资料：《安全工程专业英语(部分翻译)》

Unit 1 safety management system

Accident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂

Causal factors 起因

Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化

Loss prevention 损失预防

Process industry 制造工业

Hazard control 危险控制

Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司

Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率

Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效

Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层

Safety principle 安全规则

Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能

One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions –invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”

译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。

The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment t o, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management.

译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。

Unit 2 System Safety Engineering

System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果Engineering practice 工程实践Safety problem 安全问题Accelerating technology 快速发展的技术Safety effort 安全投入System’s life cycle 系统的生命周期System effectiveness 系统有效性Logical reasoning 逻辑推理

Potential accident 潜在事故

Accident cause 事故原因

Logical programming 合理的规划System hazard 系统危害

Safety input 安全投入

Inherently safe system 本质安全系统Schedule delays 进度拖延

Concept phase初步计划阶段

Safety criteria 安全标准

Government regulations 政府管制System operation 系统运行

System analysis 系统分析

System design 系统设计

Aid in 有助于

Equipment specifications 设备说明Maintenance plans 维护计划

Safety problems 安全问题Development phase 发展阶段Operation phase 运行阶段Performance reviews 绩效评估Disposal phase 处理阶段

Intuitive process 直觉过程

Make decisions 做决定

Hazard control 危险控制

Protective apparel 防护服

Engineering solutions 工程方法/手段Protective devices 保护装置

Warning devices 报警装置

Incorrect interpretation 误解Hazardous material 危险物质

Work area layout 工业区布局Educational solutions 教育方法/手段Training sessions 培训会议

Safety promotion programs 安全促进项目Administrative solutions 行政方法/手段Personnel selection 人员选择

Safety shoes 安全鞋

Safety belt 安全带

Safety glasses 防护眼镜

Accident prevention 事故预防Technical system 技术系统Responsible official 负责人

Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough, working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis technique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and comprehensive hazard information is obtained.

译文：危险分析过程不是凭直觉就能完成的。对于一个有意义的分析，必须在有效的假设基础上对系统进行合理的、准确的描述。它的成功主要取决于进行分析的人所具有的技能与知识。只要对被研究的系统和用于分析的技术有全面的了解，任何人都可以进行危险分析。在实践过程中，要想获得全面而有价值的危险信息，必须要一些具有不同知识背景的人共同努力才行。

System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention. Its concepts and techniques have evolved from efforts to improve the safety of the

complex technical systems that are common in today’s society. It is based on the ideas that accidents result from a number of interacting causes within a system, and that each cause and interaction can be logically identified, evaluated, and controlled. Through the logical application of scientific and management principles over the life cycle of a system, system safety engineering attempts to achieve an optimum degree of safety.

译文：安全系统工程是一个相对较新的预防事故的方法。它的概念和相关技术是在人们提高当今普遍存在的复杂技术系统安全性的各种努力过程中逐渐发展而来的。它基于这样一个思想，即所有的事故都是系统内大量相互作用的原因造成的，理论上，各种原因及相互作用都能被识别、评估，并得到控制。通过在系统的生命周期内合理的应用科学的管理原则，系统安全工程就有望获得最佳的安全程度。

The efforts necessary to achieve the desired degree of safety are usually organized into formal programs. The objective of such programs is to assure that system hazards are eliminated or otherwise controlled as early in the life cycle as possible. Most of the detail work involved in a system safety program is in the performance of hazard analyses. With the information provided by analysis, responsible officials can determine the safest, most efficient means of controlling the hazards identified.

译文：要想获得所期望的安全程度，所有必须做的工作都应编制成正式的计划。这些计划的目标就是确保系统里的危险被消除，或者使危险在系统生命周期内尽早的得到控制。系统安全计划中的大量具体工作在危险分析的过程中得以执行。通过分析提供的信息，负责人就能选择最安全、最有效的方式来控制被识别出来的危险。

Unit 3 The ergonomics Process

ergonomics process 人机工程过程MSDs （are injuries and illnesses of the safe tissue and nervous system that affect your body’s: Muscles, Nerves, Tendons(经脉), Ligaments(韧带), Joints）由肌肉组织或神经系统引起的伤害或疾病

Upper echelons 上层、高层

hourly employee 钟点工

Job sites 工地

Ergonomics committee 人机工程委员会Medical management 医疗管理Musculoskeletal stressors 肌肉骨骼紧张性刺激

Ergonomics input 人机工程投入Management commitment 管理承诺/行为Manufacturing engineers 制造业工程师Plant manager 工厂经理

Process engineer 生产工程师

Human resource manager 人力资源经理Safety manager 安全经理

Sub-committee 分委员会

Overseeing body 监督主体

low back disorder 腰部疾病

Active and passive surveillance 主动和被动监督

Job stressors 工作压力源

Follow-up 后续工作

Ergonomics awareness 人机工程意识Follows through 实现，把…进行到底Chain of command 指挥链

Hit list 黑名单

You must assess the outcome of the hazard identification process and determine if immediate action is necessary or if, in fact, there is an actual hazard involved. When you do not view a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to the ongoing

process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why. This will insure the continued cooperation of workers in hazard identification.

你必须对危险辨识过程中得到的结果进行评估，并决定在实际危险存在时是否需要立刻采取措施。当你不把一个已被报告的危险当做一个实际存在的危险时，你必须在工作过程中告诉工人你没把这个被报告的危险当做一个真正的危险，并解释原因。这将确保工人们在危险识别过程中进行持续合作。

Unit 4 Hazard identification

Hazard identification 危险识别Outcome 后果

Ongoing process 正在进行的过程

Place on 重视

Exposure limit 暴露极限

Ventilation system 通风系统

Budgetary constraint 预算约束

Jobsite safety inspection 工作场所安全检查Accident investigation 事故调查

Labor management committee 劳动管理委员会Accident incidence 事故发生率Severity rate 严重事故率Industrial accident 工业事故

Work procedure 工作/操作程序Walk-round inspection 巡视Overexertion 用力过度

Carpal tunnel syndrome 腕管综合症Extreme temperature 极限温度Worker-oriented 以人为本的Mitigate 减轻/缓和

Abatement 降低/消除

This approach to hazard identification does not require that someone with special training conduct it. It can usually be accomplished by the use of a short fill-in-the-blank questionnaire. This hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce. The most time-consuming portion of this process is analyzing the assessment and response regarding potential hazards identified. Empowering workers to identify hazards, make recommendations on abatement of the hazards, and then suggest how management can respond to these potential hazards is essential.

这种危险辨识的方法不需要经过特需训练的人来执行。通常经过一个简短的问卷调查就能完成。在一些管理比较开放、真心关心工人安全和健康的地方，这种危险辨识方法能起到很好的作用。这个过程中最耗时的部分就是对识别的潜在的危险进行分析评估和反馈。赋予工人识别危险、对减小危险提出建议并提出如何对这些潜在的危险进行管理的权利是必须的。

Unit 5 What is an OHSMS

OHSMS 职业健康安全管理体系Legacy 遗产，留给后人的东西In practice 在实践中

Allow for 考虑到

Regulatory system 监管体系Review phase 审查阶段Specific objective 特殊目标Corrective action 纠正措施

Be central to 极为重要Systematic approach 系统方法Systemic linkage 体系联动

Inter-linked 相互链接

Feedback loop 反馈环

Specific program element 详细计划Mandatory 强制的

Arise from 由。。。引起

Strategic objective 战略目标Commercial pressure 商业压力Principal contractor 总承包商

Hybrid method 混合方法

Market-based 基于市场的

Formalised prescription 正式的法规/规定Mandated principle 明文规定的原则

Stem from 起源于，来自于Regulatory framework 规章制度European Union Framework Directive 欧盟框架指令

All-encompassing approach 包罗万象的方法

Sparingly 少量的

Home grown 国产的/自己制定

Chamber of Commerce and Industry 工商会/工商联

Framing 编制/制定

Emergency planning 应急计划Planning and accountability 计划与职责Managerialist and participative models 经理主导模式和参与模式

bureaucratic model 官僚模式

Top down 由上而下

Trace to 追溯到

Empirical test 经验实验

Mutually exclusive 相互排斥的

Quality levels 质量标准

Expand upon 详述/进一步阐述

Level of achievement 成就水平Performance level 执行标准

Graduating up 逐渐变化

At the behest of 在。。。命令/要求下

Set out 阐述、陈列

Conversely, an alternative participative model of “management systems” can be traced to socio-technical systems theory, which emphasises organisational interventions based on analysis of the inter-relationships of technology, environment, the orientation of participants, and organisational structure.

相反，一个可选择来使用的“管理系统”模型可以追溯到社会-技术系统理论，该理论强调组织干预，这种组织干预是建立在对技术、环境、参与者的定位及组织结构之间的相互关系进行分析的基础上的。

So far, we have shown that OHSMS can vary upon a number of dimensions relating to method of implementation, system characteristics, and degree of implementation. Such variance is important because it affects evaluation and measurement of OHSMS performance. Measures appropriate for one dimension of a system will be irrelevant to another. Evaluation of OHSMS effectiveness may need to take account of what systems are expected to do. Are they to meet complex system or simple design standards Are they implemented at the behest of management or external OHS authorities Are objectives the simple ones such as reducing direct lost-time injuries or do they include satisfying multiple stakeholders Are they at an early or established stage of development; and which of several different configurations of control strategy and management structure/style is adopted

到目前为止，我们已经表明OHSMS能呈现多样性的特征，这些特征与执行方法、系统特征和执行程度相关。这种多样性的变化非常重要，因为它对OHSMS性能的评价和测量有影响。对一个体系的某种特征适合的方法可能对另一个特征不合适。OHSMS有效性的评价需要考虑到底期望这个体系来干什么它们满足复杂的体系呢还是只是一个简单的设计标准它们是不是在管理者或者外界OHS权威人士的要求下被执行的它们的目标是这种简单的（比如减少直接的时间损失伤害）还是使多数风险金管理机构满意它们是在处于形成的早期还是在建立时期采取哪一种不同控制策略的形态和管理结构/形式

Unit 6 Industrial Hygiene

Industrial hygiene 工业卫生

Physical hazards 物理危害、物质危害Nonionizing radiation 非电离辐射Adverse effects 副作用、坏的影响Loud noise 嘈杂的声音

Chemical bum 化学烧伤

Live electrical circuits 带电电路Confined space 密闭空间

Hearing loss 听力丧失

Physical or mental disturbance 身体或精神障碍

Annoyance 烦恼

Grinder 砂轮机

Power tools 电动工具

Narrow band noise 窄带噪声

Impulse 脉冲

Sound level meter 噪声计

Threshold of pain 痛觉阈

Jet engine 喷气式发动机

Time-weighted average 时间加权平均Snap 捻手指的声音

Heat stress 热威胁、热应力

Extremity 四肢

Shivering 颤抖Hard labor 辛苦工作

Fatigued 疲乏的

Living tissue 活组织

Plastic sealer 塑料密封机

Biological Hazards 生物危害

Mold 霉菌

Potable water 饮用水

Sewage 污水

Physical contact 身体接触

Allergic reaction 过敏反应

Insect scale 介壳虫

Severe pain 剧烈的疼痛

Manual handling 手工处理

Disk injuries 椎间盘伤害

Airborne 空中的

On a daily basis 每天

Hazard Communications Standard 危害通识规定

Stipulation 规定、条款

Trade name 商标名

Hydrogen cyanide 氰化氢

Chemical asphyxiant 化学窒息物质Central nervous system 中枢神经系统

Industrial hygiene has been defined as “that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community”.

工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自于工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或使工人或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服”。

Noise is a serious hazard when it results in temporary or permanent hearing loss, physical or mental disturbance, any interference with voice communications, or the disruption of a job, rest, relaxation, or sleep. Noise is any undesired sound and is usually a sound that bears no information with varying intensity. It interferes with the perception of wanted sound, and is likely to be harmful, cause annoyance, and/or interfere with speech.

当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工

作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。它干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并（或）干扰人们说话。

Unit 9 Accident Investigation

Accident Investigation 事故调查

After-the-fact 事实背后的

Take an investigation 进行调查

Fact-finding process 寻找事实的过程Insurance carrier 保险公司/承保人

Place blame 推卸责任

Permanent total disability 永久全部劳动力丧失

For simplicity 为简单起见

Accident prevention 事故预防Investigative procedures 调查过程

Fact finding 寻找事实

Operating procedures flow diagrams 操作过程流程图

Maintenance chart 维修图表

Bound notebook 活页笔记本

Physical or chemical law 物理或化学定律Table of contents 目录

Narrative 叙事的

Counter-measure 干预措施

Investigator collects evidence from many sources during an investigation, gets information from witnesses and observation as well as by reports, interviews witnesses as soon as possible after an accident, inspects the accident site before any changes occur, takes photographs and makes sketches of accident scene, records all pertinent data on maps, and gets copies of all reports. Documents containing normal operating procedures flow diagrams, maintenance charts or reports of difficulties or abnormalities are particularly useful. Keep complete and accurate notes in a bound notebook. Record pre-accident conditions, the accident sequence and post-accident conditions. In addition, document the location of victims, witnesses, machinery, energy sources, and hazardous materials.

调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据，从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息，在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话，在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查，对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图，记录与地形相关的所有数据，并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确的记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外，记录伤者、证人、机械、能量来源和危害物质的位置。

Unit 10 Safety Electricity

Safety electricity 安全用电Electrical equipment 电力设备

Fuse puller 保险丝夹

Break contact 断开接点/触电

Hot side 高压端

Load side 负荷端

Line side 线路/火线端

Groundfault circuit interrupt 漏电保护器Ground fault 接地故障

Receptacle 电源插座Hot bubs 热水澡桶

Underwater lighting 水底照明Fountains 人工喷泉

Ungrounded (hot)conductor 未接地(高压)导体/火线

Neutral conductor 中性导体

Fault current 故障电流

Load center 载荷中心

Panelboard 配电板

Branch-circuit 分支电路

CB 一种多功能插座

Plug-in 插入式

Electrical shock 电击/电击事故

Take chance 冒险

Labored 困难的

Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动Twitching 颤搐

Ventricle 心室

Artificial respiration人工呼吸

Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术

Cardiac arrest 心跳停止Heart stoppage 心脏骤停Lockout 上锁

Tagout 挂牌

Bypassing 回避/绕过Jammed 卡住的/堵塞的Ball valves 球形阀

ANSI 美国国家标准协会Color coded 色标/彩色编码Keyed 键控制的

Rust-resistant 防锈的Shackle 镣铐/钩链

Kit 成套设备/装备

Lockout/tagout kits are also available. A lockout/tagout kit contains items required to comply with the OSHA lockout/tagout standards. Lockout/tagout kits contain reusable danger tags, tag ties, multiple lockouts, locks, magnetic signs, and information on lockout/tagout procedures. Be sure the source of electricity remains open or disconnected when returning to work whenever leaving a job for any reason or whenever the job cannot be completed the same day.

上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时，在返回工作的时候都要确保电源保持断开或非连接状态。

Unit 11 Machinery equipment safety

Machinery Equipment Safety 机械设备安全Presses 冲床

Lifting plant 起吊设备

Scald 烫伤

Fragmentation 破碎/爆炸Temporary staff 临时人员

Dumper truck 翻斗车

Power presses 压力机

Lift truck 升降式装卸车

Elevating work platform 升降台

CE marked CE认证标志Subcontractor 中间商/转包商Interlocked guard 联锁保护装置

Jig 模具

Push stick 推杆

Competent person 能胜任安全工作的人Working order 正常运转状态

Brake function 制动功能Enter a contract 签订合同

Power pressure 冲床

Gearbox 变速箱

Chock 用垫木垫阻

Hot work 高温作业

Cutting/welding torch 切割火炬/气焊喷灯Retract 缩回/缩进

Gang or radial drills 排式钻机/摇臂钻床Lathes 车床

Turret 转台

Flying chips 飞屑

Coolant 冷却剂

Chuck wrench 卡盘扳手

Milling machine 磨削机

Toll cutter 刀具

Grinding machine 研磨机

Peripheral 外围的

Unit 12 Accident analysis in construction

Construction work 建筑工程Ill-health 不健康

Set out 陈述/阐明

Roof work 屋顶工作Erection 安装/架设

Safety hazard 安全隐患Monetary incentive 金钱鼓励Regulatory agency 管理机构Guard rail 防护围栏Working platform 工作平台Rooflight sheet 采光屋面板Close-boarded 鱼鳞板Rough terrain 不平地形Undulating ground 起伏地roofer 盖屋顶的人Asbestos cement 石棉水泥Excavation 挖掘Groundwork 基础工作

Spoil heap 废物堆Fenced off 用栏栅隔开Natural ventilation 自然通风Dense concrete 密实混凝土

Many construction workers are killed or seriously injured during lifting operations because of accidents such as: cranes overturning, material falling from hoists and gin wheels collapsing. Many more suffer long-term injury because they regularly lift or carry items which are heavy or awkward to handle, foe example: lifting dense concrete blocks, paviours laying slabs and labourers lifting and carrying bagged products, such as cement and aggregates.

很多建筑工人在起重操作过程中由于一些事（故如起重机翻倒、物体从吊重机上坠落、三脚起重机的轮子垮塌等）而丧命或严重受伤。更多的工人会因为经常举起或搬运一些笨重的物体（如：搬运密实混泥土砖、铺设工人铺建混泥土路面、工人举起或搬运一些袋装东西如水泥、块状物等）的时候而遭受长期的伤痛。

Unit 14 Hazardous chemical and its identification

Hazardous chemical 危险化学品Physical hazard 物质危害Respiratory tract 呼吸道Digestive tract 消化道

Needle stick 针刺

Sensitizer 致癌物质Hepatotoxins 肝脏毒素Nephrotoxins 肾毒素Neurotoxins 神经毒素

Mucous membrane 粘膜

Safety hazard 安全隐患

Domino effect 多米诺效应

Major hazard 重大危险

Tighter control 加紧控制

Storage and terminal 港口转运油库码头

Unit 15 Fire and Explosions

Firefighter 消防队员

Fire ground 火场

Fire protection 消防

Searing heat 灼热

Physical explosion 物理爆炸Chemical explosion 化学爆炸Propane cylinder 丙烷钢瓶Natural gas explosion 天然气爆炸Gas main 煤气总管

Oil burner 燃油炉

Gas tank 气罐

Structure fire 建筑火灾

Rule out 排除……的可能性Shock wave 冲击波

Peak pressure 峰值压力Cinderblock wall 渣煤空心砖

Ground zero 爆心投影点Ground shock wave 地表振动波Gas meter 煤气表

Control handle 控制柄Rubble 瓦砾堆

Paint store 油漆店Hardware store 五金店

Fire suppression system 灭火系统Truss construction 桁架结构Manhole cover 沙井盖

Popping off 突然离去

Bumper 缓冲器

Squad 抢险队

Mitigation tactics 损失减轻策略Admittedly 一般公认地/无可否认地Half measure 权宜