词汇学第二讲
词汇学第二章分析
违背 违反 违犯 违抗
2、比较其附属义的差别（包括词义的范围大小、 词义的褒贬、语体色彩等）
如：成果-结果-后果
吝啬 小气
巨大-宏大-庞大
假冒 伪劣
心情 - 心境 - 心绪
生命 性命
（二）充当句子成分对比
如：愿望-希望 壮大-强大 申明-声明
（三）词语搭配对比(包括搭配对象、习惯、场 合)
2.增强语言的表现力
比如毛泽东同志的《中国人民解放军布告》中有 这样的话；“人民解放军所到之处，深望各界 人民予以协助。兹特宣布约法八章，愿与我全 体人民共同遵守之。”这里由于使用了书面语、 文言词，显得庄重严肃、简要有力，与“布告” 这种文体风格协调一致，如果把“深望”换成 “深切希望”、把“兹”换成“现在”、把 “之”换成“它”，就与文体的风格不协调
假借义是指本有其字的假借。如：一饭三遗矢
比喻义是指借用一个词的基本义来比喻另一种 事物，这时所产生的新的意义是比喻义。
堡垒，疙瘩
（三）词的多义、同义、反义
1.多义词：是指一个语音形式联系多个有联系 的义项的词。
如：闹：喧哗；不安静——热闹 吵；扰乱——又哭又闹 发泄（感情）——闹情绪 害病；发生（灾害或不好的事）—
联想义、社会义 1.概念义：又称理性义
概念义：指的是词义中同表达概念有关的意义 部分。
车：陆地上有轮子的运输工具。
词的语音形式联系的是概念的内容，而概念内 容是客观事物的反映，因此，我们得出这个图 形：
词的语音形式——概念内容——客观事物 概念内容对客观事物的反映，最常见的三种情
况：
反映事物、性质、行为
从引申义发展出来的引申义
引申义和比喻义的区别：
第一 原义项所指示的对象是具体的，往往是有 个体存在的，比喻义所指的对象是抽象的， 往往是无个体存在的，同原义有某种相似之 处。如：皮毛，高峰。
词汇学lecture 2 形态学
More examples
{tion} morpheme tion [ſən] ſən] m1 ation [eiſən] [eiſən] m2 sion [3ən] [3ən] m3 ion → allomorphs [ſən] [ſən] → allomorphs m4 decision decision invention invention
--- Some words consist of one morpheme; others of more than one. e.g. friend (1 m), friends → {friend} + {s} (2 ms) friendliness → {friend} + {ly} + {ness} (3ms)
2. Morpheme, morph & allomorph 2.1 morpheme (语素）
2.1.1 definition A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit which comprises sound, form and meaning. (cf. definition of a word —— the minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. e.g. demobilization = de + mob+ -il + -iz(e) + -ation de = (derivational affix) negate, remove mob=(root) move -il=(inflectional affix) able -iz(e)= (inflectional affix) make sth. change -ation =(inflectional affix) being in a state
词汇学第二章 词汇单位
虽然说不清它的意义，但“啤”还是有意义的。
剩余语素的意义不是很明确的。因为语素的意义与分布有关， 假如一个语素只在一个环境中出现，那么它的语义就不易确定。
三、语素的识别
关于语素的识别，我们这里主要讨论语素的同一性问题。
当我们遇到两个或几个声音或意义都相关的语素时，如何确 现 定这是同一的还是不同的语素？
语 所谓替代法 ，就是用已知语素替代有待确定是不是语素的语
词 言单位。
汇
礼貌和蜡烛
学
鉴测单位
替换单位
礼貌
相貌、容貌、外貌……
礼貌
礼节、礼堂、礼拜……
蜡烛
香烛、火烛 花烛
蜡烛
蜡人 蜡纸 蜡染
注 意
首先，一个双音节的或多音节的语言片段，在替换时必须是
两个或多个成分同时都可以分别被替换，否则这种替换就不符
语
词 ⑵有时候用两个或者更多的音节代表一个语素
汇 学
⑶有时候小于一个音节的也成一个语素
⑷不同的汉字代表同一语素（异体字）、同一汉字代表不同
语素（多音多义字）。
汉语语素的典范形式是单音节，所以汉语为我们辨认语素 提供了极大的方便。
二、语素的切分
关于语素的切分，我们主要讨论同形替代法和剩余语素理论。
现 (一)同形替代法 代 我们确定汉语语素的基本方法主要是替代法。这个成分以相 汉 同的声音和意义与其它语素结合，所以也叫同形替代法。
白菜 青菜 油菜 韭菜 花菜
（二）剩余语素理论
当一个单位的结合的频率小于一时是否不可以切分呢？ 否现 Nhomakorabea代B
汉A
语
鉴测单位
啤酒 啤酒
替换单位
剩余语素就是要
黄酒、白酒、药酒 …… 解决这种结合能
词汇学U1-2
A Course in English LexicologyIntroductionWhat is lexicology?What is a word?What does it mean to know a word?How many words are there in English?How many of these words do I know?What is lexicology ?* Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language. It has five sub-branches:Semantic, Etymology, History lexicology, Phraseology, Lexicography.(语义学、词源学、历史词汇学、选词学、词典学)* Lexicology deals with : words and word-forming morphemes* Lexicology relying:(1) on information about their form and their meaning;(2) on information derived from morphology, the study of the forms of words and their components, and semantics, the study of their meanings;(3) on information about etymology, the study of the origins of words.Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabularye.g.* die* expire* pass away* bite the dust* kick the bucket* give up the ghost1.1 WHAT IS A WORD ?* A word is a speech sound or combination of sounds having meaning and used as a basic unit of language and human communication. (Longman Modern English Dictionary: LMED)* A word is a sound or combination of sounds forming a unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language.( Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English :OALDCE)* A word is one or more sounds which can be spoken (together) to represent an idea, object, action. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English LDCE)* A word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.( The American Heritage Dictionary: AHD)① sound [m æ n]② meaning [+human +adult +male]e.g. [1] man③ free form④ syntactic function[2] He run up the hill.[3] understand: get the meaning ofA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. i.e. a word is the sm allest unit only when it is free, it can stand alone, because all the complex words can be further divided.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF WORD* The word is an uninterruptible unit .e.g. understand: get the meaning ofunder: to a place/position lower thanstand: be on one ’s leg2) The word may consist of one or more morphemes .3) The word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.4) The word should belong to a specific word class or part of speech .1.3 VOCABULARY1.3.1 Size of the English vocabulary* a wide range: from 400,000 to 600,000 words (Claiborne, 1983, p. 5)* a half million to over 2 million (Crystal, 1988. p. 32)* about I million (Nurnberg & Rosenbium, 1977, P. 11)* 200,000 words in common use* adding technical and scientific terms stretch the total into the millions (Bryson, 1990).*1.3.2 How many words do native speakers know?* English native-speaking university graduates will have a vocabulary size of about 20,000 word families* English native speakers will add roughly 1,000 word families a year to their vocabulary size.* five year old beginning school will have a vocabulary of around 4,000 to 5,000 word families.* a 20-year-old university student having 20,000 word families.* A word family: is usually held to include the base word, all of its inflections, and its common derivatives.1.4 Word Different Criteria(1) By use of frequency: the basic word stock, non-basic vocabulary(2) By notion: content words, functional words(3) By origin: native words, borrowed wordsborrowed words: when speakers imitate a word from a foreign language and, at least partly, adapt it in sound or grammar to their native language, the process is called ‘borrowing’, and the word thus borrowed is called a ‘loanword’ or ‘borrowing’.Chapter 2 The Development of the English VocabularyINTRODUCTIONWhat is the significance of the knowledge of vocabulary development ?What is the Indo-European language family?Where did the vocabulary come from?How is the vocabulary related to other languages ?What is the process of borrowing？2.0.1 Awareness of culture behind the languagee.g. beef, bull bookish2.0.2 Efficiency &interest in language learning1) origin and change of word meaninge.g. school:leisure (Greek )e.g. the ancient Chinese sayings: 行有余力,则以学文《论语·学而篇》2) the relationship of English vocabularythree synonyms: Latin; French ;English2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyA language family refers to a group of languages that have developed from a single ancestor.based on: phonological, morphological, andlexical correspondences that stem from the protolanguage.Protolanguage(原始母语)is a term indicates an early stage of a language or language family that is not historically attested but rather reconstructed through the comparativemethods.about six thousand different languages in the world(Barber,C. The English Language: A Historical Introduction.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p53, 1993. ).about 300 language families (语系)on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars●The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe，the Near East，and India.●The surviving languages can be grouped intoan Eastern set：Balto－Slavic, Indo-lranian，Armenian and Albanian；a Western set：Celtic，Italic，Hellenic，Germanic.2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development2.2.2 Old English⏹English / Old English was on the basis of the Anglo-Saxon dialect, blotted out the Celtic .⏹England : the land of Angles⏹The Germanic invaders referred to the native Celts as Wealas (‘foreigners’).⏹The Celts called the invaders Sassenachs ‘Saxons’.2.2.3 Middle Englishthe Norman Conquest: In 1066 French-speaking Norman led by William conquered the Anglo-Saxon England . The power of Harold died at the battle of Hastings .England was conquered.Language: FrenchResults:A. It brought to an insular nation a new and larger continental culture.B.It forced on England ‘the national idea’, a concept against which the Saxsons had long struggle d .C. Over ten thousand French words were introduced into England: government, the church, the army, the navy, law, fashion, social life, art, medicine, and other branches of learning.D.The situation of the simultaneous existence of three language (English, Latin, and French) continued for over a century.French: people in power spokeLatin :earning living young people learned, the church’sEnglish :the language of an oppressed, poor and ignorant people2.2.4 Modern English⏹Dates: from the Caxton and the establishment of printing in England⏹William Caxton : born in the Weald of Kent, 1422; died at Westminster, 1491, the first English printer, the introducer of theart of printing into England.⏹Renaissance(1550-1600)is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times.⏹Characterized :the point of view of lexis, three main features:(1) the unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary;(2) the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language;(3) the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.New Englishes & Older Englishes⏹New Englishes: refers to new varieties of the language that have become localized not only through the influence of theother languages of the regions, but also through being adapted to the life and culture of their speakers.⏹Older Englishes：such as British and American English, these new Englishes have their origin in the colonial era. includeIndian English, Philippine English, Singapore English, and African Englishes.。
2英语词汇学第二章_词素
derivational affix : ---are affixes which are added to other morphemes to create new words. e.g: react debone -nik （参加或介入……的人）
Morphemes
are used to form
words.
e.g:
hunk (1) beastly (2) sheep ish (2) un ex cept ion able ness 火 / 车 （1） 车辆 /菜谱 （2）
2.classification of morpheme * two types of classification
e.g: theory, theoretical---
theor-
B. affix— a collective term for the type of morphemes that can be used only when added to another morpheme. (affixational /bound morpheme)
affix : (function) -- inflectional affix 屈折词缀 -- derivational affix 派生词缀
inflectional
affix (morpheme)
--express the meaning of plurality, tense and ive degree e.g: boys called faster
现代英语词汇学概论chapter2
3
2.1 Morphemes
• The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. • The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things. • A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possesses both sound and meaning.
• • • • One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize
4
2.2 Allomorphs
An allomorph (词/语素变体)
SUMMARY
15
Review: about the morpheme
Give the English or Chinese for the following and explain.
博客 闪客 奇客/极客 维客 威客
blog flash geek wiki witkey
黑客/骇客 掘客 沃客 播客 搞客
– Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.
现代汉语词汇研究课程大纲
现代汉语词汇研究大纲第一讲绪论第二讲词和语素第三讲词的构造第四讲词义第五讲语义场第六讲固定语第七讲现代汉语词汇的规范化第八讲汉语词汇与文化第九讲对外汉语词汇教学第一讲绪论一、什么是词汇二、词汇学和词汇学的类别三、词汇研究的意义一、什么是词汇词汇是语言的建筑材料，是一种语言中所有的词和语的总和。
所谓¡°语¡±，是指固定短语，包括熟语和专用短语两类。
它是词与词的固定组合，在长期使用过程中形成了相对完整的意义，在实际使用时作用相当于一个词。
所以，词汇也叫¡°语汇¡±。
“词汇”的多种理解词汇有时可以指某种特定范围内所有词语的总和。
现代汉语词汇里大多数是复音词。
英语词汇中半数以上的词语来自于其他语言。
老舍的词汇具有幽默的风格。
《红楼梦》词汇毛泽东的著作既有高雅的书面语词汇，也有大量的劳动人民喜闻乐见的口语词汇和方言词汇。
注意区分“词汇”和“词”词汇是个集体概念。
想当年，邓丽君一首《路边的野花不要采》让全国人民对“野花”这个词汇有了婚恋学上的新认识。
（《羊城晚报》2005.2.24《家花没有网花香？》）“许国璋先生曾列举了《中国日报》上foreigner、tradition等十多个词汇，指出中国作者用英语写新闻报道时，往往是“英语词汇形式，中国文化内容”，即：土特产，洋包装。
” （《语言学习之含义——谈语言交际中的跨文化差异》）注意区分“词汇”和“词”“…修养‟一词在十多年前被作为批判的靶子后，从此销声匿迹……，好像我们的祖先压根儿没有创造过这一词汇似的。
”（《文汇报》1979.8.20）在重庆，人们把进城务工的农民称为“棒棒”，它带了一定的歧视意味，吐出这一词汇者往往带有某种居高临下的神态。
所以，词汇是词和固定短语的集合体，词汇与词的关系是集体和个体的关系。
二、词汇学和词汇学的类别（一）词汇学及研究对象（二）词汇学的类别（一）词汇学及研究对象词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科，是语言学的一个分支学科。
英语词汇学第二章词素
can stand alone as words and also combine with other themes to form new words, carrying both legal and quantitative graphical means (e.g., "cat," "run,"
目录
• Composition and Characteristics of Compound Words
• Abbreviations and acronyms • Summary, Review, and Extension
01
Basic Concepts and Classification of Morphemes
The role of derivative relationships in word formation
01
02
03
04
05
Definition: Derivative relationships involve the creation of new words from existing words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, or other modifications
Comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between the two
01
Similarities
02
Both conflicting changes and derivative relationshrms
Prefixes, infixes, and suffixes
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• (5)Collocability(搭配)
• Many words of the basic stock enter quite a number of set expressions , idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. e.g.
standard language.
• Homosexual person: gay, queer, outs • drunk: elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable. • Question: People say slang is colorful,
blunt, expressive and impressive, Do you agree and why?
• (4)Argot(隐语，黑话) this is the jargon of the criminals, the use of argot is confined to the sub-cultural group. Can-opener (all purpose key ), dip (pick-pocket)
Terms
• 1. lexicology • 2. word • 3.Sound • 4.meaning. • 5.syntactic （句法的） • 6.the conventionalist and the naturalist • 7.arbitrary（任意的） • 8.onomatopoeia （拟声）
• Can you list more examples?
• Yet, not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nationwide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and fairly limited in the respect of productivity and ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ollocability.
• Vocabulary is used in different senses, not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period, we can use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.
• 9.iconic (图象) • 10.phonological(语音逻辑) • 11.orthographical(拼法) • 12.Form • 13.borrowing • 14.Vocabulary • 15.lexis • 16.lexicon
• Homework: • 1. What is the definition of “word”? • 2.Illustrate the relationship between sound
• (2)Stability Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries, those who denote the commonest things necessary to life are likely to remain unchanged. Just like the conventionalists mentioned, language is a convention, the things which have been named before will remain stable to some extent although some might experience little change with the time passing by. (man, fire, mountain)
• Can you give more examples?
• (4)Polysemy (一词多义)
• Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess plurality of meanings because most of them have undergone transformations in semantic structure in the course of use and become polysemous. e.g. come, -have been in he has come to Wuhan, -produce, No harm will come to our class. –appear, The question comes on the page 11.-begin The new machine has come to use.
• Question: How many kinds of words can you classify ?
• By use frequency: the basic words stock and non-basic vocabulary
• By notion: content words and functional words
and meaning, sound and form. • 3.What is the difference between word and
vocabulary?
• The naturalists have argued that the origin of language lies in onomatopoeia, they maintain that there is a natural connection between sound and meaning. Facts have proved that the conventionalist’s argument to be valid. Words that convey the same meaning have different phonological
1.5Classification of Words
• The English vocabulary, multifarious in nature, consists of words of all kinds. They can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes.
• These words manifest some obvious characteristics.
• (1) All national character
• words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us as natural phenomena (rain, snow, fire), human body and relations (head, foot, sister), names of plants and animals (oak, pine, horse), action, size, domain, state (come, eat, hot, black), numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions (one, I, in, till)
• Life. Come to life/ depart this life/ for dear life( with all means )/ a dog’s life (poor life)/lay down one’s life (sacrifice)/lead a double life (lead a life with double identities), the life and soul of the party (the elite)
Nonbasic vocabulary
• Words , void of the stated characteristics, do not belong to the common core of the language. They include:
• (1) Terminology(术语)(technical terms used in particular disciplines) hepatitis, algebra, symphony
In spite of the irregularities, (caused by the changing of pronunciation, spelling, alphabetic system and borrowing) at least eighty percent of our words fit consistent spelling patterns, so that we can say , in English, sound and form is generally consistent with each other.