Translation of Legal English
法律英语翻译介绍
Existing problems
滥用 “shall”
1. 如乙方有违反本合同的行为，…… 译一：If Party B shall commit any material breach of this Contract, … 译二： If Party B commits any breach of this contract, …
Infant：在法律上是指21岁或18岁以下的人 Demise：在日常英语中有许多意思，如死亡、终止、失败、
职位的丧失等 在法律上，它专指财产的转让，或称让渡，或遗赠， 如指死亡亦是专指引起财产或权力转让的死亡
每一个法律术语只能表达一个特定的 法律概念。法律术语的词义必须单一而固 定。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一 的解释。不仅法律专门术语要求词义单一， 由民族共同语转化而来的法律词汇也必须 表达单一的法律概念。有些民族共同语属 于多义词，但是其中一个义项在法律语境 中有特定的法律含义，这种法律词汇也被 称为人工法律术语。例如“ assignment” 在 法律语境下表示“权利或财产的转让”， 而不表示在日常用语中的“任务”的含义， “ deed” 不是日常所说的“行为”而是指法 律中的“契约”。
• shall的使用
在法律文体中，shall具有特殊含义，表示 “应当承担的责任和义务”, 带有指令性和强制性， 充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性。可以 用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中，不表示 法律义务，只表示一般义务或道义上的义务， 一般译为应该或应当，
Examples
2. 如在解释上遇到分歧，应以英文本为准。 如在解释上遇在分歧，应以英文本为准。
Existing problems
滥用 “shall”
“shall” can be used to indicate that something is to be done if or when something else “shall” happen in the future. In drafting legal documents the use of “shall” in this way should be avoided.
法律英语练习题答案
法律英语练习题答案1. 选择题：Which of the following is the correct translation of "plaintiff" in legal English?A. 被告B. 原告C. 证人D. 律师答案：B. 原告2. 填空题：In legal English, "contract" refers to an agreement with a legal binding force, which is usually established by the mutual consent of the parties involved. The term "contract" can also be referred to as a(n) ______.答案：agreement3. 判断题：The term "tort" in legal English refers to a civil wrong that can be compensated by monetary damages.- True- False答案：True4. 简答题：What is the difference between "statute" and "common law" in legal English?答案：In legal English, "statute" refers to a law enactedby a legislative body, whereas "common law" refers to the body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.5. 翻译题：请将以下句子翻译成英文。
法律英语中“shall”一词的翻译
其 灵 活 译 法 的 一 个 机 会 。 因为 这 样 丰 富 多 变 的 翻译 正 好 可 以增加译文 的可读性 ，不少有经验 的译者往往借 此机会在 翻译时选用各种 同义词或近义词 ，来增加文章的表达效果 ， 避免叙述时 的千篇一律和呆板 。这种做法在 文学 翻译 中可 以说不仅无伤大雅 ，而且能增加文章的表达效果 。但是法律 翻译讲 究 的是准 确 、清 楚 、不 留余 地 ，不给人 随意发挥 和想 象 的空 间 ，因此法律英语 翻译 中有 一个 需要保持法律词汇 用 词 （包 括其译 文 ）一致 性和 同一性 的原则 问题 （李 克兴 ： １９９７）。法律英语翻译 中缺乏一致性和同一性无疑会使 法律 意义含混不清 ，使法律概念模糊 ，从而引起读者不必要地 去 揣测不 同词语的差别并进 而影响法律条文或法律协议 的精 确及ｅｔｕｒｎ．
（３）禁止 性 含 义
Ｔｈｏｕ ｓｈａ ｌｌ ｎｏｔｋｉｌ１．
．
Ｓｈａ ｌｌ一 词 在 法 律 中 的用 法 及 含 义 ：
（１）表示必须 的行 为
１引言 法律英语 中频繁使 用情态动 词来 翻译 各种禁 止性 、义
务性语法律关系或法律条文或协定 ，其 中最主要的使用最 多的一个词是 ｓｈａｌｌ。在现有的英译 汉法律文本 中，它有将近 十种不 同的译法 ，因此 ，就法 律英语情态 动词 的翻译而 言 ， 最 困难的一个当属 ｓｈａ ｌｌ。很多专家认为 ，在法律英语 中 ｓｈａｌｌ 的作用 相 当于 ｍｕｓｔ、ｈａｖｅ ｔｏ、ｂｅ ｔｏ （ｄ０）、ｄｅ ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ ｔｏ （Ｆｕｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｗａｔｓｏｎ—Ｂｒｏｗｎ，１９９４）。但在将 其翻译成 中文时 ，翻译 界 仍众说纷纭 ，也无 比较系统 的论述 ，不仅对于学 习法 律英 语 翻译 的学 生 ，就是对 于那些从 事法律英语 翻译 的专 业人士 而言 ，他 们也都觉得 ｓｈａｌｌ一词难译 （陈忠诚 ，１９９２）。但是 ， ｓｈａｌｌ在法律英语 中的重要性不可忽视 ，它是构成独特 的英 文法律文体尤 其是典 型合 同条款的一个最 主要 的词 汇。因 此 ，有 必 要 对该 词 的意 义 及 其 翻 译 进 行认 真 的研 究 。 ２ ｓｈａｌＩ一 词 的本 源 意义探 析
法律英语词汇特点及其翻译
法律英语词汇特点及其翻译法律英语作为实用英语的一种典型文体，在词汇，句法和文体等多个方面都与文学体裁有很大的不同。
其中，法律术语的多样性成为法律语言中一个明显的特征，所以了解法律英语词汇特点对法律翻译有着重要的作用。
本文从法律英语的词汇特点入手，继而以《中华人民共和国专利法》汉译英为例，分析探讨了法律词汇多个方面的翻译。
标签：法律英语；专利法；词汇特点；翻译Abstract: Legal English, as a typical style of practical English, has many differences in comparison with literature translation in terms of lexical, syntactic and stylistic features. Starting on analyzing lexical features in legal English, this article then mainly introduces and comments on some ways in which legal terms are translated based on the Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China.Key words: legal English；the Patent Law；lexical feature；translation一引言专业翻译人员了解源语（source language）的各种语言特点对于翻译工作是十分有帮助的。
一方面有助于译者更好地理解原文的意思并且准确地翻译成另外一种语言，同时可以让译者避开许多语言的陷阱，不必把时间浪费在一些徒劳无助的文字游戏上，也不会在翻译的过程中绞尽脑汁去重现原文的不良文风。
（李克兴2007：27）法律英语是一种较高的正式文体（the formal style），其主要特点主要体现在专业性的词汇及用语的使用上。
英文法律：法律用语的英文
英文法律：法律用语的英文IntroductionThe field of law is vast and encompasses various aspects of society. In order to communicate effectively within the legal profession, it is crucial to have a solid understanding of legal language in both the native language and English. This article aims to explore the translation and usage of legal terms in English, providing readers with a comprehensive overview of common legal terminology.Legal Terminology1. Common LawCommon law refers to a legal system derived from judicial decisions rather than legislative statutes. In English, common law can be translated as "case law" or "judge-made law." It sets legal precedents and forms the basis for many legal systems, including those found in the United States and the United Kingdom.2. Statutory LawStatutory law, also known as legislation or statutory interpretation, refers to laws enacted by a legislative body. In English, statutory law remains the same and does not require translation. It is fundamental to the legal system and is often found in statutes and codes.3. TortTort refers to a civil wrong that causes harm to an individual's person, property, or reputation. In English, tort remains the same and does notrequire translation. Common examples include negligence, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.4. PlaintiffThe plaintiff is a party who initiates a legal action against another party in court. In English, plaintiff remains the same and does not require translation. They seek legal remedies or compensation for the harm caused by the defendant.5. DefendantThe defendant is a party against whom a legal action is brought in court. In English, defendant remains the same and does not require translation. They respond to the claims made by the plaintiff and present their defense.6. JurisdictionJurisdiction refers to the power of a court to hear and decide cases within a particular territory or concerning specific subject matters. In English, jurisdiction remains the same and does not require translation. It determines which court has the authority to handle a legal dispute.7. Due ProcessDue process ensures that individuals are treated fairly and have their legal rights protected. In English, due process remains the same and does not require translation. It guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without proper legal proceedings.8. ContractA contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates obligations enforceable by law. In English, contract remains the same and does not require translation. It outlines the rights and duties of each party involved.9. Breach of ContractBreach of contract occurs when one party fails to fulfill their contractual obligations without a valid reason. In English, breach of contract remains the same and does not require translation. It often leads to legal disputes and potential remedies for the injured party.10. Legal PrecedentLegal precedent refers to a judicial decision that serves as a guide for future similar cases. In English, legal precedent remains the same and does not require translation. It provides consistency and predictability within the legal system.ConclusionUnderstanding legal terminology in English is essential for effective communication within the field of law. This article has explored various legal concepts and their corresponding English translations. By familiarizing oneself with these terms, legal professionals can navigate the complexities of the legal system and engage in meaningful discussions with their international counterparts. Remembering that accuracy and precision are key, language fluency in legal matters can be a powerful tool for success.。
法律英语翻译
法律英语翻译-法律英语特点法律英语（Legal English）措辞严谨，句式冗长，结构复杂，甚至一句话能长达一篇文章。
在做好法律英语（Legal English）翻译（translation）之前，清楚认识法律英语（Legal English）的特点（characteristics）至关重要。
同样汉语中的法律用语也同样严谨，结构复杂，清楚的掌握两种语言的法律用语特点（characteristics）在翻译（translation）中会更加有章可循。
法律英语（Legal English）是以英语共同语为基础,在立法和司法等活动中形成和使用的具有法律专业特点（characteristics）的语言。
因此，在法律英语（Legal English）中不仅有众多的具有法律专门意义的特殊词汇（words）,而且由于规定人们权利和义务的法律、法令或契约等法律文书所表述的内容必须准确、严密、客观和规范，不容许丝毫的引伸、推理或抒发和表达感情，因而在法律英语（Legal English）中又形成了许多其特有的句法特点（characteristics），这些词法和句法特点（characteristics）在翻译（translation）过程中必须受到充分重视。
下面我们从词汇（words）、词类使用和句型结构三方面来考察法律英语（Legal English）的文体（style）特点（characteristics）：一、法律英语（Legal English）的文体（style）特点（characteristics）之一：法律英语（Legal English）词汇（words）1.1法律英语（Legal English）用词特点（characteristics）：庄重、规范、书面语较多法律是掌握国家政权的阶级、集团的意志体现,它有鲜明的政策性,权威性。
为了维护法律的严肃性,法律、法规遣词造句力求准确,用词正式,语意严谨。
法律英语的翻译
法律英语的翻译Legal English TranslationLegal English translation is the process of converting legal documents or texts written in one language into another language. It requires not only linguistic skills, but also a deep understanding of legal concepts and terminology in both languages. Legal translation ensures that legal texts are accurately conveyed, preserving their meaning, intent, and legal validity.In the field of legal translation, precision is of utmost importance. Even the smallest mistranslation or interpretation error can have significant consequences, such as misrepresentation of facts, miscommunication between parties, or even legal disputes. Therefore, legal translators must possess not only excellent command of both languages, but also a thorough knowledge of legal principles, systems, and terminology.Legal translation involves various types of legal documents, including contracts, agreements, court pleadings, statutes, regulations, patents, and legal opinions. Each type requires specific knowledge and skills to ensure accurate translation. For instance, contract translation demands careful attention to detail, as any ambiguity or misunderstanding can lead to disputes between parties. Court pleadings translation requires an understanding of legal systems, procedures, and terminologies used in different jurisdictions.One particular feature of legal English is its use of complex legal terminology and phrases. Legal terms often carry specificmeanings that are not easily translatable into other languages. Translators need to be familiar with legal concepts and terminology in both the source and target language to accurately communicate legal information.Moreover, legal translation also involves bridging the cultural and legal gaps between the source and target language. Legal systems can differ significantly from one jurisdiction to another, and legal concepts may not have direct equivalents in another language. For example, common law systems, such as those in the United States and the United Kingdom, rely heavily on case law, while civil law systems, like those in continental Europe, are based on codified laws. Translators need to be aware of these differences and find appropriate ways to convey the legal concepts effectively.To ensure accurate and reliable legal translation, legal translators often work in teams or consult with legal experts in both languages. They collaborate to clarify any uncertainties, ensure consistency, and avoid potential errors. In addition, legal translators may referto specialized legal dictionaries, glossaries, and databases to find equivalent legal terms and phrases.Another important aspect of legal translation is confidentiality. Legal texts often contain sensitive and confidential information that must be handled with utmost care. Translators are bound by professional codes of ethics to maintain confidentiality and ensure the security of the translated texts.In conclusion, legal English translation is a specialized field that requires an in-depth understanding of legal concepts, proficientlinguistic skills, and cultural awareness. Accurate legal translation is crucial for effective communication and understanding between legal systems and parties involved. Legal translators play a vital role in bridging the language and legal gaps, ensuring that legal texts are accurately conveyed, and legal processes are accurately understood and executed.。
法律英语第一课翻译。
法律英语第一课翻译引言法律英语是指在法律领域使用的英语专业术语和表达方式。
随着全球化的推进，法律界对于英语专业人士的需求逐渐增加。
本文将介绍法律英语的基本概念和常用词汇，帮助读者理解和翻译法律文件。
法律英语的基本概念法律英语是法律体系中的一项重要内容，包括法律文件的起草、翻译和解释等。
在法律英语中，准确性和专业性是非常重要的原则。
法律文件的翻译需要注意保持原文意思的准确性，并确保译文符合法律的规定。
常见法律英语词汇下面列举了一些常见的法律英语词汇及其翻译：w - 法律2.Legal - 法律的3.Contract - 合同4.Agreement - 协议5.Plaintiff - 原告6.Defendant - 被告7.Judgment - 判决8.Court - 法院9.Evidence - 证据10.Witness - 证人这些词汇是法律文件中经常出现的，熟悉这些词汇对于正确理解和翻译法律文件至关重要。
法律英语的翻译技巧在翻译法律文件时，以下几点技巧可以帮助提高翻译质量：1.精确无误的翻译法律文件非常重要。
一些术语的错误翻译可能导致法律文件的失效，因此需要对法律术语进行深入理解并保持准确性。
2.翻译法律文件时要注重上下文的理解。
有时直译法律术语可能不合适，需要根据文件的整体内容进行适当的调整和解释。
3.参考专业的法律词典和资料是翻译法律文件的重要工具。
法律词典能够提供准确的翻译和解释，确保翻译的准确性。
4.在翻译过程中，要注意语言的简明扼要。
法律文件通常需要清晰、简洁的表达，避免使用过于复杂或晦涩的词汇。
结论法律英语作为一门专业领域，对于法律文件的翻译具有重要意义。
准确、专业的翻译能够保证法律文件的有效性，并为法律实践提供帮助。
本文介绍了法律英语的基本概念、常见词汇和翻译技巧，希望对读者理解和翻译法律文件有所帮助。
参考文献 - Smith, J. (2010). Legal English: How to Understand and Master the Language of Law. Routledge.。
法律英语试题库及答案
法律英语试题库及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the correct translation of "plaintiff" in legal English?A. 被告B. 原告C. 证人D. 律师答案：B2. The term "due diligence" in legal context typically refers to:A. 尽职调查B. 尽责调查C. 尽职尽责调查D. 尽职尽责尽责调查答案：A3. In legal English, "contract" is often used to refer to:A. 合同B. 契约C. 协议D. 协议书答案：A4. The phrase "in consideration of" is commonly used in legal documents to mean:A. 鉴于B. 考虑到C. 由于D. 因为答案：B5. Which of the following is not a type of intellectual property?A. 商标B. 专利C. 版权D. 商业秘密答案：D6. The term "tort" in legal English refers to:A. 侵权行为B. 犯罪行为C. 合同违约D. 民事纠纷答案：A7. "Jurisdiction" in legal English means:A. 管辖权B. 审判权C. 执行权D. 立法权答案：A8. The abbreviation "LLC" stands for:A. Limited Liability CompanyB. Limited Legal CompanyC. Legal Liability CompanyD. Legal Limited Company答案：A9. "Probate" in legal English refers to the process of:A. 遗嘱认证B. 遗嘱执行C. 遗嘱公证D. 遗嘱登记答案：A10. "Statute" in legal English is used to denote:A. 法规B. 法律C. 法令D. 条例答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The legal term for a formal written statement submitted toa court is a(n) _____________.答案：brief2. A(n) _____________ is a legal document that outlines the terms and conditions of a contract.答案：agreement3. The process of challenging the validity of a will is known as _____________.答案：contest4. A(n) _____________ is a legal professional who represents clients in court.答案：attorney5. The term _____________ refers to the legal principle that no one may profit from their own wrongdoing.答案：unclean hands6. A(n) _____________ is a legal document that grants a person the authority to act on behalf of another.答案：power of attorney7. The legal term for a formal written request to a court is a(n) _____________.答案：petition8. A(n) _____________ is a legal document that provides evidence of a debt.答案：promissory note9. The legal term for a formal written order from a court is a(n) _____________.答案：decree10. A(n) _____________ is a legal document that outlines the terms and conditions of a sale of real estate.答案：deed三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "lien" in legal English refers to a legal claim on property to secure the payment of a debt. (对/错)答案：对2. "Negligence" in legal English means the failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in harm to another. (对/错)答案：对3. "Indemnity" in legal English refers to the right to be compensated for a loss or damage suffered. (对/错)答案：对4. A "writ" is a legal document issued by a court that ordersa person to do or refrain from doing a specific act. (对/错) 答案：对5. "Affidavit" in legal English is a written statement of facts voluntarily made by a person under oath. (对/错)答案：对6. "Misdemeanor" in legal English refers to a less serious crime than a felony. (对/错)答案：对7. "Arbitration" is a form of alternative dispute resolution where a neutral third party makes a binding decision. (对/错) 答案：对8. "Eminent domain" refers to the power of the government to take private property for public use without compensation. (对/错)答案：错9. "Venue" in legal English refers to the geographical location where a legal action is brought. (对/错)答案：对10. "Custody" in。
法律翻译
7. Where和shall在法律英语中的特殊用法. 法律英语中 Where的使用: 在法律英语中常引导状语成句,可译为“在… 时”,“当…时候",但它说明的是事物的状况,不同于表 示时间的when。
例如： Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, and there is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words is the amount payable.
日常用语词汇 place tell refer work by itself show give wish think begin
法律文体词汇 locality acquaint advert function (v.) in isolation evince denote desire consider commence
5法律英语中多运用成对词和近意词 例如：在各种法律条文中,我们可以常见到以下的类似用法: rights and interests 权益 terms and conditions 条款 complete and final understanding 全部和最终的理解 customs fees and duties 关税 losses and damages 损坏 null and void 无效 sign and issue 签发 这些词表示固定的意义,使用和翻译（translation）时不能随意 拆开。
译：如应付金额同时用大小写表示而两者有差 异时,应以大写所表示的金额为准。
. shall的使用 在法律文体中，shall具有特殊含义，表示“应当承担的责任和 义务”, 带有指令性和强制性，充分体现了法律文件的权威性 和约束性。可以用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中，不表示 法律义务，只表示一般义务或道义上的义务，一般译为应该或 应当。 例如：自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 原译： Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders or to collect any account after September 20. 改译: Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.
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PREAMBLE
• AND FOR THESE ENDS • to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and • to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and • to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and • to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,
◇序言
• 爰由我各本国政府，经齐集金山市之代表各将所 奉全权证书，互相校阅，均属妥善，议定本联合 国宪章，并设立国际组织，定名联合国。
反分裂国家法
• ２００５年３月１４日第十届全国人民代表大会 第三次会议通过 • 第一条 为了反对和遏制“台独”分裂势力分裂国 家，促进祖国和平统一，维护台湾海峡地区和平 稳定，维护国家主权和领土完整，维护中华民族 的根本利益，根据宪法，制定本法。
Legal English
• Legal English: the style of English by lawyers and other legal professionals: • 1）legal documents: contracts, licences etc • 2）court pleadings (法庭诉状): summons（传票） briefs（诉状）judgments（判决） • 3）laws: Acts of parliament and subordinate legislation, case reports • 4）legal correspondence
Translation of Legal Writing
II. Legal Writing • 1. definition • 2. categories of legal writing • 3. syntactic features • 4. fixed formats
Translation of Legal Writing
◇序言
• 我联合国人民同兹决心 欲免后世再遭今代人类两度身历惨不堪言之 战祸， 重申基本人权，人格尊严与价值，以及男女 与大小各国平等权利之信念， 创造适当环境，俾克维持正义，尊重由条约 与国际法其他渊源而起之义务，久而弗懈， 促成大自由中之社会进步及较善之民生，
◇序言
• 并为达此目的 力行容恕，彼此以善邻之道，和睦相处， 集中力量，以维持国际和平及安全， 接受原则，确立方法，以保证非为公共利益， 不得使用武力， 运用国际机构，以促成全球人民经济及社会 之进展， 用是发愤立志，务当同心协力，以竟厥功。
Anti-Secession Law
• (Adopted at the Third Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress on March 14, 2005) • Article 1 This Law is formulated, in accordance with the Constitution, for the purpose of opposing and checking Taiwan’s secession from China by secessionists in the name of "Taiwan independence", promoting peaceful national reunification, maintaining peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits, preserving China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.
Translation of Legal English
Translation of Legal Writing
I. Legal English A. definition B. special features • 1. vocabulary • i. specialized word • ii. quotidian word • iii. archaic word • iv. loan word • 2. other lexical features
Special Features of Legal English
• • • • 1) terminology, 2)linguistic structure, 3) linguistic conventions, 4) punctuation,
Vocabulary
• Four Categories of Technical terminology: • 1) Specialized words and phrases, e.g. • waiver,弃权声明书 • restraint of trade 贸易管制 • restrictive covenant, 限制性契约 • promissory estoppel. 允诺禁止抗辩 • plaintiff原告，defendant被告， • recidivism累犯，bigamy重婚罪， • homicide杀人者，affray在公共This law is promulgated with the purpose of regulating insurance activities, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties involved, strengthening supervision and regulation of the insurance industry and promoting its healthy development.
Vocabulary
• 为了规范票据行为,保障票据活动中当事人的合法 权益,维护社会经济秩序,促进社会主义市场经济的 发展,制订本法。
Vocabulary
• • • • • • • • • in accordance with /according to, in the event that / if , in compliance with / comply with; subsequent to / after , prior to / before； as regards / concerning or relating to； commence / start； miscellaneous /other matters/events―； deem / think or believe；
Vocabulary
• 为了规范保险活动,保护保险活动当事人的合法权 益,加强对保险业的监督管理,促进保险事业的健康 发展,制定本法 。 • This Law is formulated for the purpose of standardizing negotiable instrument acts protecting the legal rights of parties concerned in negotiable instrument activities, maintaining the socialist market economy.
PREAMBLE
• HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS • Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.
PREAMBLE
• WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED • to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,
which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and • to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and • to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and • to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,