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Autodesk Nastran 2023 参考手册说明书

Autodesk Nastran 2023 参考手册说明书
DATINFILE1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
FILESPEC ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
DISPFILE ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
File Management Directives – Output File Specifications: .............................................................................. 5
BULKDATAFILE .................................................................................................................................................... 7

英语作文写电影名大全

英语作文写电影名大全

英语作文写电影名大全Title: A Comprehensive Guide to English Movie Titlesfor Essay Writing。

When it comes to crafting compelling essays about movies in English, selecting the right movie title is crucial. A well-chosen title not only captures the essence of the film but also sets the tone for the entire essay. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore a plethora of English movie titles across various genres to aid you in your essay writing endeavors.1. Drama Films:"The Shawshank Redemption""Forrest Gump""Schindler's List""The Godfather""Good Will Hunting""The Pursuit of Happyness" "A Beautiful Mind""Dead Poets Society""The Green Mile""The Notebook"2. Romantic Comedies:"Notting Hill""Love Actually""Pretty Woman""When Harry Met Sally""10 Things I Hate About You" "Crazy, Stupid, Love""The Proposal""500 Days of Summer""La La Land""The Fault in Our Stars"3. Action and Adventure:"The Dark Knight""Inception""Jurassic Park""Avatar""Gladiator""The Matrix""Mad Max: Fury Road""Die Hard""Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark""Braveheart"4. Science Fiction and Fantasy:"Star Wars: A New Hope""The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring" "Blade Runner""Interstellar""The Avengers""The Terminator""E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial""The Hunger Games""Back to the Future""Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone"5. Thrillers and Suspense:"The Silence of the Lambs""Seven""Gone Girl""The Sixth Sense""Psycho""The Usual Suspects" "Memento""Prisoners""Shutter Island""The Departed"6. Animated Films:"Toy Story""Finding Nemo""The Lion King""Frozen""Up""Wall-E""Spirited Away""Inside Out""Zootopia""Shrek"7. Biographical Films: "The Social Network" "Bohemian Rhapsody" "The King's Speech""The Theory of Everything" "Ray""Walk the Line""Lincoln""Erin Brockovich""Malcolm X""Catch Me If You Can"8. Historical Dramas:"Braveheart""Schindler's List""Dunkirk""12 Years a Slave""Glory""Apollo 13""The Last Emperor""Elizabeth""Gandhi""Amadeus"9. Comedy Films:"Monty Python and the Holy Grail""Superbad""Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy""Dumb and Dumber""The Hangover""Bridesmaids""Airplane!""The Grand Budapest Hotel" "Pitch Perfect""Ferris Bueller's Day Off"10. Documentaries:"Fahrenheit 9/11""Bowling for Columbine" "March of the Penguins""An Inconvenient Truth""Won't You Be My Neighbor?""Blackfish""Supersize Me""Man on Wire""13th""The Cove"These English movie titles cover a broad spectrum of genres, providing ample options for crafting engaging essays. Remember to select a title that resonates with your interests and aligns with the themes you wish to explore in your essay. Happy writing!。

英隨頓公司PL6型号微型电路保护器产品说明说明书

英隨頓公司PL6型号微型电路保护器产品说明说明书

SG62211Description• H igh-quality miniature circuit breakers for commercial and residential applications • Contact position indicator red - green• Guide for secure terminal connection• 3-position DIN rail clip, permits removal from existing busbar system• C omprehensive range of accessories can be mounted subsequently• Rated currents up to 63 A• Tripping characteristics B, C, D• R ated breaking capacity 6 kA according to IEC/EN 60898-1Rated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage6 kA, Characteristic BSG454111PL6-B1/116474012/1201.5PL6-B1,5/116473612/1201.6PL6-B1,6/116473712/1202PL6-B2/128651612/1202.5PL6-B2,5/116474112/1203PL6-B3/116474312/1203.5PL6-B3,5/116474212/1204PL6-B4/128651712/1205PL6-B5/116474412/1206PL6-B6/128651812/1208PL6-B8/116474512/12010PL6-B10/128651912/12012PL6-B12/116473812/12013PL6-B13/128652012/12015PL6-B15/116473912/12016PL6-B16/128652112/12020PL6-B20/128652212/12025PL6-B25/128652312/12032PL6-B32/128652412/12040PL6-B40/128652512/12050PL6-B50/128652612/12063PL6-B63/128652712/1201-poleSG514111PL6-B1/1N1649038/801.5PL6-B1,5/1N1649018/801.6PL6-B1,6/1N1649028/802PL6-B2/1N1649078/802.5PL6-B2,5/1N1649068/803PL6-B3/1N1649118/803.5PL6-B3,5/1N1649108/804PL6-B4/1N1649138/805PL6-B5/1N1649148/806PL6-B6/1N1060258/808PL6-B8/1N1649158/8010PL6-B10/1N1060268/8012PL6-B12/1N1649048/8013PL6-B13/1N1060278/8015PL6-B15/1N1649058/8016PL6-B16/1N1060288/8020PL6-B20/1N1649088/8025PL6-B25/1N1649098/8032PL6-B32/1N1649128/801+N-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG515111PL6-B1/21648036/601.5PL6-B1,5/21648016/601.6PL6-B1,6/21648026/602PL6-B2/22865506/602.5PL6-B2,5/21648066/603PL6-B3/21648086/603.5PL6-B3,5/21648076/604PL6-B4/22865516/605PL6-B5/21648096/606PL6-B6/22865526/608PL6-B8/21648106/6010PL6-B10/22865536/6012PL6-B12/21648046/6013PL6-B13/22865546/6015PL6-B15/21648056/6016PL6-B16/22865556/6020PL6-B20/22865566/6025PL6-B25/22865576/6032PL6-B32/22865586/6040PL6-B40/22865596/6050PL6-B50/22865606/6063PL6-B63/22865616/602-poleSG622111PL6-B1/31648684/401.5PL6-B1,5/31648664/401.6PL6-B1,6/31648674/402PL6-B2/32865844/402.5PL6-B2,5/31648714/403PL6-B3/31648734/403.5PL6-B3,5/31648724/404PL6-B4/32865854/405PL6-B5/31648744/406PL6-B6/32865864/408PL6-B8/31648754/4010PL6-B10/32865874/4012PL6-B12/31648694/4013PL6-B13/32865884/4015PL6-B15/31648704/4016PL6-B16/32865894/4020PL6-B20/32865904/4025PL6-B25/32865914/4032PL6-B32/32865924/4040PL6-B40/32865934/4050PL6-B50/32865944/4063PL6-B63/32865954/403-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG647111PL6-B1/3N1650023/301.5PL6-B1,5/3N1650003/301.6PL6-B1,6/3N1650013/302PL6-B2/3N1650073/302.5PL6-B2,5/3N1650063/303PL6-B3/3N1650093/303.5PL6-B3,5/3N1650083/304PL6-B4/3N1650103/305PL6-B5/3N1650113/306PL6-B6/3N1060353/308PL6-B8/3N1650123/3010PL6-B10/3N1060363/3012PL6-B12/3N1650033/3013PL6-B13/3N1650043/3015PL6-B15/3N1650053/3016PL6-B16/3N1060373/3020PL6-B20/3N1060383/3025PL6-B25/3N1060393/3032PL6-B32/3N1060403/3040PL6-B40/3N1060413/3050PL6-B50/3N1069033/3063PL6-B63/3N1069043/303+N-poleSG266121PL6-B1/41664893/301.5PL6-B1,5/41664873/301.6PL6-B1,6/41664883/302PL6-B2/41664963/302.5PL6-B2,5/41664953/303PL6-B3/41664993/304PL6-B4/41665013/305PL6-B5/41665033/306PL6-B6/41665053/308PL6-B8/41665073/3010PL6-B10/41664903/3012PL6-B12/41664913/3013PL6-B13/41664923/3015PL6-B15/41664933/3016PL6-B16/41664943/3020PL6-B20/41664973/3025PL6-B25/41664983/3032PL6-B32/41665003/3040PL6-B40/41665023/3050PL6-B50/41665043/3063PL6-B63/41665063/304-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage6 kA, Characteristic CSG454110.16PL6-C0.16/116474612/1200.25PL6-C0,25/116474712/1200.5PL6-C0,5/116474812/1200.75PL6-C0,75/116474912/1201PL6-C1/116475412/1201.5PL6-C1,5/116475012/1201.6PL6-C1,6/116475112/1202PL6-C2/128652812/1202.5PL6-C2,5/116475512/1203PL6-C3/116475712/1203.5PL6-C3,5/116475612/1204PL6-C4/128652912/1205PL6-C5/116475812/1206PL6-C6/128653012/1208PL6-C8/116475912/12010PL6-C10/128653112/12012PL6-C12/116475212/12013PL6-C13/128653212/12015PL6-C15/116475312/12016PL6-C16/128653312/12020PL6-C20/128653412/12025PL6-C25/128653512/12032PL6-C32/128653612/12040PL6-C40/128653712/12050PL6-C50/128653812/12063PL6-C63/128653912/1201-poleSG514110.16PL6-C0.16/1N1649168/800.25PL6-C0,25/1N1649178/800.5PL6-C0,5/1N1649188/800.75PL6-C0,75/1N1649198/801PL6-C1/1N1649228/801.5PL6-C1,5/1N1649208/801.6PL6-C1,6/1N1649218/802PL6-C2/1N1060298/802.5PL6-C2,5/1N1649258/803PL6-C3/1N1649298/803.5PL6-C3,5/1N1649288/804PL6-C4/1N1060308/805PL6-C5/1N1649318/806PL6-C6/1N1060318/808PL6-C8/1N1649328/8010PL6-C10/1N1060328/8012PL6-C12/1N1649238/8013PL6-C13/1N1060338/8015PL6-C15/1N1649248/8016PL6-C16/1N1060348/8020PL6-C20/1N1649268/8025PL6-C25/1N1649278/8032PL6-C32/1N1649308/801+N-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG515110.16PL6-C0.16/21648116/600.25PL6-C0,25/21648126/600.5PL6-C0,5/21648136/600.75PL6-C0,75/21648146/601PL6-C1/21648176/601.5PL6-C1,5/21648156/601.6PL6-C1,6/21648166/602PL6-C2/22865626/602.5PL6-C2,5/21648206/603PL6-C3/21648226/603.5PL6-C3,5/21648216/604PL6-C4/22865636/605PL6-C5/21648236/606PL6-C6/22865646/608PL6-C8/21648246/6010PL6-C10/22865656/6012PL6-C12/21648186/6013PL6-C13/22865666/6015PL6-C15/21648196/6016PL6-C16/22865676/6020PL6-C20/22865686/6025PL6-C25/22865696/6032PL6-C32/22865706/6040PL6-C40/22865716/6050PL6-C50/22865726/6063PL6-C63/22865736/602-poleSG622110.16PL6-C0.16/31648764/400.25PL6-C0,25/31648774/400.5PL6-C0,5/31648784/400.75PL6-C0,75/31648794/401PL6-C1/31648824/401.5PL6-C1,5/31648804/401.6PL6-C1,6/31648814/402PL6-C2/32865964/402.5PL6-C2,5/31648854/403PL6-C3/31648874/403.5PL6-C3,5/31648864/404PL6-C4/32865974/405PL6-C5/31648884/406PL6-C6/32865984/408PL6-C8/31648894/4010PL6-C10/32865994/4012PL6-C12/31648834/4013PL6-C13/32866004/4015PL6-C15/31648844/4016PL6-C16/32866014/4020PL6-C20/32866024/4025PL6-C25/32866034/4032PL6-C32/32866044/4040PL6-C40/32866054/4050PL6-C50/32866064/4063PL6-C63/32866074/403-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG647110.16PL6-C0.16/3N1650133/300.25PL6-C0,25/3N1650143/300.5PL6-C0,5/3N1650153/300.75PL6-C0,75/3N1650163/301PL6-C1/3N1650193/301.5PL6-C1,5/3N1650173/301.6PL6-C1,6/3N1650183/302PL6-C2/3N1069053/302.5PL6-C2,5/3N1650223/303PL6-C3/3N1650243/303.5PL6-C3,5/3N1650233/304PL6-C4/3N1069063/305PL6-C5/3N1650253/306PL6-C6/3N1069073/308PL6-C8/3N1650263/3010PL6-C10/3N1069083/3012PL6-C12/3N1650203/3013PL6-C13/3N1069093/3015PL6-C15/3N1650213/3016PL6-C16/3N1069103/3020PL6-C20/3N1069113/3025PL6-C25/3N1069123/3032PL6-C32/3N1069133/3040PL6-C40/3N1069143/3050PL6-C50/3N1069153/3063PL6-C63/3N1069163/303+N-poleSG266120.16PL6-C0.16/41665083/300.25PL6-C0,25/41665093/300.5PL6-C0,5/41665103/300.75PL6-C0,75/41665113/301PL6-C1/41665143/301.5PL6-C1,5/41665123/301.6PL6-C1,6/41665133/302PL6-C2/41665213/302.5PL6-C2,5/41665203/303PL6-C3/41665253/303.5PL6-C3,5/41665243/304PL6-C4/41665273/305PL6-C5/41665293/306PL6-C6/41665313/308PL6-C8/41665333/3010PL6-C10/41665153/3012PL6-C12/41665163/3013PL6-C13/41665173/3015PL6-C15/41665183/3016PL6-C16/41665193/3020PL6-C20/41665223/3025PL6-C25/41665233/3032PL6-C32/41665263/3040PL6-C40/41665283/3050PL6-C50/41665303/3063PL6-C63/41665323/304-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage6 kA, Characteristic DSG454110.5PL6-D0,5/116476012/1201PL6-D1/116476512/1201.5PL6-D1,5/116476112/1201.6PL6-D1,6/116476212/1202PL6-D2/128654012/1202.5PL6-D2,5/116476612/1203PL6-D3/116476812/1203.5PL6-D3,5/116476712/1204PL6-D4/128654112/1205PL6-D5/116476912/1206PL6-D6/128654212/1208PL6-D8/116477012/12010PL6-D10/128654312/12012PL6-D12/116476312/12013PL6-D13/128654412/12015PL6-D15/116476412/12016PL6-D16/128654512/12020PL6-D20/128654612/12025PL6-D25/128654712/12032PL6-D32/128654812/12040PL6-D40/128654912/1201-poleSG514110.5PL6-D0,5/1N1649338/801PL6-D1/1N1649368/801.5PL6-D1,5/1N1649348/801.6PL6-D1,6/1N1649358/802PL6-D2/1N1649438/802.5PL6-D2,5/1N1649428/803PL6-D3/1N1649478/803.5PL6-D3,5/1N1649468/804PL6-D4/1N1649488/805PL6-D5/1N1649498/806PL6-D6/1N1649508/808PL6-D8/1N1649518/8010PL6-D10/1N1649378/8012PL6-D12/1N1649388/8013PL6-D13/1N1649398/8015PL6-D15/1N1649408/8016PL6-D16/1N1649418/8020PL6-D20/1N1649448/8025PL6-D25/1N1649458/801+N-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG515110.5PL6-D0,5/21648256/601PL6-D1/21648286/601.5PL6-D1,5/21648266/601.6PL6-D1,6/21648276/602PL6-D2/22865746/602.5PL6-D2,5/21648316/603PL6-D3/21648336/603.5PL6-D3,5/21648326/604PL6-D4/22865756/605PL6-D5/21648346/606PL6-D6/22865766/608PL6-D8/21648356/6010PL6-D10/22865776/6012PL6-D12/21648296/6013PL6-D13/22865786/6015PL6-D15/21648306/6016PL6-D16/22865796/6020PL6-D20/22865806/6025PL6-D25/22865816/6032PL6-D32/22865826/6040PL6-D40/22865836/602-poleSG622110.5PL6-D0,5/31648904/401PL6-D1/31648934/401.5PL6-D1,5/31648914/401.6PL6-D1,6/31648924/402PL6-D2/32866084/402.5PL6-D2,5/31648964/403PL6-D3/31648984/403.5PL6-D3,5/31648974/404PL6-D4/32866094/405PL6-D5/31648994/406PL6-D6/32866104/408PL6-D8/31649004/4010PL6-D10/32866114/4012PL6-D12/31648944/4013PL6-D13/32866124/4015PL6-D15/31648954/4016PL6-D16/32866134/4020PL6-D20/32866144/4025PL6-D25/32866154/4032PL6-D32/32866164/4040PL6-D40/32866174/403-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG647110.5PL6-D0,5/3N1650273/301PL6-D1/3N1650303/301.5PL6-D1,5/3N1650283/301.6PL6-D1,6/3N1650293/302PL6-D2/3N1650373/302.5PL6-D2,5/3N1650363/303PL6-D3/3N1650413/303.5PL6-D3,5/3N1650403/304PL6-D4/3N1650433/305PL6-D5/3N1650453/306PL6-D6/3N1650463/308PL6-D8/3N1650473/3010PL6-D10/3N1650313/3012PL6-D12/3N1650323/3013PL6-D13/3N1650333/3015PL6-D15/3N1650343/3016PL6-D16/3N1650353/3020PL6-D20/3N1650383/3025PL6-D25/3N1650393/3032PL6-D32/3N1650423/3040PL6-D40/3N1650443/303+N-poleSG266120.5PL6-D0,5/41665343/301PL6-D1/41665373/301.5PL6-D1,5/41665353/301.6PL6-D1,6/41665363/302PL6-D2/41665443/302.5PL6-D2,5/41665433/303PL6-D3/41665483/303.5PL6-D3,5/41665473/304PL6-D4/41665503/305PL6-D5/41665523/306PL6-D6/41665533/308PL6-D8/41665543/3010PL6-D10/41665383/3012PL6-D12/41665393/3013PL6-D13/41665403/3015PL6-D15/41665413/3016PL6-D16/41665423/3020PL6-D20/41665453/3025PL6-D25/41665463/3032PL6-D32/41665493/3040PL6-D40/41665513/304-poleSpecifi cations | Miniature Circuit Breakers PL6Description• High selectivity between MCB and back-up fuse due to low let-throughenergy• Compatible with standard busbar• T win-purpose terminal (lift/open-mouthed) above and below• B usbar positioning optionally above or below• M eets the requirements of insulation co-ordination, distance between con-tacts ≥ 4 mm, for secure isolation• S uitable for applications up to 48 V DCAccessories:Auxiliary switch for subsequent installation ZP-IHK286052ZP-WHK286053 Tripping signal switch for subsequent installation ZP-NHK248437 Remote control and automatic switching device Z-FW/LP248296Shunt trip release ZP-ASA/..248438, 248439 Undervoltage release Z-USA/..248288-248291 Compact enclosure KLV-TC-2276240KLV-TC-4276241 Additional terminal 35 mm2Z-HA-EK/35263960 Switching interlock Z-IS/SPE-1TE274418Technical DataPL6ElectricalIEC/EN 60898-1Design according toCurrent test marks as printed onto the deviceRated voltage U n AC: 230/400 VDC: 48 V (per pole, max. 2 poles)Rated frequency50/60 HzRated breaking capacity according to IEC/EN 60898-1I cn 6 kACharacteristic B, C, DBack-up fuse max. 100 A gLSelectivity class3Rated impulse withstand voltage U imp 4 kV (1.2/50 μs)Enduranceelectrical components≥ 10,000 switching operationsmechanical components≥ 20,000 switching operationsLine voltage connection at will (above/below)Minimal voltage12 V AC/DCMechanicalFrame size45 mmDevice height80 mmDevice width17.5 mm per pole (1MU)Mounting quick fastening with 3 lock-in positions on DIN rail IEC/EN 60715 Degree of protection IP20Upper and lower terminals open mouthed/lift terminalsTerminal protection fi nger and hand touch safe, DGUV VS3, EN 50274Terminal capacity1-25 mm2Terminal torque2-2.4 NmBusbar thickness 0.8 - 2 mmMounting independent of positionConnection diagramsDimensions (mm)Tripping Characteristics (IEC/EN 60898-1)Quick-acting (B), slow (C), very slow (D)Tripping characteristic BTripping characteristic CTripping characteristic DTRIPPING CURRENTTRIPPING CURRENTTRIPPING CURRENT1-pole1+N-pole2-pole3-pole3+N-pole4-pole1P2P3P+N4P1P+N3PEffect of the Ambient Temperature on Thermal Tripping Behaviour Effect of Power FrequencyEffect of power frequency on the tripping behaviour I MA of the quick releaseLoad Capacity of Series Connected Miniature Circuit BreakersPower frequency f [Hz]162/35060100200300400I MA (f)/I MA (50 Hz) [%]91100101106115134141Adjusted rated current values according to the ambient temperatureNumber of devices (n) 1-poleLet-through Energy PL6Let-through Energy PL6, Characteristic B, 1-pole Let-through Energy PL6, Characteristic C, 1-poleLet-through Energy PL6, Characteristic D, 1-poleProspective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Prospective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Prospective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Short Circuit Selectivity PL6 towards DII-DIV fuse linkIn case of short circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL6 and the upstream fuses up to the specifi ed values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link DII-DIV *)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link DII-DIV *)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link DII-DIV *)1) Selectivity limit current I s under 0.5 kA 2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL6DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.6 1.0 3.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.60.8 1.8 3.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801001)<0.51)0.6 1.0 2.8 5.8 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)Short Circuit Selectivity PL6 towards D01-D03 fuse linkIn case of short circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL6 and the upstream fuses up to the specifi ed values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link D01-D03*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link D01-D03*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link D01-D03*)1) Selectivity limit current I s under 0.5 kA 2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL6D01-D03 gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.6 1.0 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)2)PL6D01-D03 gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.50.7 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)1)2)2)2)PL6D01-D03 gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801001)<0.51)0.60.8 2.2 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)Short Circuit Selectivity PL6 towards NH-00 fuse linkIn case of short circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL6 and the upstream fuses up to the specifi ed values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link NH-00*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link NH-00*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link NH-00*)1) Selectivity limit current I s under 0.5 kA 2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL6NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)0.5 1.0 2.5 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.3 2.3 4.3 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)5<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 3.6 4.8 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)6<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.1 1.5 2.0 3.3 4.3 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)0.6 1.0 2.5 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.0 1.5 2.1 3.6 5.0 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)5<0.51)<0.51)0.60.8 1.2 1.7 2.8 3.8 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)6<0.51)<0.51)0.50.8 1.2 1.5 2.5 3.3 5.7 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.3 2.1 3.1 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)<0.51)0.71.0 1.62.23.8 5.2 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)。

Providence Bass Boot Comp BTC-1 说明书

Providence Bass Boot Comp BTC-1 说明书

BASS BOOT COMP BTC-1OWNER’S MANUALThank you for choosing Providence. In order to take full advantage of the product’s features and performance, please read this manual thoroughly and keep it in a safe place for future reference.■BASS BOOT COMP Features ●The Bass Boot Comp delivers super-smooth compression that can take your bass sound to new heights. Attack time and sustain controls allow the Bass Boot Comp to produce smoothly lingering long tones as well as percussive limiter type effects.●A threshold control optimizes compression response for the bass guitar’s pickups as well as picking strength. The attack time and sustain controls can then be used to produce effects ranging from fat, high-density limiting to fast compression that lets note attack come through for a more percussive feel. A red gain reduc-tion LED provides a visual indication of how much compression is being applied.●A mix control adjusts the ratio of direct to compressed sound, enabling a wide range of sonic variationsthat are not possible with simpler compression pedals: emphasize touch nuances while maintaining a solidtonal core, allow the natural tonal character of the instrument to come through in a smoothly compressedsignal, and much more.■Controls & Functions ①LEVEL :Adjusts the output level when the effect is ON.②SUSTAIN :Adjusts sustain time. Rotate counterclockwise for shorter sustain and a more limiter-like effectthat will only compress high-level input peaks. Rotate clockwise for longer sustain.③ATTACK :Adjusts the attack time (the amount of time it takes to reach maximum compression after aninput signal is detected). Rotate counterclockwise for shorter attack time and a more limiter-like effect thatwill only compress high-level input peaks. Rotate clockwise for longer attack times that will allow more of theinstrument’s natural attack to come through. Attack time can be adjusted from 0.1 to 10 milliseconds.④MIX :Adjusts the mix between the direct and compressed sound. When rotated fully counterclockwiseonly the direct sound is output, and when rotated fully clockwise only the effect (compressed) sound is out-put.⑤THRESHOLD :Adjusts the threshold level (the input signal level at which compression begins). Rotatecounterclockwise to raise the threshold level and reduce the overall amount of compression, or rotate clock-wise to lower the threshold level and increase overall compression. ⑥Gain Reduction LED :Indicates the approximate amount of compression being applied. The LED lightsdimly when a small amount of compression is being applied, with increasing brightness as more compres-sion is applied. This LED may light when power to the pedal is initially turned ON even when no input signalis present. This is normal behavior.⑦LED Indicator :Lights when the effect is ON. The LED will start to dim when the battery voltage dropsbelow approximately 7 volts. The effect will still function when the LED begins to dim, but performance maynot be optimum and the battery should be replaced as soon as possible.⑧IN :The output from a bass guitar, electronic musical instrument, or preceding effect pedal should beconnected here.⑨OUT :This jack should be connected to the input of an amplifier or effect unit. ⑩Footswitch :Turns the effect ON or OFF. ⑪DC9V INPUT :The DC output cable of an optional AC adaptor can be plugged in here.■Main Specification ●Controls: LEVEL, ATTACK, SUSTAIN, MIX, THRESHOLD ●Connectors: 1/4-inch phone jack x 2 (INPUT and OUTPUT), DC 9V input jack (AC adaptor jack)●Power Supply: 9V battery or AC adaptor (not included)●Power Consumption: DC9V, 25mA approx.●Dimensions: 115(D) x 73(W) x 50(H) mm ●Weight: 230 g approx. (Not including battery)■Battery ReplacementTo replace the battery, remove the bottom panel by unscrewing the four screws that hold it in place. Usea 9-volt 006P type battery. Be careful not to apply excessive force to the wiring when changing the bat-tery to avoid broken connections and other damage.■Precautions• Inserting or removing a plug from the input jack while the unit's output is connected to anamplifier/speakers can cause noise that can damage the speakers.• If the unit malfunctions or behaves abnormally, cease operation immediately and refer the problem tothe supplier.• If the unit will not be used for an extended period of time, remove the battery to prevent damage due tochemical leakage from the battery.• Use only an AC adaptor with internal voltage regulation.• When the battery voltage drops too low for proper operation the effect sound may become weak, theoutput level may drop, or no output will be produced at all. Be sure to replace the battery as soon as pos-sible if such symptoms occur.■TroubleshootingIf the indicator LED does not light: Replace the battery with a new one orconnect an appropriate AC adaptor.* Specifications and appearance are subject to change without notice.PPD1515-01Rev1.0。

creep词源

creep词源

creep词源词源解析:Creep1.单词的来历“creep”可是个土生土长的英语词汇呢,就像一个本土生长的小生物,带着英语最原汁原味的特色。

它从古老的英语中一路走来,没有借助其他语言的力量,就靠着自身的魅力在英语词汇的大森林里扎下了根。

2.拆解单词“creep”这个词比较单纯,没有明显的词根、前缀或后缀这种复杂的组合。

它就像一个独来独往的小怪兽,独自表达着自己的意思。

3.单词的演变史在古老的时候,“creep”主要表示缓慢地、悄悄地移动,就像一只小老鼠小心翼翼地沿着墙角爬行。

随着时间的推移,它的含义逐渐丰富起来。

在现代英语中,它除了表示这种身体上的缓慢移动,还可以表示一种令人不舒服的、慢慢渗入的感觉,比如“a feeling of creepiness(一种毛骨悚然的感觉)”,就像是这个词从单纯描述动作的小喽啰变成了能触动人们情绪的小魔法师。

4.有趣的背后故事有个很有趣的现象,“creep”这个词常常和一些恐怖的场景联系在一起。

想象一下,在一个阴森的古堡里,黑暗中似乎有什么东西在“creep”,那种感觉是不是让人寒毛直立呢?这也使得这个词在恐怖电影或者鬼故事里经常被用到,就像是恐怖元素的小标签,一出现就给场景增添了几分惊悚的气氛。

5.今天我们怎么用它在现代英语中,我们可以说“The cat creeps towards the mouse (猫悄悄地向老鼠爬去)”,这里还是保留了最初缓慢移动的意思。

但当我们说“I get a creep when I walk through that dark alley(当我走过那个黑暗的小巷时,我感到毛骨悚然)”,就用到了它新的、表示令人不安的含义。

这个词在现代英语里像是有了双重身份,既能描述实际的动作,又能触动人们内心的恐惧情绪。

NETGEAR Orbi 路由器设置指南说明书

NETGEAR Orbi 路由器设置指南说明书

Los geht‘s!Installieren Sie die Orbi App auf Ihrem Mobiltelefon oder Tablet und befolgen Sie die Einrichtungsanleitung. Alternativ können Sie besuchen, während Sie mit IhremOrbi Router verbunden sind, um die Einrichtung ohne App vorzunehmen.Tippen Sie in Ihrer Orbi App auf das Sicherheitssymbol , um zu überprüfen, ob NETGEAR Armor™ aktiviert ist.Cybersicherheit von Armorinbegriffen. Armor blockiert Online-Bedrohungen wie Hackerangriffe und Phishing-Versuche auf Ihren Geräten.Finden Sie heraus, welche Funktionen Ihnen mit der Orbi App zur Verfügung stehen! Führen Sie einen Geschwindigkeitstest durch, unterbrechen Sie den Internetzugriff, sehen Sie alle eingebundenenGeräte und mehr.Laden Sie die Orbi App zur Einrichtung Ihres Orbi Routers herunterSichern Sie Ihre Geräte mit NETGEAR Armor2Nutzen Sie die App3Inhalt1Sync-Taste5LAN/WAN-Anschluss2SMA-LTE-Antennenanschluss . Antenne optional und nicht im Lieferumfang enthalten6Netzanschluss3Nano-SIM-Steckplatz 7Power-LED 4Netzwerkanschlüsse8Reset-TasteOrbi Router (Modell NBR750)NetzwerkkabelNetzteil (je nach Regionunterschiedlich)Support und CommunityUnter /support finden Sie Antworten auf Ihre Fragen und die neuesten Downloads. Hilfreiche Tipps finden Sie auch in unserer NETGEAR Community unter .Informationen zur Einhaltung der rechtlichen Vorschriften, einschließlich der EU-Konformitätserklärung, finden Sie unter: https:///about/regulatory/.Lesen Sie das Dokument zur Einhaltungrechtlicher Vorschriften, bevor Sie das Gerät an die Stromversorgung anschließen.NETGEAR, Inc.350 East Plumeria Drive San Jose, CA 95134, USA© NETGEAR, Inc., NETGEAR und das NETGEAR Logo sind Marken von NETGEAR, Inc. Jegliche nicht zu NETGEAR gehörende Marken werden nur zu Referenzzwecken verwendet.NETGEAR INTERNATIONAL LTD Floor 1, Building 3University Technology Centre Curraheen Road, Cork, T12EF21, IrelandNovember 2021RechtsvorschriftenFehlerbehebungWenn Sie Probleme mit der Einrichtung haben, versuchen Sie Folgendes:• Starten Sie Ihren Orbi Router neu und versuchen Sie erneut, die Installation mit derOrbi App durchzuführen.• Starten Sie den Setup-Assistenten über die Webbenutzeroberfläche. BesuchenSie , während Sie mit Ihrem Orbi Router verbunden sind, um auf die Webbenutzeroberfläche zuzugreifen.• Deinstallieren Sie die Orbi App, installieren Sie sie erneut, und versuchen Sie es nocheinmal.Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter /orbihelp .Typ C Steckeradapter (für die meisten europäischen Länder)Typ G Steckeradapter(fürGroßbritannien)。

TrackingMaster集成文档说明书

manufacturer integration tool functionality link noticefurther media controls manual integration TrackingMaster REST API all functions usable https://docu.trackingmaster.io/Data format: JSON other components for integration manual integration TrackingMaster REST API all functions usable https://docu.trackingmaster.io/Data format: JSONExtron Extron global configurator Extron GC modul by TrackingMaster on, off, status https:///download/driverfilter.aspx choose extron product, then select producer VST, donwload specific modulExtron global scripter Extron GS modul by TrackingMaster on, off, status, positions,preset zone status download link modul from TrackingMaster websitedownload extron global scripter modulfrom TrackingMaster websitemanual integration TrackingMaster REST API all functions usable https://docu.trackingmaster.io/Data format: JSONCrestron simple windows module Crestron modul by TrackingMaster on, off, status, positions,preset zone status download link modul from TrackingMaster websitedownload Crestron modulfrom TrackingMaster websitemanual integration TrackingMaster REST API all functions usable https://docu.trackingmaster.io/Data format: JSON AMX manual integration TrackingMaster REST API all functions usable https://docu.trackingmaster.io/Data format: JSON QSC modul modul from QSC asset manager comming soon manual integration TrackingMaster REST API all functions usable https://docu.trackingmaster.io/comming soonperiphery and integration compatibility with TrackingMaster。

Emerald Guitars Dual Channel Pro ST Owner’s Manual

OWNER’S MANUALCONTROL GUIDE, CABLING & SETUP CONFIGURATIONSCONTROL GUIDEVolume Control - Graphtech Ghost PiezoVolume Control - Fishman Fluence Humbuckers+ Push/Pull - Vintage or Modern HumbuckersVolume Control - Midi/SynthTone Control - Fishman Fluence Humbuckers+ Push/Pull Coil Splitting - Fishman Fluence Humbuckers3 Way Piezo/Mix/Humbucker Selector Switch3 Way Humbucker Selector SwitchCABLING - STEREO GUITAR CABLEIn order to send the signal of the Humbucker and Piezo pickups to individual sources (i.e Electric Amp and Acoustic Amp/PA), you will need a “Stereo Guitar Cable”.• The simpliest solution is to use a “Stereo to x2 Mono Cable”, with Stereo 1/4 inch Jack one end, splitting to 2 Mono 1/4 inch Jacks.•Alternatively, we recommend the “K&K Dual Channel Pro ST”. This 2 channel preamp allows for a Stereo to Stereo 1/4 inch input and two standard mono guitar cable outputs. Using this preamp will protect from any signal loss and allow added volume control.PLEASE NOTE: We have used this option to STEREO TO X2 MONO CABLE K&K DUAL CHANNEL PRO STCONFIGURATIONS: SETUP A • Stereo Guitar Cable + 13 Pin Hexpander Output• Route Fishman Humbuckers to a Guitar Amp• Route Graphtech Piezo to DI or Acoustic Amp or PA• Ruute 13 Pin cable to Guitar Synth Unit (Boss SY1000 or Roland GR55) - Synth Unit to DI/Acoustic Amp/PACONFIGURATIONS: SETUP B • Mono Guitar Cable + 13 Pin Hexpander• Route Mono cable to Guitar Amp OR DI/PA• Route 13 Pin cable to Guitar Synth Unit (Boss SY1000 or Roland GR55) - Synth Unit to DI/Acoustic Amp/PA• No Synth in useCONFIGURATIONS: SETUP E • 13 Pin Hexpander Only• Route 13 Pin Cable to GR55 Guitar Synth• Guitar out of GR55 to Guitar Amp sends Piezo and Humbucker signals individually from Synth signal • Synth output sends synth only to DI/Acoustic Amp/PA。

2019山东卷英语读后续写范文

2019山东卷英语读后续写范文全文共10篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: My Adventure in the Magic KingdomHey guys! Today I want to tell you about my super cool adventure in the Magic Kingdom! So, it all started when I found a mysterious map in my grandma's attic. The map had magical symbols and glittery writings on it. I knew I had to follow it!I followed the map through the forest, over the mountains, and across the river. Finally, I reached a hidden cave covered in vines. I bravely entered the cave and discovered a secret tunnel that led me to the Magic Kingdom!The kingdom was full of amazing creatures like talking animals, flying unicorns, and friendly dragons. I made friends with a unicorn named Sparkle and together, we went on a quest to find the lost treasure of the kingdom. We faced many challenges and obstacles, but we worked together and never gave up.After many adventures, we finally found the treasure hidden in a magical enchanted garden. The treasure was a beautiful crystal that glowed with all the colors of the rainbow. It was the most amazing thing I had ever seen!I returned home with the treasure and the memories of my incredible journey in the Magic Kingdom. It was a day I would never forget and I couldn't wait for my next magical adventure. The end.Wow, wasn't that a super awesome story? I wish I could go on a real adventure like that one day. Have you ever gone on a magical adventure? Let me know in the comments! See you next time! Bye!篇2Title: My Adventure in the Enchanted ForestHey there guys! Today I want to tell you all about this super cool adventure I had in the enchanted forest. It all started on a sunny Saturday morning when my best friend Lily and I decided to explore the mysterious forest near our neighborhood.As soon as we entered the forest, the air felt different and we could hear the chirping of birds and the rustling of leaves. Wewalked deeper into the forest, following a narrow path until we stumbled upon a clearing with a shimmering pond in the center. The water was so clear that we could see fish swimming in it!Just as we were marveling at the beauty of the pond, we heard a soft voice calling out to us. We turned around and saw a magical creature standing there – it had the body of a deer and the wings of a butterfly! It introduced itself as Sparkle and told us that it was the guardian of the enchanted forest.Sparkle took us on a tour of the forest, showing us all the hidden wonders and secret places that only magical creatures knew about. We saw trees that lit up with fairy lights at night, flowers that sang when you touched them, and even a treehouse where a family of fairies lived!After a whole day of exploring, Sparkle led us back to the clearing with the pond. Before we left, Sparkle gave us each a magical charm to remember our adventure by. As we walked back home, we couldn't stop talking about everything we had seen and experienced.That day in the enchanted forest was truly the most magical adventure of my life. I can't wait to go back and explore even more with Sparkle and Lily by my side. Who knows what otherwonders we'll discover next time? Until then, keep believing in magic, my friends!篇3Oh my gosh! I just finished reading the passage in the 2019 Shandong English exam and it was super exciting! It was about a girl named Lily who found a magical key that could open any door. How cool is that?So, after finding the key, Lily went on all sorts of adventures. She went to a candy land where everything was made of sweets, she visited a magical forest where animals could talk, and she even went to a space station where she got to see the stars up close. I wish I had a key like that!But, as I was reading, I started thinking about what I would do if I had a magical key. I think I would use it to travel to different countries and learn about their cultures. I would visit famous landmarks like the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Great Wall of China, and the pyramids in Egypt. It would be so much fun!In the end, Lily realized that the real magic was not in the key, but in the adventures she had and the memories she made along the way. And I totally agree! It's not about having a magical key,it's about the experiences and the people you meet. I hope one day I can have my own amazing adventures just like Lily.Reading this passage made me feel so inspired and excited about the possibilities that are out there. Who knows, maybe one day I'll find my own magical key and go on my own incredible journey. I can't wait to see what the future holds!So, if you ever come across a mysterious key, don't be afraid to see where it takes you. You never know what amazing things you might discover. Just remember to enjoy the journey and cherish every moment. Happy adventuring!篇4OH MY GOODNESS! Let me tell you about this crazy adventure I had after reading the passage in the 2019 Shandong English exam! It was soooo exciting!So, in the passage, it talked about a group of students who went hiking in the mountains and got lost. Can you believe it? I mean, who gets lost in the mountains? Anyways, they met this old man who helped them find their way back. How cool is that?Now, here comes the fun part. So, after reading this passage, I was like, "I want to go hiking too!" So, I begged my parents to take me to the mountains. And guess what? They said yes! Yay!We packed our bags with snacks, water, and a map (just in case we get lost, haha). We started hiking and it was so much fun! We saw birds, flowers, and even a deer! It was like we were in a nature documentary or something.But then, oh no, we took a wrong turn. We were lost! Just like in the passage! I was like, "Oh boy, where's our old man to help us now?" But then I remembered we had a map! So, we looked at it, figured out where we were, and found our way back.Phew, what an adventure! I'm so glad we didn't have to call for help like in the passage. But hey, at least now I have my own hiking story to tell. Hiking is the best!篇5Once upon a time, there was a little girl named Lily. She loved to read books, especially adventure stories. One day, she found a mysterious book in the library called "The Secret of the Lost Castle". Curious and excited, she started reading it right away.The book was about a brave princess named Isabella who went on a quest to find the lost castle of her ancestors. Along the way, she faced many challenges and obstacles, but she never gave up. Lily was inspired by Isabella's courage and determination.As Lily read on, she became more and more immersed in the story. She felt like she was right there with Isabella, fighting dragons and solving puzzles. Suddenly, she heard a faint whisper coming from the book. It was Isabella asking for her help.Without hesitation, Lily closed the book and jumped into the pages. She found herself in a magical forest, surrounded by talking animals and fairies. Isabella appeared before her, thanking her for coming to her aid.Together, Lily and Isabella embarked on a thrilling adventure to find the lost castle. They climbed mountains, crossed rivers, and outsmarted the evil sorcerer who tried to stop them. In the end, they reached the castle and unlocked its secrets, bringing peace and prosperity to the kingdom.As Lily closed the book and returned to the library, she knew that she had experienced something truly amazing. The magic of storytelling had brought her on an unforgettable journey, and she couldn't wait to share her adventure with her friends.From that day on, Lily cherished every book she read, knowing that each one held the potential for a new and exciting adventure. And whenever she felt bored or lonely, she would simply open a book and let the words carry her away to far-off lands and incredible possibilities. The end.篇6Oh my goodness! I can't believe I have to write such a long essay, but here it goes!So, the story I read for the 2019 Shandong English exam was about a little girl named Lily who found a magical key that could open any door. She went on all sorts of adventures and even helped a princess in a faraway kingdom.After reading the story, I started thinking about what I would do if I had a magical key like Lily. I would probably use it to explore all the hidden places in my school, like the old library or the secret tunnel that no one knows about. I would also use it to visit my favorite cartoon world and meet all the characters in person.But then I thought, maybe having a magical key isn't all fun and games. What if someone evil got their hands on it and usedit for bad things? That's when I realized that having a magical key comes with a big responsibility, just like Spiderman always says.In the end, I decided that even though having a magical key would be super cool, I would rather stick to my normal life and just enjoy reading about Lily's adventures. Who knows, maybe one day I'll have my own magical key and go on my own amazing journey!And that's my story about the magical key. I hope you liked it!篇7Title: My Summer AdventureHey guys, I'm excited to tell you about my summer adventure. It all started when my family and I went on a road trip to visit my grandparents in the countryside. We drove for hours, singing songs and playing games in the car.When we finally arrived, I was thrilled to see my grandparents. They live in a big house with a huge garden that's perfect for playing hide and seek. We spent the afternoons picking fruits and vegetables from the garden, and my grandma even taught me how to bake a delicious apple pie.One day, my grandpa took me fishing at the nearby lake. It was my first time fishing, and I was so excited to catch my first fish. We sat by the lake for hours, chatting and enjoying the peaceful nature around us. I felt so relaxed and happy.As the sun began to set, we made our way back to the house. We roasted marshmallows over a bonfire and told stories under the starry sky. It was a magical moment that I will never forget.After a week of fun and adventures, it was time to say goodbye. I hugged my grandparents tightly, promising to visit them again soon. As we drove back home, I couldn't help but smile as I thought about all the wonderful memories I had made during my summer adventure.I can't wait for next year's summer vacation, and I'm already dreaming of all the new adventures that await me. Summer truly is the best time of the year!篇8Title: My Adventure in the Enchanted ForestOnce upon a time, I went on a magical adventure in the Enchanted Forest. It all started when I found a secret entrance hidden behind a big old oak tree in my backyard. I hesitated atfirst, but my curiosity got the best of me and I decided to go inside.As soon as I stepped into the forest, I was greeted by a chorus of chirping birds and rustling leaves. The air was filled with the sweet scent of wildflowers and I felt like I had entered a whole new world.I walked deeper into the forest, following the winding path that led me through the dense trees. Suddenly, I heard a soft voice calling my name. I turned around and saw a group of friendly woodland creatures gathered around a cozy campfire. They welcomed me with open arms and invited me to join them for a feast.We ate delicious berries and honey from the forest, and I listened to their stories about the magic of the Enchanted Forest. They told me about the mystical creatures that lived there and the secrets that it held.After the feast, they led me to a clearing where a sparkling waterfall stood. They told me that the waterfall possessed special powers and asked me to make a wish. I closed my eyes and wished for peace and happiness for everyone in the world.As I opened my eyes, I felt a warm glow surround me and knew that my wish had been granted. The woodland creatures smiled and bid me farewell, promising to always be my friends.I left the Enchanted Forest feeling grateful for the magical adventure I had experienced. It was a day I would never forget, and I knew that I would always cherish the memories of my time in the Enchanted Forest.篇9Title: My Adventure in the Enchanted ForestOnce upon a time, I went on an exciting adventure in the enchanted forest. It all started when I was reading a book about magical creatures and fairy tales. Suddenly, a gust of wind blew through my window and a small fairy appeared right before my eyes.She told me about a secret portal hidden deep in the forest that led to a magical world filled with wonders and surprises. Without hesitation, I grabbed my backpack and followed the fairy into the forest.As we walked deeper into the forest, we encountered all sorts of creatures like talking animals, friendly elves, and even aunicorn. The colors of the flowers were so vibrant and the trees were so tall that I felt like I was in a dream.Suddenly, we heard a loud roar coming from a cave nearby. It was a dragon, and it looked angry. The fairy told me that the dragon was guarding a precious treasure that could only be retrieved by someone pure of heart.I knew that I had to try and calm the dragon down, so I approached it slowly and offered it a shiny gem I had found on the forest floor. The dragon sniffed the gem and suddenly, its eyes softened. It nuzzled me gently and allowed me to take the treasure.Inside the cave, I found a chest filled with golden coins and precious jewels. The fairy told me that I had passed the test and that I was now a true hero of the enchanted forest.As we made our way back to the portal, I couldn't believe all the amazing things I had seen and done. It was truly an adventure I would never forget.And so, with a heart full of gratitude and joy, I bid farewell to the enchanted forest and returned home, eager to tell everyone about my magical adventure.篇10I got a super fun English reading test last year! The story was about a girl named Lily who found a magical book that could transport her to different worlds. After reading the story, I had to come up with my own adventure for Lily. Here's what I wrote:After Lily opened the magical book, she found herself in a land full of talking animals. The animals told Lily that an evil wizard had cast a spell on their king, turning him into a mouse. They needed Lily's help to find the wizard's hidden lair and break the curse.Excited to help her new friends, Lily set off on a journey through the enchanted forest. Along the way, she met a wise owl who told her that the wizard's lair was guarded by a ferocious dragon. Lily knew she had to be brave and clever to outsmart the dragon and save the king.As she approached the lair, Lily saw the dragon sleeping soundly in front of the cave entrance. Remembering a story she had read about dragons being fond of music, Lily took out her flute and played a sweet melody. The dragon stirred, its eyes closing in contentment as Lily slipped past and into the lair.Inside, she found the wizard chanting a spell over a cage containing the king-mouse. Without hesitation, Lily grabbed a wand and shouted a counter-spell, breaking the curse andrestoring the king to his rightful form. The animals cheered and thanked Lily for her bravery.With the king back on his throne, the animals held a grand feast in Lily's honor. As she flipped through the magical book to return home, she knew that she would always be ready for the next adventure that awaited her in its pages.It was so much fun to write my own ending to Lily's story! I can't wait to see what other adventures she'll go on next in the magical book.。

EchoTouch Controller ETC 说明书

Control SeriesE C H O I NF O R M A T I O N Echo Power RequirementsEchoConnect:One unit of output power Auxiliary Power:400mANotes:1) Auxiliary power is not required when using PoE2) An EchoConnect power supply is required when connecting to an Echo Control SystemEcho PresetsSupports 64 Echo PresetsG E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O NEchoTouch offers compact, stylish, and intuitive touchscreen control of lighting in architectural and small entertainment spaces. Combining three powerful capabilities into one elegant device, EchoTouch provides standalone or integrated Unison Echo® control. The 7” touchscreen interfaces provides status and control of all connected Echo products, as well as direct control for DMX/RDM, sACN and ArtNet devices.EchoTouch shines in all environments, whether in a commercial building with users who need to choose between preset looks, or in an event space to create and recall looks.PoE 802.3afO R D E R I N G I N F O R M A T I O N ProductMODEL DESCRIPTION ETS-_EchoTouch ControllerEnter station color code in __ space provided: 1 = Cream (RAL 9001)3 = Gray (RAL 7001)4 = Black (RAL 9004)5 = Signal White (RAL 9003)FEATURES• Supports 40 control zones• Support for playback of 64 presets and 4 sequences • S upport for DMX, RDM, sACN, ArtNet and EchoConnect protocols• User customized interface • Multilevel security access • PoE or 24V powered• Mounts to a standard 3-gang back box • E choConnect: two-wire topology-free system gives you the freedom to easily place stations wherever they are neededAPPLICATIONS• Small entertainment spaces • Hospitality• Healthcare facilities• Conference and meeting rooms • Lobby spaces • Retail•Houses of worship24VDCAccessories:MODEL DESCRIPTIONETS-SBB EchoTouch Surface-Mount Back Box ETS-RMEchoTouch Rack-Mount KitS P E C I F I C A T I O N SF UNCTIONAL• Supports 40 control zones-The first 16 can be used to control EchoConnect devices• Supports playback of 64 Presets and 4 internal Sequences with one active at any time• User customized touchscreen interface with support for layout and naming of:-Seven User pages-Zone faders (up to 11 per page)-Preset, Sequence and Off buttons (up to 30 per page)-Six user definable utility buttons• Color and White Pickers with programmable color chips• Innovative touch-based parameter controls• On-board help system• Extensive, searchable fixture library with support for RDM fixture discovery• Two configurable security levels for user access and setup• Adjustable time out options including: dim, off, or user selectable inactivity imagePROTOCOLS• Support for DMX (ANSI E1.11), RDM (ANSI E1.20), sACN (ANSI E1.31), ArtNet, and EchoConnect protocols • Support for up to 512 simultaneous addresses using any combination of output protocols• EchoConnect output of up to 16 zones• Connects to EchoConnect station bus for use with all Echo control and output products MECHANICAL• 7” color multi-touch touchscreen with adjustable backlight• 800 x 480 screen resolution• C ast zinc bexel finished in fine textured powder coat paint available in four standard colors:-Cream (RAL 9001), Gray (RAL 7001), Black (RAL 9004), and White (RAL 9003)• No visible means of attachment• Flush-mount to industry standard 3-gang back box (RACO 697 or equivalent)• B ack box for surface mount applications available from ETCELECTRICAL• RJ45 connector compliant with IEEE 802.3i for 10BASE-T, and 802.3u for 100BASE-TX• Powered using 802.3af for Power over Ethernet-Optional 24VDC power input for use with non-PoE systems• Pluggable rising clamp screw terminal connector for Auxiliary Power and EchoConnect wiring• Pluggable rising clamp screw terminal or IDC connector for DMX wiring• USB port for firmware maintenance, file transfer, and show file storageECHOCONNECT• Connects via two-wire EchoConnect control network using low-voltage Class 2 wiring-Topology-free wiring over Belden 8471 or equivalent and one #14 ESD drain wire• S upports use of Belden 1583A or equivalent Ethernet control wire when used with IDC termination kit • W iring may be bus, loop, homerun, or any combination of these• Supports up to 500 meters (1,640 feet) of control wiring-Up to 1,000 feet using Cat5DMX• Connector designed for use with Belden 9729 (or equivalent)• Optional header included for use with Belden 1583A (or equivalent)• Fully optically isolated from controller electronics• Withstands fault voltages up to 250VACREGULATORY AND COMPLIANCE• UL and cUL Listed• CE Marked• RoHS compliance• WEEETHERMAL• Ambient temperature: 0-40°C / 32-104°F• Ambient humidity: 5-95% non-condensingE C H OF A M I L Y O F P R O D U C T SEchoConnect Power SuppliesMODEL DESCRIPTIONE-SPS6U Room Station Power Supply, Knockout Mount E-SPS-DIN16U DIN rail Station Power Supply with 24V Aux E-SPM16U DRd Station Power ModuleE-SPM-A16U DRd Station Power Module with 24V AuxE-SPM-RM16U Rack-Mount Station Power Module AuxE-SPM-RM-A16U Rack-Mount Station Power Module 24V Aux E-SPM-WM16U Wall-Mount Station Power ModuleE-SPM-WM-A16U Wall-Mount Station Power Module 24V Aux E-APS24V Aux Power Supply, Knockout MountEchoTouchMODEL DESCRIPTIONETS EchoTouch ControllerEcho StationsMODEL DESCRIPTIONE1001Inspire One Button StationE1002Inspire Two Button StationE1004Inspire Four Button StationE1006Inspire Six Button StationE1008Inspire Eight Button StationE1104Inspire Four Button with Fader StationEPS05Echo Preset Station - 5 ButtonEPS10Echo Preset Station - 10 ButtonEPSLO Echo Lockout StationE-ATC Echo TimeClockEcho Responsive ControlsMODEL DESCRIPTIONELS Light SensorEOCC Ceiling-Mount PIR Occupancy SensorEVAC Ceiling-Mount PIR Vacancy SensorE-DOC-C Ceiling-Mount Dual Tech Occupancy SensorE-DVAC-C Ceiling-Mount Dual Tech Vacancy SensorE-DOC-W Wall-Mount Dual Tech Occupancy SensorE-DVAC-W Wall-Mount Dual Tech Vacancy SensorE-DOC-SM1Switch-Mount Dual Tech Sensor - One ButtonE-DOC-SM2Switch-Mount Dual Tech Sensor - Two Button Echo InterfacesMODEL DESCRIPTIONEACC EchoAccess InterfaceEEB Echo Expansion BridgeEDMXC Echo DMX Scene ControllerEEI Echo-Echofl ex InterfaceECII Echo Contact Input InterfaceECOI Echo Contact Output InterfaceEDRI Echo Demand Response InterfaceEBI Echo BACnet InterfaceZone ControllersMODEL DESCRIPTIONERC-G2One Zone Relay ControllerEDRC-G2Two Zone Relay ControllerELD-G2One Zone 0-10V ControllerEDLD-G2Two Zone 0-10V ControllerESSC-G2One Zone SmartSpace ControllerEDSSC-G2Two Zone SmartSpace ControllerELVD-G2600-Watt Phase Adaptive DimmerELVD-277-G2600-Watt Phase Adaptive Dimmer- 277VRoom ControllersMODEL DESCRIPTIONERMC4-G2Four Zone Room ControllerERMCT4-G2Four Zone Room Controller with TimeClock ERMC8-G2Eight Zone Room ControllerERMCT8-G2Eight Zone Room Controller with TimeClockPanel ProductsMODEL DESCRIPTIONERP Echo Relay Panel Mains FeedERP-FT Echo Relay Panel Feed Through SensorIQ Sensor IQ Intelligent Breaker SystemSR3Sensor3 Power Control SystemDRd Unison DRd with Echo ControlEchoTouch ControllerETC4 of 7Control Series1Ø, 2 WIRE + GND 120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)PS435 24V DIN-RAIL MOUNTPOWER SUPPLYDMX OUT PLUG-IN STATIONECPB-DMX OUTDMX 2 OUTPUTDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PARLED INDOOR FIXTUREECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETSNET3 ONE-PORT OUTPUT GATEWAYARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIRE ECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETSZONE SPACE Dim Phase Dim Mode m w G R R N m G R ECHO GEN2 ELVDPHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMER SINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)ECHO INSPIRE-E1104CONTROL STATIONZone Zone Zone Zone ECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETS1Ø, 2 WIRE + GND 120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)ECHO E-SPS-DINECHO E-DVAC-CCEILING MOUNT VACANCY SENSOR NET3 ONE-PORT OUTPUT GATEWAYARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIREARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIREARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIRE~TO ADDITIONAL FIXTURES~TO ADDITIONALFIXTURES ZONESPACE Dim PhaseDim Mode m w G R R N m G R ECHO GEN2 ELVDPHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMERSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)EchoConnectEchoConnect EchoConnectEchoConnectEchoConnect 24VDC24VDC DMXSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)8-PORT SIMPLE NETWORK BOXDMX PLUG-IN STATION ECPB-DMX1Ø, 2 WIRE + GND 120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)PS435 24V DIN-RAIL MOUNTPOWER SUPPLYDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTURECOLORSOURCE 20 CONTROL CONSOLEDMX CABLEDMX OUT PLUG-IN STATIONECPB-DMX OUTDMX 2 OUTPUTDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PARLED INDOOR FIXTUREECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETSNET3 ONE-PORT OUTPUT GATEWAYARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIREECHOTOUCHCONTROLLER - ETS ZONE SPACEDim Phase Dim Mode m w G R R N m G R ECHO GEN2 ELVDPHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMER SINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)ECHO INSPIRE-E1104CONTROL STATIONZone Zone ZoneZone ECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETS1Ø, 2 WIRE + GND 120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)ECHO E-SPS-DINECHO E-DVAC-CCEILING MOUNT VACANCY SENSOR NET3 ONE-PORT OUTPUT GATEWAYARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIREARCSYSTEM PRO FOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIREARCSYSTEM PROFOUR-CELL ROUND LUMINAIRE~TO ADDITIONALFIXTURES ~TO ADDITIONALFIXTURESZONE SPACEDim Phase Dim Mode m w G R R N m G R ECHO GEN2 ELVDPHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMERSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)EchoConnectEchoConnect EchoConnectEchoConnectEchoConnect 24VDCSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)8-PORTSIMPLE NETWORK BOXSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)UNISON FOUNDRY UFD PHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMER POWERMODESETSIGNALUse RDM or see user manual To set DMX address:Hold both buttons for 5 seconds To restore defaults:Signal LEDGreen Solid = System OK Green Blinking = No DMX Red Solid = Load Error Red Blinking = Overtemp1Ø, 2 WIRE + GND 120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)PS435 24V DIN-RAIL MOUNTPOWER SUPPLYECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETSSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)UNISON FOUNDRY UFD PHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMERPOWERMODESETSIGNALUse RDM or see user manual To set DMX address:Hold both buttons for 5 seconds To restore defaults:Signal LEDGreen Solid = System OK Green Blinking = No DMX Red Solid = Load Error Red Blinking = OvertempECHOTOUCH CONTROLLER - ETS1Ø, 2 WIRE + GND 120V / 60 Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)ECHO E-SPS-DINNET3 ONE-PORT OUTPUT GATEWAYFOUR-CECPB-DMX OUTDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMECHO INSPIRE-E1008CONTROL STATION Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset ECHO INSPIRE-E1008CONTROL STATIONPreset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset EchoConnect 24VDCEchoConnectEchoConnect DMXNETWORK 24VDC DMXDMXPOWERMODESETSIGNALUse RDM or see user manual To set DMX address:Hold both buttons for 5 seconds To restore defaults:Signal LEDGreen Solid = System OK Green Blinking = No DMX Red Solid = Load Error Red Blinking = OvertempECHOTOUCHCONTROLLER - ETSDMX~DMXEchoConnectECHO INSPIRE-E1008CONTROL STATION Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset Preset UNISON FOUNDRY UFD PHASE-ADAPTIVE DIMMERPOWERMODESETSIGNALUse RDM or see user manual To set DMX address:Hold both buttons for 5 seconds To restore defaults:Signal LEDGreen Solid = System OK Green Blinking = No DMX Red Solid = Load Error Red Blinking = OvertempECHOTOUCHCONTROLLER - ETS DMX ~DMXEchoConnectTO ADDITIONA DMX DEVICESTO ADDITIONA DMX DEVICESSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60Hz.20A MAX.(BY OTHERS)8-PORT SIMPLE NETWORK BOXNETWORKECHOTOUCH STANDALONE DMX WITH UNISON FOUNDRYECHOTOUCH STANDALONE DMX WITH COLORSOURCE FIXTURES ECHOTOUCH WITH ECHO PRODUCTSEchoTouch ControllerETCControl SeriesDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PARLED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLE~TO ADDITIONAL FIXTURESDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREEchoConnect 24VDCEchoConnectEchoConnect DMXDMXDMXNETWORKSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60Hz.20A MAX.8-PORTSIMPLE NETWORK BOXNETWORKDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLEDMX CABLE COLORSOURCE PARLED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PARLED INDOOR FIXTURE~TO ADDITIONAL FIXTURES~TO ADDITIONAL FIXTURESEchoConnect EchoConnect EchoConnect EchoConnect EchoConnect24VDC24VDCDMXNETWORKNETWORK NETWORKDMX DMX DMXDMX DMXDMXDMXDMXEchoConnect 24VDCEchoConnect 24VDCSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60Hz.20A MAX.8-PORT SIMPLENETWORK BOX DMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLEDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTUREDMX CABLECOLORSOURCE PAR LED INDOOR FIXTURE~TO ADDITIONAL FIXTURES~TO ADDITIONAL FIXTURESEchoConnectEchoConnect EchoConnectEchoConnectEchoConnect 24VDC24VDC DMXNETWORK NETWORKNETWORKDMX DMXDMXDMX DMXDMXSINGLE PHASE, 2 WIRE + GND120V / 60Hz.20A MAX.8-PORT SIMPLE NETWORK BOX ECHOTOUCH STANDALONE SACN WITH GATEWAYS AND GDS FIXTURESECHOTOUCH WITH SACN, DMX AND ECHOCONNECT DEVICES ECHOTOUCH FOR DMX SNAPSHOT APPLICATIONSCorporate Headquarters 3031 Pleasant View Rd, PO Box 620979, Middleton WI 53562 0979 USA +1 608 831 4116London, UK Unit 26-28, Victoria Industrial Estate, Victoria Road, London W3 6UU, UK +44 (0) 20 8896 1000Rome, IT Via Bruno Pontecorvo 10, 00012 Guidonia Montecelio, Roma, Italy +39 06 32 111 683Holzkirchen, DE Ohmstrasse 3, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany +49 (80 24) 47 00-0Hong Kong Room 1801, 18/F, Tower 1 Phase 1, Enterprise Square, 9 Sheung Yuet Road, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong +852 2799 1220 Web Copyright©2018 ETC. All Rights Reserved. All product information and specifications subject to change. 7186L1026 Rev A 08/18。

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流变学是力学的一个新分支,它主要研究材料在应力、应变、温度湿度、辐射等条件下与时间因素有关的变形和流动的规律。

流变学出现在20世纪20年代。

学者们在研究橡胶、塑料、油漆、玻璃、混凝土,以及金属等工业材料;岩石、土、石油、矿物等地质材料;以及血液、肌肉骨骼等生物材料的性质过程中,发现使用古典弹性理论、塑性理论和牛顿流体理论已不能说明这些材料的复杂特性,于是就产生了流变学的思想。

英国物理学家麦克斯韦和开尔文很早就认识到材料的变化与时间存在紧密联系的时间效应。

麦克斯韦在1869年发现,材料可以是弹性的,又可以是粘性的。

对于粘性材料,应力不能保持恒定,而是以某一速率减小到零,其速率取决于施加的起始应力值和材料的性质。

这种现象称为应力松弛。

许多学者还发现,应力虽然不变,材料棒却可随时间继续变形,这种性能就是蠕变或流动。

经过长期探索,人们终于得知,一切材料都具有时间效应,于是出现了流变学,并在20世纪30年代后得到蓬勃发展。

1929年,美国在宾厄姆教授的倡议下,创建流变学会;1939年,荷兰皇家科学院成立了以伯格斯教授为首的流变学小组;1940年英国出现了流变学家学会。

当时,荷兰的工作处
于领先地位,1948年国际流变学会议就是在荷兰举行的。

法国、日本、瑞典、澳大利亚、奥地利、捷克斯洛伐克、意大利、比利时等国也先后成立了流变学会。

流变学的发展同世界经济发展和工业化进程密切相关。

现代工业需要耐蠕变、耐高温的高质量金属、合金、陶瓷和高强度的聚合物等,因此同固体蠕变、粘弹性和蠕变断裂有关的流变学迅速发展起来。

核工业中核反应堆和粒子加速器的发展,为研究由辐射产生的变形打开新的领域。

在地球科学中,人们很早就知道时间过程这一重要因素。

流变学为研究地壳中极有趣的地球物理现象提供了物理-数学工具,如冰川期以后的上升、层状岩层的褶皱、造山作用、地震成因以及成矿作用等。

对于地球内部过程,如岩浆活动、地幔热对流等,现在则可利用高温、高压岩石流变试验来模拟,从而发展了地球动力学。

在土木工程中,建筑的土地基的变形可延续数十年之久。

地下隧道竣工数十年后,仍可出现蠕变断裂。

因此,土流变性能和岩石流变性能的研究日益受到重视。

流变学的研究内容
流变学研究内容是各种材料的蠕变和应力松弛的现象、屈服值以及材料的流变模型和本构方程。

材料的流变性能主要表现在蠕变和应力松弛两个方面。

蠕变是指材料在恒定载荷作用下,变形随时间而增大的过程。

蠕变是由材料的分子和原子结构的重新调整引起的,这一过程可用延滞时间来表征。

当卸去载荷时,材料的变形部分地回复或完全地回复到起始状态,这就是结构重新调整的另一现象。

材料在恒定应变下,应力随着时间的变化而减小至某个有限值,这一过程称为应力松弛。

这是材料的结构重新调整的另一种现象。

蠕变和应力松弛是物质内部结构变化的外部显现。

这种可观测的物理性质取决于材料分子(或原子)结构的统计特性。

因此在一定应力范围内,单个分子(或原子)的位置虽会有改变,但材料结构的统计特征却可能不会变化。

当作用在材料上的剪应力小于某一数值时,材料仅产生弹性形变;而当剪应力大于该数值时,材料将产生部分或完全
永久变形。

则此数值就是这种材料的屈服值。

屈服值标志着材料有完全弹性进入具有流动现象的界限值,所以又称弹性极限、屈服极限或流动极限。

同一材料可能会存在几种不同的屈服值,比如蠕变极限、断裂极限等。

在对材料的研究中一般都是先研究材料的各种屈服值。

在不同物理条件下(如温度、压力、湿度、辐射、电磁场等),以应力、应变和时间的物理变量来定量描述材料的状态的方程,叫作流变状态方程或本构方程。

材料的流变特性一般可用两种方法来模拟,即力学模型和物理模型:
在简单情况(单轴压缩或拉伸,单剪或纯剪)下,应力应变特性可用力学流变模型描述。

在评价蠕变或应力松弛试验结果时,利用力学流变模型有助于了解材料的流变性能。

这种模型已用了几十年,它们比较简单,可用来预测在任意应力历史和温度变化下的材料变形。

力学模型的流变模型没有考虑材料的内部物理特性,如分子运动、位错运动、裂纹扩张等。

当前对材料质量的要求越来越高,如高强度超韧性的金属、高强度耐高温的陶瓷、高强度聚合物等。

对它们的研究就必须考虑材料的内部物理特性,因此发展了高温蠕变理论。

这个理论通过考虑了固体晶
体内部和晶粒颗粒边界存在的缺陷对材料流变性能的影响,表达出材料内部结构的物理常数,亦即材料的物理流变模型。

流变学的研究方法
流变学从一开始就是作为一门实验基础学科发展起来的,因此实验是研究流变学的主要方法之一。

它通过宏观试验,获得物理概念,发展新的宏观理论。

例如利用材料试件的拉压剪试验,探求应力、应变与时间的关系,研究屈服规律和材料的长期强度。

通过微观实验,了解材料的微观结构性质,如多晶体材料颗粒中的缺陷、颗粒边界的性质,以及位错状态等基本性质,探讨材料流变的机制。

对流体材料一般用粘度计进行试验。

比如,通过计算球体在流体中因自重作用沉落的时间,据以计算牛顿粘滞系数的落球粘度计法;通过研究的流体在管式粘度计中流动时,管内两端的压力差和流体的流量,以求得牛顿粘滞系数和宾厄姆流体屈服值的管式粘度计法;利用同轴的双层圆柱筒,使外筒产生一定速度的转动,利用仪器测定内筒的转角,以求得两筒间的流体的牛顿粘滞系数与转角的关系的转筒法等。

对弹性和粘弹性材料的实验方法分为蠕变试验、应力松弛试验和动力试验三种:
对材料进行蠕变实验一般有对材料试件施加恒定的拉力,以研究材料的拉伸蠕变性能的拉伸法;在专门的剪力仪中对材料施加恒定的剪力,研究材料的剪切蠕变性能;利用三轴仪,对材料试件施加轴向应力和静水压力,研究材料的单向或三向压缩蠕变性能;利用扭转流变仪,对材料试件施加恒定的扭力,研究材料的扭转蠕变性能;以及在粱形试件上施加恒定的弯矩,研究材料挠度蠕变性能的弯曲法等。

应力松弛实验是将材料试件置于应力松弛试验仪上,使试件产生一恒定的变形,测定试件所受应力随时间的衰减,研究材料的流变性能,也可以计算材料松弛时间的频谱。

这种试验也可在弯曲流变仪、扭转流变仪、压缩流变仪上进行,此法适用于高分子材料和金属材料。

除蠕变和应力松弛这类静力试验外,还可进行动力试验,即对材料试件施加一定频谱范围内的正弦振动作用,研究材料的动力效应。

此法特别适用于高分子类线性粘弹性材料。

通过这种试验可以求得两个物理量:由于材料发生形变而在材料内部积累起来的弹性能量;每一振动循环的能量耗散。

动力试验可以测量能量耗散和频率的关系,通过这个规律可以与蠕变试验比较分析,建立模型。

在上述的各种试验工作中,还要研究并应用各种现代测量原理和方法,大型电子计算机的出现对流变学领域的研究产生了深远的影响,如对于非线性材料的大应变、大位移的复杂课题已用有限元法或有限差分方法进行研究。

随着经济和工业化的发展,流变学将有广阔的发展领域,并已逐步渗透到许多学科而形成相应的分支,例如高分子材料流变学、断裂流变力学、土流变学、岩石流变学以及应用流变学等等。

在理论研究上,已超出均匀连续介质的概念,开始探索离散介质、非均匀介质以及非相容弹性介质的流变特性。

实验原理和测试技术的研究以及电子计算机的应用,将在流变学的发展中显示重要的地位和发挥巨大的作用。

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