0816翻译奇妙的克隆谈家桢

0816翻译：奇妙的克隆（谈家桢）Translation: The Amazing Cloning (Tan Jiazhen)(translated by: alexcwlin; edited by: Adam Lam)克隆是什么What is cloning?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------一个细菌经过20分钟左右就可一分为二；After approximately 20 minutes a bacterium could be divided from one into two.一根葡萄枝切成十段就可能变成十株葡萄；A grapevine sliced into ten sections could be developed into ten grape plants.仙人掌切成几块，每块落地就生根；Once a cactus is chopped into several pieces, each piece could sprout roots on the ground.一株草莓依靠它沿地“爬走”的匍匐茎，一年内就能长出数百株草莓苗……The “creeping” stolons of a strawberry plant could generate several hundred strawberry shoots in one year.凡此种种，都是生物靠自身的一分为二或自身的一小部分的扩大来繁衍后代，In all these situations, living beings rely on themselves to reproduce by dividing from one into two or enlarging a small part in themselves.这就是无性繁殖。

This is propagation without sex.无性繁殖的英文名称叫“Clone”，音译为“克隆”。

In English, propagatin g without sex is called “clone”, and a phonetic translation in Chinese is “ke long”.实际上，英文的“Clone”起源于希腊文“Klone”，Actually the English word “clone” originated from “klone” in Greek.原意是用“嫩枝”或“插条”繁殖。

Its original meaning is using “sprig” or “transplanted cutting” to reproduce.时至今日，“克隆”的含义已不仅仅是“无性繁殖”，Nowadays the meaning of “clone”is not only “reproduction without sex”.凡来自一个祖先，无性繁殖出的一群个体，也叫“克隆”。

Any group (1) of organisms with same ancestry that have been reproduced without sex is also called “clone”.这种来自一个祖先的无性繁殖的后代群体也叫“无性繁殖系”，简称无性系。

This type of same-ancestry no-sex reproduction of a descending group of organism s is also called “no sex reproduction series”, or simply “no-sex series”.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------自然界的许多动物，在正常情况下都是依靠父方产生的雄性细胞(精子)与母方产生的雌性细胞(卵子)融合(受精)成受精卵(合子)，Under normal circumstances, many animals in the natural world rely on a male gene (sperm) produced by the father to merge (fertilize) with a female gene (egg) produced by the mother to become a fertilized egg (blastula).再由受精卵经过一系列细胞分裂长成胚胎，Afterwards, the fertilized egg would go through a series of cell divisions and develop into an embryo.最终形成新的个体。

Finally a new organism is formed.这种依靠父母双方提供性细胞、并经两性细胞融合产生后代的繁殖方法就叫有性繁殖。

This type of reproduction method that relies on both father and mother to supply sexual genes and then merges the genes of two sexes to produce descendant is called sexual reproduction.但是，如果我们用外科手术将一个胚胎分割成两块、四块、八块……最后通过特殊的方法使一个胚胎长成两个、四个、八个……生物体，这些生物体就是克隆个体。

But if we use surgical operation to cut an embryo into two, four, or eightpieces and at the end through special methods grow the embryo into two, four, or eight organisms, then these organisms are cloned organisms.而这两个、四个、八个……个体就叫做无性繁殖系(也叫克隆)。

The process of reproducing these two, four, or eight organisms is called reproduction without sex series (also called clones).---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------可以这样说，关于克隆的设想，我国明代的大作家吴承恩已有精彩的描述孙悟空经常在紧要关头拔一把猴毛变出一大群猴子，We can say cloning was conceived by the great writer Wu Chengen in Ming Dynasty of our country. He had a fabulous description of Monkey King where, in an urgent situation, he would pull out a handful of monkey hairs and magically turn them into a horde of monkeys.猴毛变猴就是克隆猴。

Monkeys changed from monkey hairs would be cloned monkeys.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------克隆鲫鱼出世前后Before and After Birth of Cloned Crucian Carp---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1979年春，中国科学院武汉水生生物研究所的科学家，用鲫鱼囊胚期的细胞进行人工培养，In the spring of 1979, scientists in Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology, The Academy of Sciences of China, used Crucian carp cells during blastula stage for artificial breeding.经过385天59代连续传代培养后，用直径10微米左右的玻璃管在显微镜下从培养细胞中吸出细胞核。

After 59 consecutive cultivated regenerations in 385 days, they sucked out nucleuses from cultivated cellswith 10-micron diameter glass tube under microscope.与此同时，除去鲫鱼卵细胞的核，让卵细胞留出空间做好接纳囊胚细胞核的准备。

In preparation to make room for receiving blastula cell nucleuses,they took out nucleuses from cells of Crucian carp eggsat the same time.一切准备就绪后，把玻璃管吸出的核移放到空出位置的鲫鱼卵细胞内。

When everything was set, the nucleuses sucked out by glass tubes were transferred to the vacated spaces of the Crucian carp egg cells.得到了囊胚细胞核的卵细胞在人工培养下大部分夭亡了。

Most of the egg cells which had received blastula cell nucleuses died prematurely under artificial breeding.在189个这种换核卵细胞中，只有两个孵化出了鱼苗，Among 189 egg cells with transferred nucleuses, fry hatched from only two of them.而最终只有一条幼鱼渡过难关，经过80多天培养后长成8厘米长的鲫鱼。