现代英语词汇学第一章..
英语词汇学第一章
重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。
词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。
声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。
此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。
1．词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。
按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。
从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。
语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。
语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。
总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。
Man和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。
有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。
两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。
虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。
同样，management也可以分为manage和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。
Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。
Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则是“邮件”。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
现代英语词汇学概论1
Are they “words”?
Café, fiancée, hapax legomena father’s, do-it-yourself, hasn’t Donno, lol $559.34, ￡233, IBM R51 Corpus4u, :-) O(∩_∩)O哈哈~，囧rz，⊙﹏⊙b汗
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
Common words/普通词: connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to every day life The core of the common words is the basic word stock. Stylistically neutral back
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop? 2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
英语词汇学-第一章
语素是音义相结合的最小的语言单位。 一般地说，一个语素就是一个音节，书面上就是一个汉字，有时侯还是一个词。但是音节是从语音学角度分析的结果，文字是书面记录的符号，语素则是语言中构词的基本成份，词是指音义相结合的能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。这四者角度不同，并不是一回事。 1、同一个汉字，可以代表不同的语素。 汉字虽然相同，但读音不同：会议/会计 汉字和读音都相同，但是词性不同：老人/老虎/老是捣乱 汉字、读音和词性都相同，但是意义不同：公家/公牛 2、汉语的语素绝大多数是单音节的，但有时侯，一个汉字并不代表一个语素，只代表一个音节，也就是说，一个语素也可以是两个以上音节。 连绵词：磅礴；口语词：尴尬；音译词：咖啡，奥林匹克 3、有时侯，一个汉字在不同场合，有的是语素，有的不是语素。 马匹（语素）/马达（非语素） （邵敬敏，现代汉通论，上海教育出版社，2001，P113-4）
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Sound and meaning
Sound and meaning
This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. Lodwig and Barrett, 1973
Why the written form is not always similar to the oral form?
The development of the language letters from Romans for 46 sounds in English The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 11.1 What Is a Word词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）词包含以下几点：① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式② a sound unity.一个声音统一体③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的1.2 Sound and Meaning声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个声音。
词汇学1-现代英语词汇学概述
பைடு நூலகம்
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
chemist, function, scientific, vacuum; area, irony, theory, education, adapt, exist, appropriate, precise
Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
astronaut and cosmonaut, blast off, countdown, capsule, launching pad, space suit, spacemen, space platform, space shuttle
computer science:
software, hardware, input, output, memory, monitor, process, programming, data base, internet, log on (off), etc.
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
现代英语词汇学概论chapter1
– By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.
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• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
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To phonetics Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription. It is closely connected with lexicology. Without sound there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning.
1. Course Name: Modern English Lexicology 2. Hours : 90mins/lecture, one lecture / week 3. Teaching Material: Modern English Lexicology 《现代英语词汇学》 by Lu Guoqiang(陆国强) 4. Reference Books: 1) 张维友：《英语词汇学教程》（第2 版），武汉：华中 师范大学出 版社， 2004 年2 月版。 2) 汪榕培、卢晓娟编著：《英语词汇学教程》（第1 版）， 上海外语教育出版 社，1997 年10 月版 3) 汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的《英语词汇学教程读本》， 上海外语教育出版社，英语编写。
English lexicology itself is a sub branch of linguistics. But it is closely related to other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics（语音学）, morphology（形态学）, grammar, semantics,etymology（语源学）, stylistics（文体学）, lexicography（词典编纂 学）, each of which has been established as a subject on its own.
To stylistics（文体学） Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. Among the areas of study are lexis（词汇）, phonology(音韵学) , syntax（句法学）, and graphology（笔迹学）. Lexicology studies stylistic variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes: synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech（修辞 grammar（语法） Grammar is the study or the use of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences. Words and grammar are organically related to one other. Vocabulary，as flesh, and grammar, as skeleton, jointly construct a given language.
English lexicology is a theoretically oriented course in which the basic theories of English words are discussed. However, it is also a practical course, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious(=rich) stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. There will, naturally, be a lot of practice involved.
(Background information) 1.The Nature and Domain of English Lexicology (lexicon: lexikon, Greek origin,”of words”)
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. English lexicology deals with English words, their origin meaning, historical development, morphological structures(形态结构), semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and usages. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of English vocabulary.
3) Some acceptable topics for your graduation thesis
现代英语词汇迅速发展的源泉 网络英语的词汇类型及其特点 广告英语的词汇特点 英语词汇意义的特点与词汇教学 论中英文中动物词汇的文化差异 英汉文化内涵在动物词汇上的体现
2) The history of English vocabulary development
Roman Invasion--- Anglo-Saxon Conquest-- Norman Conquest ---- the Renaissance --the 17th and18th century----the 19th and 20th century----after World War II
To semantics（语义学） Semantics is the branch of linguistics, which studies the meanings of language at different levels: lexicon（词汇，与语法相对应的）, syntax（句法）, utterance（表达）, discourse( 语段，话语), etc. Lexicology focuses on the lexical level. The types of meaning and sense relations, such as synonymy, antonymy,hyponymy(上下位关系), polysemy（ 一词多义）, homonymy （同音异义）and semantic fields(语义场) all belong to the semantic study and constitute an important part of lexicology.
OLD ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MODERN ENGLISH
The period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English, or Anglo-Saxon period.
It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation（词形变化） of the verb were not weakened
To morphology（词态学/形态学） Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (also called Inflectional Morphology曲折形态学) and the study of word-formation (often referred to as Lexical or Derivational Morphology.（词汇形态学/派生形态学） This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, which discusses the inflections of words, the internal structure of words and methods of word-formation.
Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origin and usage of words, but they have a difference. A lexicographer‘s task is to record the language as it is so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to enhance their awareness and capacity of language use.