中美思维方式差异

• （2）思维差异被近年来的心理学所验证 • The differences of thinking patterns have been testified by psychologists in recent years • 理查德•尼斯贝特、彭凯平侯玉波理查德、 90年代以来的 研究表明：“亚洲人和欧洲人的思维过程在本质上确实存 在巨大差异” • The data suggested that European American organization of the world is based, to a substantial degree, on taxonomic categories, whereas Chinese organization is based more on relationships. These findings are consistent with the view that Westerners reasoning is relatively analytic (including a tendency to focus on categories) and that Chinese reasoning is relatively holistic (including a tendency to focus on relationships).
2007
2007 2007 2007 1997
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5 pages on logic and reasoning
Authors
Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung Guo-Ming Chen & William J. Starosta Ting-Toomey William J. Starosta & Guo-Ming Chen Ge Gao and Stella Ting-Toomey
William B. Gudykunst
Dan Landis, J. M. Bennett & M. J. Bennett Milton J. Bennett
Name of textbook
Understanding Intercultural Communication
Handbook of Intercultural Training Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication
Name of textbook
Understanding Intercultural Communication Ferment in the Intercultural Field Communicating Across Cultures Foundations of Intercultural Communication Communicating Effectively with Chinese,
二.中美思维方式差异是两种文化的根本差异之一 The differences of Sino-US thinking patterns are one gene of making two cultures different
1.思维方式差异是感知过程中的重要组成部分 Thinking pattern is an important part of perceptional process
• There is very little description about the
differences of thinking patterns and its influence on the IC in the popular textbooks in US.
Authors
Name of textbook
Pub. year
2005
2004 1998
Pages on thinking patterns
0
0 0
• 3．原因(why) • 思维方式差异及对传播的影响并未引起足 够的重视的最重要原因之一是认为：每个 人都具有同样基本的感知过程。 • Why the differences of thinking patterns are ignored by IC researchers? One of the reasons is that people believe human beings all over the world have the same perceptive process.
在跨文化传播研究中， 常用感知 → 情感 → 行为 来分析交流过程。 perception → feeling → behavior ↓ 信息选择 → 信息处理(思维方式) →价值判断 Electing information →organizing information →valuating information (thinking patterns) • ↓ • 中美文化是有差异的 • There are differences in thinking patterns • between Chinese and Americans
一. 思维方式差异及对传播的影响 未引起足够重视
The differences of thinking patterns between Chinese and Americans and its impact on IC are not paid enough attention by scholars. • 1．当今美国跨文化传播学主流教科书中，有关思 维方式差异及对跨文化交流影响的内容很少。
跨文化传播学理论中国化是近些年中外学者的 共同呼声。本文认为，在宗教、价值观和语言等 维度之外，思维方式差异是理解中美跨文化传播 问题的另一非常关键的维度。其重要性应引起学 者的充分重视。
To localize the theory of intercultural communication is a common voice among scholars all over the world. Localizing theories of intercultural communication between Chinese and Americans should be an important topic for Chinese researchers. The author of the paper believes that differences of thinking patterns just like religion and values should be a key aspect in the SinoAmerican intercultural communication.
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来华美国传教士明恩溥在《中国人的特性》 （1890）中，谈到了中 美思维方式差异：中国人“思维紊乱”、“缺乏精确的习惯”。
• Smith, Arthur Henderson mentioned in his book Chinese Charateristic(1890) the differences Chinese and American, who held that Chinese people were lack of logical thinking and the habit of being precise.
Pub. year
2005 2003 1999
Pages on thinking patterns
2.5
0 0
1998
1998
2.5
0
2．欧美跨文化传播理论中思维方式差异尚属空白 There is no IC theory dealing with the relations between thinking patterns and communication. Authors
2．思维方式差异是中美文化差异的关键维度之一 Thinking pattern is an important aspect among the differences between Sino-US cultures
• （1）对中美思维方式差异的察觉由来已久 • Some people have been aware of the differences of thinking patterns between Chinese and Americans since 1890’s
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• 王国维在《论新学语之输入》文（1905）中说：“抑我国人之特质， 实际的也，通俗的也；西洋人之特质，思辨的也，科学的也，长于抽 象而精于分类，对世界一切有形无形之事物，无往而不用综括 (Generalization)及分析(Specification)之二法，故言语之多，自然之 理也。吾国人之所长，宁在于实践之方面，而于理论之方面则以具体 的知识为满足。至分类之事，则除迫于实践之需要外，殆不欲穷究之 也。 • Wang Guowei said in his article “On importing of new words”(1905) that “the characteristic of our nation is being practical and popular; while that of the westerners is being logical and scientific. They are good at conceptualizing and categorizing, using the two methods of generalization and specification to explain all the things in the world, whether it‟s tangible or not. Therefore, it is natural the westerners have a large vocabulary. Our Chinese people are good at doing practice, and are inclined to accept specific knowledge in terms of theory. As for the categorization, the Chinese people would not bother to do that unless to meet the demand of the practice.”