language or language family that is not historically attested but rather reconstructed through the comparativemethods.about six thousand different languages in the world(Barber,C. The English Language: A Historical Introduction.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p53, 1993. ).about 300 language families (语系)on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars●The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe，the Near East，and India.●The surviving languages can be grouped intoan Eastern set：Balto－Slavic, Indo-lranian，Armenian and Albanian；a Western set：Celtic，Italic，Hellenic，Germanic.2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development2.2.2 Old English⏹English / Old English was on the basis of the Anglo-Saxon dialect, blotted out the Celtic .⏹England : the land of Angles⏹The Germanic invaders referred to the native Celts as Wealas (‘foreigners’).⏹The Celts called the invaders Sassenachs ‘Saxons’.2.2.3 Middle Englishthe Norman Conquest: In 1066 French-speaking Norman led by William conquered the Anglo-Saxon England . The power of Harold died at the battle of Hastings .England was conquered.Language: FrenchResults:A. It brought to an insular nation a new and larger continental culture.B.It forced on England ‘the national idea’, a concept against which the Saxsons had long struggle d .C. Over ten thousand French words were introduced into England: government, the church, the army, the navy, law, fashion, social life, art, medicine, and other branches of learning.D.The situation of the simultaneous existence of three language (English, Latin, and French) continued for over a century.French: people in power spokeLatin :earning living young people learned, the church’sEnglish :the language of an oppressed, poor and ignorant people2.2.4 Modern English⏹Dates: from the Caxton and the establishment of printing in England⏹William Caxton : born in the Weald of Kent, 1422; died at Westminster, 1491, the first English printer, the introducer of theart of printing into England.⏹Renaissance(1550-1600)is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times.⏹Characterized :the point of view of lexis, three main features:(1) the unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary;(2) the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language;(3) the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.New Englishes & Older Englishes⏹New Englishes: refers to new varieties of the language that have become localized not only through the influence of theother languages of the regions, but also through being adapted to the life and culture of their speakers.⏹Older Englishes：such as British and American English, these new Englishes have their origin in the colonial era. includeIndian English, Philippine English, Singapore English, and African Englishes.。
词汇学
第一单元英语词汇概说英语单词的结构⒈词word: It is a minimal free form of language which has given sound and meaning andsyntactic function. Eg: book, red …..⒉词条entry: It is a term used by dictionary compilers. It refers to all the information aboutword that appears in a dictionary.It includes the headword, the pronunciation, definition, irregular plural forms, comparative and superlative form, irregular forms of verbs, part of speeches, even derivatives of the headword, etc.⒊词位lexeme: In linguistic study, every entry (specifically the headword) which are collectedinto a dictionary is called a lexeme by linguists. An lexeme is an abstract unit in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. Eg: run, runs, ran, running. 原形大写表示词位，词位相当于词条中的headword.⒋词形word form: Different forms of a word which are caused by the change of tense, number,point of view, part of speech, etc. are called word form.⒌词汇vocabulary/ lexicon: all the words in a language are termed as it. However, vocabularycan also be used to refer to all the words in a book or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or eben to all the words that a person possesses.⒍词汇单位lexical unit/ item: is a single word or chain of words that are the basic elements of alanguage’s lexicon. Eg: cat, traffic light, take care of, by-the-way, it’s raining cats and dogs. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis(词库).Ⅱ、classification of English wordsBy origin: native words 本土词; loan words外来词.By use frequency: basic word stock基础词; non-basic word stock非基础词.By the level of usage: common words 常用词；literary words 书面词；colloquial words口语词；slang words 俚语；technical words 术语.By notion(function): content words 实义词；function words 功能词.Ⅲ、⒈词素morpheme: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms. Word is composed of morphemes. 词素是词的组成部分，是语言中语音和词义的最小结合体。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
5、当代新的前缀和后缀： all-，audio-， techno-，tele-aholic, -friendly, -seeking (P22)
Ⅱ.派生词的结构
一、以自由词根为主，附以词缀或黏着词根 1、前缀＋自由词根
二、以黏着词根为主，附以词缀或另一个黏着词根 1、前缀＋无构词能力的黏着词根 eg: contradict descend
2、无构词能力的黏着词根＋后缀 eg: confidence liberate
3、前缀＋无构词能力的黏着词根＋后缀 eg: intolerable distinctive
4、组合语素＋组合语素 eg : microscope microbeam(微光束）
be1.加在名词或形容词前构成动词 例如：becloud（v.遮掩）、becalm（v.使……平静） 2.也可以加在名词前，名词加上-ed，使其成为形容词，含有“轻蔑”、“戏谑”等意思 例如：benighted(a.愚昧的、不觉已天黑的）
a主要用来使名词、动词变成表语性形容词 例如：afire(a.燃烧着的），asleep（a.睡着的）
-ful＋-ly =-fully carefully forgetfully -less＋-ness =-lessness helplessness colourlessness
3、前缀＋自由词根＋后缀 eg: enrichment international
4、组合语素＋自由词根 (这种派生词一般出现在当代术语中） eg: techno-chemistry radioactive
前缀
词缀变化的时代性
1、为了交流的简洁达意、迅速便利，人们用e-（电子的)来代替electronic. 例如:e-book、e-cash等
2、有些原来属于组合语素，或者不是组合语素的，现在也变成了词缀。 例如：cyberspace、cybercrime
3、另外三个例子是bio-,eco-和nano-(毫微或纳、十亿分之一） 例如：biography ecosystem nanotube(纳米管）
但也有例外：women teachers , sons-in-law
4、复合动词也有随时态变化的形式 eg : mass-produce的过去式是mass-produced
5、复合词组成部分之间存在一定程度逻辑上的句法关系，主要有：主谓关系、动宾关系、主宾关系、限 定关系、同位关系、并列关系。有些该有整体和部分的关系（P25)
二、在语义上复合词具有以下几个特点 1、复合词有较为固定的语义，有的复合词可根据两个组成部分的字面意思来理解
eg : one-way(单项通行的） sandstorm
而有的复合词意义则不是原来两个独立词的语义的简单相加 eg: contact lens（隐形眼镜） greenback(美钞）
还有些新的复合词则需了解一定的背景知识才能懂 eg : laptop music(用电脑软件制作的数码音乐、手提电脑音乐）
第二单元 英语基本构词法
一、词缀法 p16 二、复合法 p24 三、转化法 p28
词素是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。
自由词素：具有完整词汇意义，能单独构成一个词并独立使 用
粘着词素：有一定意义，不能独立存在，必须粘附在其他形 式上
词根：含有明确的词汇意义、在单词中起着表达主要意义作用 的词素
自由词根：可以单独使用，自由形式 粘着词根：与其他词素结合起来才能构成词，粘着形式 组合语素：英语中有构词能力的词根 词缀：只有语法意义，没有词汇意义，在词中只表达次要的意义
eg : ＇ shorthand速记
a ＇ short＇hand 钟表的短时针
四、在书写上 1、复合词有的连写
eg : basketball outbreak 2、有的带连字符 eg : man-made bring-and-buy sale(慈善性义卖） 3、还有的分开写 eg : general education point of view
II.复合词的构成
复合词有很多种类。从词性上看，有复合代词， 复合数词，复合副词，复合连词，复合介词，句 式复合句，句式复合词等。
数量最多的是复合名词，复合形容词和复合动词。
1.复合名词的构成
一般是按照词性分类:
①名词＋ 名词：spaceship (宇宙飞船），mouse mat
（鼠标垫），
②形容词＋名词：deadline（最后期限） ③副词＋名词：overdose（药量过多） ④动词＋名词：workbook（工作手册） ⑤-ing＋名词：parking meter（停车计时器）
词缀对词性和词义的影响
英语中大多数前缀会对词根的意义加以修饰和限制。前缀的作用 与副词相似，但前缀对于词根生成词汇的词性影响不大。 英语后缀有很强的语法意义，能决定单词的语法属性。后缀可以 用来构成名词、形容词和动词等多种词类。
三个具有决定词性功能的前缀：en-(在p,b,m前一般
用em-），be-和a-。
后缀
名词后缀 1.表示“学科”：-ics(physics物理学）、-logy(biology生物学） 2.表示“身份”：-age,-dom等 3.表示“疾病”：-ia,-ism,-itis,-oma等 动词后缀 -ate,-en-ize等 形容词后缀 1.表示“形状、特性”：-form,-ish,-like等 2.表示“性质、状态”：-al,-ious,-ive,-some等 副词后缀 表示“事物、方式、状态、方向”：-erly,-ly,-ways等
en1.加在一些名词前使其变成动词，表示“使……处于……状态、处境” 例如：endanger(v.使……处于危险之中），enslave（v.使……成为奴隶） 2.加在形容词前面使其变成动词 例如：enable(v.使……能够），enfeeble（v.使……变弱） 3.若词本身是动词，加上en-后，新构成的词仍保留动词词性 例如：enclose(v.围住），enfold(v.包起、裹住）“有点儿……的”，如sweetish（稍带甜味的）
同一个词缀构成的不同单词有不同的意思，会产生不一样的 汉后语缀译法
-er -ism
例： cooker （烹饪用的水果） fiver（五英镑一张的钞票） blogger（博客写手）
eg: unforgettable supermarket
2、自由词根＋后缀
eg：exploration successful
onwards (注意：后缀ward构成形容词 eastward
onwards)
wards构成副词
有时候两个后缀往往在一起使用 eg: able＋-ly =-ably comfortably
二、复合法
1、把两个或两个以上的词按一定的顺序结合在一起构成新词的方 法叫复合法或合成法，用复合法构成的词叫做复合词（例如lap和 top=laptop）.
但是university和teacher组合成的university teachers不是复合词， 而English和teachers组合成的English teachers则是复合词.
Ⅰ.复合词的特点
一、在语法上，复合词有两个明显特点 1、复合词组合不受英语句法的限制，而且结构特殊 eg: 名词前有动词作修饰成分 pickpocket , breakwater 名词和过去分词放在一起 handpicked , duty-bound 形容词和过去分词放一起 low-paid , full-grown
I.词缀来源的多样性
外来成分：主要来自希腊语、拉丁语和罗曼语（Romanic,包括法语、 意大利语、西班牙语等）
希腊语
前缀：amphi-,cata-,dia- 等
后缀：-cracy,-ism,-ist 等
拉丁语
前缀：bi-,deci-,ex-,inter- 等
后缀：-age,-ible,-ive 等
2、复合词作为一个词，具有独立成分的特点，只能在复合词的词尾有变化 在复合词中作修饰成分的形容词一般没有比较级和最高级
eg : high school, 没有higher school highest school 但higher education ，elder sister等是正确的
3、 复合词的复数形式一般在后一个成分表示 eg : mailboxes blackboards
5、组合语素的结合并不限于两个，特别是在科技术语中有很多三个或四个组合语素构词的单词 eg: electro-（电）cardio-(心脏） -gram（图） =electrocardiogram心电图 cine-(电影） angio-（血管）cardio-（心脏）= cineangiocardiography
词缀的多义性
英语的前缀或后缀常常可以表示两种或两种以上的意思。 前缀：dis-
1）“分离”、“除去”，如disburden（v.卸去）、discolor(v.使褪色） 2）“解除”、“解散”，如disengage(v.解脱）、disband(v.解散） 3）“取消”、“否定”，如dishonest(a.不老实的）
词缀构词能力的差异性
一、与无构词能力的粘着词根结合在一起的派生词缀，往往都是没有构词能力的。 如-ance,-ant等 二、有些常见的词缀正在逐渐丧失构成新词的能力。 如形容词后缀-ful、-ly（friendly,fatherly,deadly)等 三、构词能力很强的词缀也不能任意拿来构成新词。 例如：后缀-er可以使动词found(创建）派生出名词founder,但不能使动词book派生出名词booker 四、有些构词能力很强的词缀实际上出现的频率往往不是很高。 如名词后缀-(n)ese和副词后缀-wise
形式相同的复合词的内部的语义关系可能不同 eg : water bed 和water bird