第一章 词汇和词汇学 (2)
词汇学第一章
words in a language. 但词汇也可以指一种方言、一本书、
Classification of words
Full words: content/notional words They are meaningful in themselves. (nouns, verb, adj, adv, numerals) Form words: grammatical/functional words They are meaningful only when combining with other words. So they have no independent meanings proper(狭义的，严格意义上的). (articals, prep, conj, pron, pronominal adverbs) (代副词: when, where)
The Riddle Game
1. A mouse has a large pocket. What is it? 2. What room has no walls, no doors, no windows, and no floors? 3. I begin with T and end with T,and I am full of T. What am I? 4. How do we know the ocean is friendly? 5. What will you break once you say it? 6. Who is closer to you, your mom or your dad? 7. What letter is a question?
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
.
14
3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
13
Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
《现代汉语词汇学》教学大纲
第五章 词义和语境的关系................................................................................................................... 670 一、语境对理解词义的作用 ................................................................................................... 670 二、语境对词义的影响 ........................................................................................................... 670 复习与思考题........................................................................................................................... 670 拓展阅读书目........................................................................................................................... 670
第一章 训诂学、语义学、词汇学
二、传统训诂学的成就和不足：
《春秋· 桓公八年》：“祭公来，遂逆王后 于纪。”《谷梁传》：“遂，继事之辞
也。”
刘淇《助字辨略》
王引之《经传释词》
二、传统训诂学的成就和不足：
（5）关于方言词汇的研究： 《春秋· 昭公二十年》：“秋，盗杀卫侯之 兄辄。”《谷梁传》：“‘辄’者何也？ 曰：两足不能相过，齐谓之綦，楚谓之蹑， 卫谓之辄。” 扬雄《方言》
二、传统训诂学的成就和不足：
邢昺《尔雅义疏》: 皆初始之异名也。初者，《说文》云:“从衣从刀， 裁衣之始也。”哉者，古文作“才”，《说文》 云:“才，草木之初也。”以声近借为哉始之哉。首 者，头也，首之始也。基者，《说文》云:“墙始筑 也。”肇者，《说文》作“暴”，始开也。祖者， 宗庙之始也。元者，善之长也，长即义。胎者，人 成形之始也。俶者，动之始也。落者，木叶陨坠之 始也。权舆者，天地之始也，天圆而地方。因名云 此，皆造字之本意也。及乎诗书雅记所载之言则不 必尽取此理，但事之初始俱得言焉，他皆仿此。
第一节 传统训诂学与词汇学
《左传· 宣公十二年》：“夫文，止戈为武。”
《左传· 宣公十五年》：“故文，反正为乏。”
《孟子· 滕文公上》：“设为庠序学校以教之。庠 者养也，校者教也，序者射也……。” 《易经· 杂卦》：“恒，久也，节，止也，解，缓 也。” 《孟子· 梁惠王下》：“老而无妻曰鳏，老而无夫 曰寡，老而无子曰独，幼而无父曰孤。”
也可以说语义场是义素分析的依据。无论何种类型的语 义场,如类属义场、关系义场、顺序义场、同义义场、 反义义场等都为义素分析提供可供对比的义位。
义素分析法的局限
义素分析法将义位的内容加以分解、形式化，使语 义分析在摆脱传统释义法某种随意性的同时，增 加一定的科学性，这是义素分析法的价值表现。 但是，该种方法也并非尽善尽美， 一方面，在分析的过程中仍然难以避免某种主观性， 如义素的选择在数量和构成方面可能会出现因人 而异、因分析目的而异的情形； 另一方面，义素分析法目前还停留于几种词类如名 词、动词、形容词等词的分析中，还无法普及到 所有类型词的分析，这是义素分析法存在的局限 和不足。
《英语词汇学第一章》PPT课件
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
词汇学第一章 The Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyPPT
1.4 Sound and Form
Task 1 Say the following words by yourself.
cough
thought
though
thorough
tough
through
Question: why is there the disparity?
The international reason Changes Borrowings
1.3 Sound and Meaning
In how many languages do you know the name of the animal in this picture?
Task 1 Say the name of the animal in
as many languages as you can.
content words and which are functional words? denote never and run notion upon seven Christmas have would
1.5.3 Native words & borrowed words
Task
Guess whether the statements are true or false.
non-basic vocabulary
Not all the words of the basic word stock have these features.
Non-basic vocabulary include:
Terminology 专业术语 Jargon 行话 Slang 俚语 Argot 隐语 Dialectal words 方言词 Archaisms 古词语 Neologisms 新词语
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky 第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
词汇学
第一单元英语词汇概说英语单词的结构⒈词word: It is a minimal free form of language which has given sound and meaning andsyntactic function. Eg: book, red …..⒉词条entry: It is a term used by dictionary compilers. It refers to all the information aboutword that appears in a dictionary.It includes the headword, the pronunciation, definition, irregular plural forms, comparative and superlative form, irregular forms of verbs, part of speeches, even derivatives of the headword, etc.⒊词位lexeme: In linguistic study, every entry (specifically the headword) which are collectedinto a dictionary is called a lexeme by linguists. An lexeme is an abstract unit in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. Eg: run, runs, ran, running. 原形大写表示词位，词位相当于词条中的headword.⒋词形word form: Different forms of a word which are caused by the change of tense, number,point of view, part of speech, etc. are called word form.⒌词汇vocabulary/ lexicon: all the words in a language are termed as it. However, vocabularycan also be used to refer to all the words in a book or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or eben to all the words that a person possesses.⒍词汇单位lexical unit/ item: is a single word or chain of words that are the basic elements of alanguage’s lexicon. Eg: cat, traffic light, take care of, by-the-way, it’s raining cats and dogs. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis(词库).Ⅱ、classification of English wordsBy origin: native words 本土词; loan words外来词.By use frequency: basic word stock基础词; non-basic word stock非基础词.By the level of usage: common words 常用词；literary words 书面词；colloquial words口语词；slang words 俚语；technical words 术语.By notion(function): content words 实义词；function words 功能词.Ⅲ、⒈词素morpheme: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms. Word is composed of morphemes. 词素是词的组成部分，是语言中语音和词义的最小结合体。
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2. 基本词汇的特点 根据斯大林的观点，基本词汇有以下特点： A. 历史悠久，具有稳固性 B. 社会普遍使用，具有全民性 C. 成为构造新词的基础，具有能产性 后代学者在此基础上对其观点加以改造和补充，常见的有 以下的说法： A. 普遍性：基本等同于全民性，差异在于突出了“广泛” 的特点，但不囿于“全民” B. 产生新词的基础（即不采纳“能产性”的提法）：目的 是为了突出新词是从此素出发来造的，而非由词造词 C. 常用性：认为词频高的词才有资格充当基本词汇 D. 标准性：突出构成基本词汇的成员非方言变异形式
C. 功能上的联系 a. 词汇系统中的地位：基本词汇 / 一般词汇 b. 词汇的来源：传承词语、古词语、历史词语、新词 语、外来词、方言词 c. 词汇的使用领域 * 口语 / 书面：口语词汇 / 书面语词汇 * 修辞风格：情态词汇 / 评价词汇
二、基本词汇和一般词汇 1. 基本词汇提法的来源 A. 语言中存在基本词汇的观点来源于斯大林《马克思主义 和语言学问题》一书： “ 语言的词汇中的主要东西就是基本词汇，其中就包括成 为它的核心的全部根词。基本词汇比语言的词汇少得多， 可是它的生命却长久得多，他在千百年的长时期中生存 着，并且为构成新词提供基础。”（斯大林《马克思主义 和语言学问题》，人民出版社， 196 ，第 15 页） B. 该观点于 50 年代为我国学者所采纳 1950 年 6 月，刚刚成立的中国科学院语言研究所就将“基 本词汇与基本语法结构的调查”定为 1951 年的重点工作之 一。（注：要了解斯大林的语言学说对中国理论语言学所 产生的深远影响可阅读邵敬敏、方经民《中国理论语言学 史》和赵振铎《中国语言学史》一书。）
4. 字 A. 定义 a. 字是一个音节关联着一个概念的结构性单位 ( 徐， 26) b.“ 字”就是“字”，就是一个形音义结合体的“汉 字”（潘） B. 字为什么是词汇单位？ 汉语词汇的基本单位还是一个一个的单字。应该把 现代汉语中最有活力的两千来个字（估计不超过此 数）给学生讲清楚。不能把汉字只看成符号，像对 待外国语的字母那样。” ( 吕 ,1962) C. 近年来徐通锵观点的转变：语汇中也应包含字组 徐 (34) ：“这样，字组就成为衔接语汇和句法的纽 带，成为字的运转的活动舞台，需要进行重点的分
另外，刘书新还指出语法定义的不妥之处： i. “ 能独立运用”本身是不清楚的 ii. 最小的限定有时用不上 c. 陆志韦强调词的形式方面 “ 如果单凭意义，不管形式，也会没有同一的是 非，得不出公认的结论。” “ 单从意义的改变来辨别词与非词，是有许多困 难的。” ■ 自身受词的问题 ■ 结构意义还是成分意义 “ 除非能找到语法的特点，整个结构意义上的改 变也不可以决定它是词组还是变成了词。” d. 吕叔湘对定词标准的意见 意义可以作参考，但是不能单独作为一项标准。
2. 词汇和语法的区分是困难的 a. 陆俭明：由小的音义结合体组合成大的音义结合体所 依据的规则，就是语法。 (2001:13) b. 徐通锵 i. 语法是从语汇中抽象出来的规则。 (2008:139) ii. 语法是语言基本结构单位之构造规则。
3. 两种架构示意图 A. 词本位
语法 语素 规则 词 规则 语法 短语
第二节 词汇的构成单位
一、对词汇构成单位的几种认识 1. 观点一：认为词由词和固定语构成 A. 代表人物：刘书新 节录 1 ：“这里说的‘语’，就是词的固定组合 体。它是词的等价物：在作为语言建筑材料来构造 句子的作用上相当于词。……这就说明语言中词的 固定组合体虽然比词大，却并不等于是由独立的词 相加的，在词的上一层的单位……它们的地位同词 相当。因此，把词汇理解为一种语言（一个语言符 号系统）全部词语的总和，方才合理。” (1990:17) 节录 2 ：“因此，不得不承认，词的固定组合体是 同词一起直接构成词汇的单位。” (1990:19) 节录 3 ：“把词的固定组合体成为‘固定语’…… 比较妥善。” (1990)
第一章 词汇和词汇学
第一节 词汇学总说
一、起源 1. 中国：老子《道德经》 2. 西方：古希腊关于名称问题的讨论 二、词汇学的地位和独立性 1. 词汇学的现状 A. 刘书新的观点 B. 《中国大百科全书》的观点 2. 西方现代语言学如何看待词汇学 A. 传统的观点 B. 结构主义学派的观点 C. 转换生成学派的观点
短语 成语：恻隐之心、丰衣足食 惯用语：装孙子、打小报告 歇后语：三月间的桃花——谢了 医生摆手——没治了 专门用语：中华人民共和国、沙滩排球 句子 谚语：一人栽树，万人乘凉。 立秋摘花椒，秋分打红枣。 名言：谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 三人行必有我师。 b. 固定语只是固定化的短语，而不包括句子单位的 常语
调的是这个组合不容易拆开，他的组成部分不能 随意扩展。词汇原则强调的是这个组合不太长， 有比较统一的意义。” “ 语法原则和词汇原则的矛盾表现在：语法上可 以认为是一个词，而词汇上宁可认为是一个短 语。” 例子： i. 词汇词非语法词：鞠躬、担心、心痛 ii. 语法词非词汇词：多弹头分导运载工具、同步 稳相回旋加速器、现代汉语词典 b. 刘书新强调应从词汇角度定义词 “ 不能认为这个定义（这里指从语法角度定义— —笔者注）全面概括了词的本质特点。至少不能 用于说明词怎样作为词汇单位，而且何以是词汇 单位”
d. 基本性状 冷、热、长、短、大、小、成功、失败 e. 基本动作 走、看、说、死、穿、吃 f. 身体 手、脚、眼睛、耳朵、头 g. 数字 一、二、三、十、百、千、万 h. 社会生活 科学、艺术、活动、音乐、文化、管理、政府、历 史、教育、生命 i. 一些副词和代词 就、才、简直、不、我、你、她
4. 基本词汇与一般词汇的划分 A. 根据基本词汇的三个特点划分基本词汇和一般词汇可能带 来的问题：范围过于狭小。因此需要重新来考量： 【 A 类】 a. 吗、呢、吧、呗、嘛、哩、咧、罢了、也罢、得了 b. 了、过、住、来着、起来、下来、下去 c. 让、叫、自从、关于、对于 d. 砰、当啷、哗啦、呼呼、呜呜、扑啦啦、呼啦啦 e. 都、挺、很、渐渐、非常、简直、马上、曾经、偶尔 f. 杯、副、条、座、把、头、番、趟、遭、千卡、公斤 g. 鳃、橹、桨、姜、牧师、菩萨、谯楼、蒲公英、纪传体 h. 抡、扔、搔、拴、踹、籴、粜、晾、汆、煺、咳嗽 i. 臊、帅、馋、糠、荣耀、伟大、坚决、彻底、漂亮 j. 安步当车、等量齐观、诸如此类、碰钉子、虎头蛇尾
2. 语素（词素） A. 定义 a. 语素的定义：语素是语言中最小的音义结合体。 （陆） b. 词素的定义：词素是构词的材料，是构词时独立 运用的最小的语言单位。（武、王） B. 语素和词素的差异 a. 语素的划分可以先于词的划分，但词素的划分比 得后于词的划分 b. 词素可以是一个语素，也可以是多个语素 保温杯： 三个语素：保、温、杯 两个词素：保温、杯
节录 1 ：“语言的建筑材料既包括了字、词，也包括了 与词的职能、功能相近同的其他一些单位，后者常称作 语（固定短语）” (2005:36) 节录 2 ：“照笔者看来，字（有独立意义和独用可能的 字）也好，词也好，惯用语、成语、谚语、歇后语等等 也好，都具有一个共同的特点——在语言的运用中为语 法所组织而成为语言的建筑材料单位。” (2005:54) 4. 观点四：词汇由字构成 代表人物：徐通锵 “ 一种语言的基本结构单位的总和就是该语言的语 汇，也称字汇或词汇，本书统称语汇。” (2001:117)
析，就像造字时期的方块，人们在方块中分析字的 结构那样。字组在语义上只表达一个概念，属于语 汇的范畴，而其中所隐含的组合规则又应归属于句 法的范畴，因此我们有理由将语汇和语法联系起 来，建立语汇句法。”
三、如何看待词汇的构成单位 1. 两种本位观的语言单位对照 词本位 字本位 语素 + 词 单音节 字 多音节 短语 固定语 辞（字组） 自由短语
B. 字本位
近现代 字
字组
字
形 古代 名 史前 声 韵 声
声
形
声
名名Βιβλιοθήκη 名韵声韵
声
韵
3. 字本位角度的词汇观 A. 字是当然的词汇单位 B. 辞也是词汇单位，但主要是较难从组合中抽象出语 法规则的辞。这样的辞，我们称为字结。 字组：纸人、白布、催人 字结：纸张、白菜、催眠 字组和字结间没有说一不二的界线，是一个连续统 C. 从字本位的角度看，词汇（如果非得这么说的话） 的构成单位就是： 1. 字； 2. 字结。
3. 基本词汇的成员类型 A. 一般的认识：基本词汇是从古代到现代，在实际运用中 必不可少的词，它们表达的是对于人们交际最不能缺少的 概念 B. 几种类型 a. 最熟悉的自然现象 天象：天、雷、云、月、星 地象：地、水、火、山、湖 动物：猪、羊、牛、马、鸡 植物：草、花、麦子、水稻、树 b. 生产和生活必需品 锅、碗、房子、盐、伞、家具、机器 c. 时间和空间 春天、夏天、秋天、冬天、上、下、左、右
C. 目前两个术语的应用情况 a. 多数语言学类著作使用语素 b. 词汇学界使用词素的较多，但也有不少使用语素 D. 语素的引进史简介 3. 固定语 / 熟语 A. 定义 a. 固定语是指语言中可以把词作为构成成分的，同 词一样作为一个整体来运用的语言单位。 ( 符 :9) b. 熟语，是结构形式上大于词，表意量多于词，而 在习用性、现成性、定型性上同于词，在造句功能 上和词基本相当的词组或短语。（武、王 :11 ） B. 差异 a. 熟语包括成语、惯用语、专名语、谚语、名言等 等，其中有些是短语，有些是句子
B. 不少学者同样持此观点 a. 符淮青 “ 词汇包括语言中的词和固定语。” (1985:9) b. 葛本仪 “ 词汇的内容应该具有词的总汇和相当于词的作 用的固定结构的总汇两个基本的部分。” (2001:5) 2. 观点二：认为词汇由词素、词和熟语构成 代表人物：武占坤、王勤 “ 基于上述认识，我们认为词汇是构成语言的建筑 材料，是语言中所有的建筑材料（包括词素、词、 熟语）的总汇。” (2009) 3. 观点三：认为词汇由字、词、固定短语构成 代表人物：周荐