英美概况名词解释

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《英美概况》名词解释

《英美概况》名词解释《英美概况》名词解释1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.4.Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unseen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment.5.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.6.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadri an’s Wall.7.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy inEngland, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.11. Henry : In the year of 1154, Henry built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New M odel Army”defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles . In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate thecorn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppressed it and 11 died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre.31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total elec torates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chinese government issueda law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842.34. the Fabian Society ：It was founded in 1883-1884. It included the famous men such as G.B.Shaw andH.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20th century labour party.35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in allaspects except the name.36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949.37. Margaret Thatcher: She was the first woman Prime Minister in British history. She was in power from 1979-1990. She was called “iron lady”because she controlled Britain’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s.38.Downing Street Declaration: It is a document between Britain and Ireland in 1993. According to the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority.39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 radio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertisement in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV.40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the secondary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE.41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries.42. the Royal Society: It is a British organization to study science and one of the most famous scientific organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years.43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc.44. St. Paul’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴).45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man.47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the House of Commons in British.48.Hollidays:(1) Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.(2) Boxing Day: It is on the first weekday after Christmas. It isa public holiday in England, Wale andNorthern Ireland. On Boxing Day, household employees or other service workers can receive some gifts.(3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the House of Commons.(4) Armistice Day: The day is also called Remembrance Day. It is a patriotic day on 11th, Nov, to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two.49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick.They are almost military.51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into the legislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc.55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.62. Microsoft: It is the most famous computer company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. Now, it plays animportant role in the world.63. Christopher Columbus: He was an Italian; he believed that the earth is round. In 1492, he discoveredAmerica and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America.64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used forlegal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threwa small stone to the British soldiers, and Britishsoldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army./doc/75fb562ca8114431b80dd82b.ht ml mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees ofCorrespondence”to call people to unite together to fightagainst the British army.67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Companyexported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed that they wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreedto sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How the United States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one should n’t stir up the hatred to the government. It was opposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find abetter life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.74. Douglas’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in senate. According to the bill, the slavery is possiblein some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska.75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil Warand made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up a country “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers gotenough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.79. “Open Door Policy”: It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roosevelt in Chinese-American relation.By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture.80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep theworld peace. But it is controlled by England and France.82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington,and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area.83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factoriesclosed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin?D?Roosevelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, manypublic projects were made to increase the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market andfound new market.85. Franklin·D·Roosevelt：He was a member of Democratic Party and was the 32nd president in America.During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WW.86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japanese United Fleet.This is the turning point of the Pacific War.87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was set up in 1949. the main purpose was toform a political cooperation to fight against Russia.88. the Warsaw Pact: It was set up in 1955, the main purpose was to form a political cooperation to fightagainst NATO.89. the United Nations: In 1945, 48 countries had a meeting in San Francisco, they agreed to set up aorganization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded.90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpose of the Doctrine was :expand the influence of America suppress the struggle of the different countries.91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. TheCold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.94. the sit-in(静坐): It is the way which is used by the Black men to fight against the racial segregation in1960s ( 它是1960年代黑人反抗种族隔离而采用的方式)95. Martin Luther King: He was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. Hewas a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement tofight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.97．Desert Storm(沙漠风暴行动) : American military attacked Iraq because Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991. The air attack lasted for 6 weeks, and Iraq was forced to leave Kuwait. The war costs 61billion dollars.98. NASA It refers to National Astronautics and Space Administration.99. double dating : Two young people go out together to have a dance, to see a football game, or to have apicnic before the marriage.100.drive-in : a kind of informal eating place which is surrounded by the parking lots, by a busy road.101. a cafeteria : a kind of informal eating place in which you can buy some quick and cheap meal. You can select the food as you are going along.102. diner: It refers to the little restaurant just like a railway car. The diver is very convenient and the price is very low. Drivers , students and other people like it very much..103.Quakers: The other name of this group is Society of Friends. It is a small group with 100000 members.They are not interested in Politics and they often go out to help others without any reward. People respect them very much.104.The People’s Temple: It is a small group which was founded by Jones, Jones used superstition to control people’s spirit, once people joined this group, he couldn’t come out. In 1978, 914people（including Jones and his wife）committed suicide.105.New morality: In the 1960’s-1970’s, the young people showed their new morality. They lived together before the marriage and had the sexual action.106. the city of Heroin : it refers to New York, many people take heroin in New York.107. Chief Justice : the head of the Supreme Court in the USA.108.white collar workers: it refers to the mental labor workers. They have a higher social position and social fame than blue collar workers , but their pay is lower than blue collar workers.109. the separation of powers: In USA, the government has 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.Each branch has its own power and its power is limited by others.110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid hasa bow and arrow.113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus.Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian’s Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crown ed king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastingsIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesday BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as DomesdayBook, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stat ed the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like t he Book of doom on Judgement Day.6. the Great CharterKing John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberi ties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partl y territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recogniz e, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all th eir possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive t he English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England witho ut warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its dea th blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloody MaryHenry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she w as given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remaine d single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. T hen he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restorat ion of charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Cath olic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech withinboth the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutionalmonarchy began.15. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories w ere those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The T ories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. TheBritish Constitution is not set out in any single docu ment, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and inter pret statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the sy mbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the OppositionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of p olicy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forwa rd its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the governme nt of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the juryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens su mmoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In crimina l trials by jury, the judge passessentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Servi ce provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be f ull range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary edu cation for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic sta ndards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and gi rls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establish ment were educated at a public school.28. the Great LakesThe Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fr esh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except L ake Michigan.。

英美概况名词解释

名词解释：1.Great Britain: shortened as Britain ,it can be a geographical term ,referring to the island onwhich England ,Wales and Scotland are situated ,together with numerous smaller islands .2.The Union Flag :also known as the Union Jack ,it is the national flag of the United Kingdom .3.God Save the King /Queen : the national anthem of the United Kingdom.ke Poets: English poets at the turn of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District ofEngland and were inspired by it to create romantic works .5.Domesday Book(土地财产清册)：The written record of a census and survey of Englishlandowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086 .6.Black Death (黑死病)：also known as the Black Plague ,it was a devastating pandemic(流行的) that first struck European in the mid-14th century .7.Gunpowder Plot(火药阴谋)：conspiracy of a group of English Catholics to blow up the Houseof Parliament where King James I was present on 5 November ,1605.The plan was discovered and Guy Frank was caught and burnt alive .In England ,5 November is celebrated with bonfire ,fireworks and the burning of the effigies.(肖像)。

英美概况名词解释

英美概况名词解释刘春艳Glorious Revolution：After the Restoration of the Stuart, the King adopted some measures to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie, but took revenge on the revolutionaries. Under the reign of James Ⅱ, expansion of the king’s power soon clashed with the interests of the bourgeoisie and in 1688, the two bourgeois political parties, the Tories and the Whigs, united together and staged a bloodless coup d’état and put William of Orange on the throne. They formed an alliance with the landowners. This was spoken of by Englishmen as the “Glorious Revolution”.Lake District: Lake District is a region in Northwest of England, which is very famous for its many beautiful lakes and Lake Poets who were once born and lived there. Redbrick: Redbrick is a name for a group of universities founded between 1850 and 1930, aimed at providing higher education for local inhabitants who could not afford the cost of going away from home for their studies.Oxbridge:Oxbridge refers to the two must famous higher education institutions in England: Oxford and Cambridge. Included in this group are four other universities founded in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries.Gold Rush: Gold Rush was one of the greatest mass movements in modern history, in which thousands of people came to California from all over the world to seek their fortunes in the rocks when gold was discovered in San Francisco in 1848. As a result of Gold Rush, the whole continent of North America was settled within 19th century.Melting Pot：Melting Pot is metaphorically used to refer to the United States because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world, who came to the New World to seek for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures toward some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot”of the United States and gradually forming a new nation.WASP: The word “WASPs” is the abbreviation of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. They were early settlers on North America from England, Northern and Western Europe. At present, they constitute the largest and dominant ethnic group in the United States. Yellow Dog:“Yellow dog” contracts. In the late of 19th century, along the development of workers’ unions, capitalists in America forced workers to sign contracts pledging not to join unions so as to sabotage the unions. Such contracts are called “yellow dog” contracts. The Renaissance: T he Renaissance was a cultural movement by progressive thinkers who represented the interests of the rising bourgeoisie and worked for freedom and enlightenment.Higher Education:Higher education in America includes undergraduate study and graduate study. The former lasts for four years while the latter varies with different fields of study.Blacklists: During the 1880s’, and 1890s’ workers in America began to form unions on a large scale. The capitalists tried to sabotage the unions by enlisting the union workers on “blacklist”, which would be sent to other companies in the industry with a warning not to hire them.。

英美概况知识点总结归纳

英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。

这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。

下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。

一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。

英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。

英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。

2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。

美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。

3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。

英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。

二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。

英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。

20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。

2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。

美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。

20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。

3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。

美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。

三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。

英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。

2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。

英美概况名词解释复习范围兼答案

英语国家概况名词解释复习范围1.Puritanism : the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinistswho wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) and that self-control and hard work are important and that pleasure is wrong or unnecessary2. The Declaration of Independence: is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.3. George Washington: served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is highly revered by Americans as the "Father of Our Country".4. WASP: stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is an informal term used in the United States and Canada[1] in reference to an ethnic elite with high social status and presumed power.5. Three Faiths in the US: Americans were considered to come in 3 basic varieties : Protestant,Catholic and Jewish,the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.6. Religious liberty in the US: freedom of religion is a constitutionally guaranteed right provided in the religion clauses of the First Amendment. Freedom of religion is also closely associated with separation of church and state7. The “Lost Generation”: in the aftermath of ww1,many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived abroad and known as the lost generation.8.Hemingway :one of the great US writers of the 20th century, who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. His novels include A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. He died by shooting himself.9. High education in the US :10 The civil rights movement: refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring Suffrage in Southern states.11. Martin Luther King.Jr. : United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)12. The House of Lords and Commons in the UK : British Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. the House of Commons, whose members are each elected to represent a particular official area of the country, or its members or the place where it meets13. Romanticism : a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; "Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality"representative persons include keats,byron and shelley.14. Shakespeare : English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, include the famous four comedies and four tragedies.15. the British Commonwealth : is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries were formerly part of the British Empire.16. Terra Nullius : in Australia, the legal idea that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore they were free to live there.17. The “Washminster” form policy in Australia : washington and westminster as britain andamerican political system.based on a federation of states and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a prime minister.18. The Bloc Quebecois: a coalition of MPs from the main French-speaking province of Quebec who were dedicated to the task of winning important concessions from the rest of Canada.19. the Cold War (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.20. Unilateralism (the US) : Unilateralism is used to refer to a policy in which one country or group involved in a situation takes a decision or action on its own, without the agreement of the other countries or groups involved.20. London : the capital and largest city of England,the country’s governmental, financial and and cultural center.21. Percy Bysshe Shelley : was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. "Ode to the West Wind”22. the relationship between the UK and the US: close during and after ww2,and today agree on many issues…23. the Great Barrier Reef : is the world's largest reef system, stretching for over 2,000 kilometres along the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia.24. the Dreaming (Australia) : the most enduring religion in Australia ,is over 10,000 years old.25. James Joyce : Irish ,was one of the greatest writers in the twentieth century, whose works and“ stream of consciousness” had an important effect on the whole world.。

英美概况名词解释

英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。

下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。

英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。

2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。

美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。

3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。

英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。

4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。

英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。

5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。

英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。

6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。

英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。

7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。

英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。

8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。

由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。

以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。

这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。

英美概况知识点总结

英美概况知识点总结英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。

英国是位于欧洲的一个岛国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成，首都是伦敦。

美国则是位于北美洲的一个国家，由50个州组成，首都是华盛顿特区。

1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，东临北海，西濒大西洋，与法国相隔仅有英吉利海峡相隔。

美国则位于北美洲的中北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，与加拿大相邻。

2. 历史文化英国是一个具有悠久历史的国家，拥有世界上最古老的君主制度。

英国文化对世界产生了深远的影响，包括文学、音乐、戏剧、电影等方面。

美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，但在短短几百年的时间里，美国发展成为世界上最强大的经济体和军事力量之一。

美国文化以自由、多元和创新为特点，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化。

3. 政治制度英国是一个君主立宪制国家，君主为国家元首，政府首脑为首相。

英国议会制度发源于英国，对世界各国影响深远。

美国则是一个联邦制共和国，总统为国家元首和政府首脑，国会为立法机关。

美国的总统制度也对世界其他国家的政治制度产生了影响。

4. 经济发展英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体，金融、服务业和创新产业是其经济的支柱。

英国拥有伦敦金融城，是全球金融中心之一。

美国则是世界上最大的经济体，以市场经济为基础，拥有发达的制造业、科技产业和金融服务业。

美国的股市和创新科技企业在全球具有重要地位。

5. 教育体系英国拥有全球顶尖的大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学，以及众多优秀的高中和中学。

英国教育体系注重学术传统和素质教育。

美国则拥有世界上最多的大学和研究机构，美国的教育体系注重实践和创新，鼓励学生个性发展。

6. 社会福利英国实行社会福利制度，医疗、教育、退休金等福利待遇相对较高。

美国的社会福利制度相对较少，个人的社会保障和福利待遇更多依赖于个人努力和私人保险。

7. 文化特色英国有悠久的文化传统，包括皇室、茶文化、乡村庄园、英式足球等。

美国则是一个多元文化的国家，融合了来自世界各地的移民文化，美国足球、篮球、好莱坞电影等都是美国文化的代表。

英美概况名词解释(美)

名词解释1. Marshall Plan（马歇尔计划，又称欧洲复兴计划；Chapter 9）：An American policy presented by George Marshall in 1947, proposing massive and systematic aid to Western Europe in order to keep Communists out of political power in Europe and establish the international economic order.2. Monroe Doctrine （门罗主义；Chapter 6）：A foreign policy announced by James Monroe in 1823, opposing European colonialism in the Americas and taking a neutral attitude towards affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.3. Electoral College （选举人团；Chapter 12）：A mechanism in the United States for the indirect electionof the President and Vice President .Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of "electors" pledged to vote for a particular party's candidate.△各州选民先选出本州总统选举人，其数目与该州在国会中的议员数相等。

英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦

英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分Thames RiverHigh LandersBritish Commonwealth 英联邦伦敦佬Maritime Climate 海洋性气候English ChannelChunnel 英吉利海峡隧道9. “pea soup ” fogs 伦敦雾isles: 巨石阵becket: 托马斯Chaucerof arc: 圣女贞德: 罗拉德派Puritans 清教徒CaesarHardrian's Wall 哈德连长城七王国贤人会议the Great 豆瓣the Conqueror 威廉征服battle of Hastings Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区Conquest 诺曼征服Book 英国国王1806 年颁的土地调查清册Black Death 黑死病divine rights of kings 君权神授Wars of Roses 玫瑰战争（考过） Spanish Armada: 西班牙无敌舰队Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命Gunpowder Plot of 1605 火药阴谋案Mary 血腥玛丽boroughs 衰败选区Pankhurst 潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。

league of nations 国际联盟blitz 闪电战beatles 甲克虫乐队撒切尔主义of payments 收支平衡Maynard Keynestrade and invisible trade union 欧盟policies（货币主义政策）Trade Union Act of 1871 工会法农业产业disease 英国病monarchy 君主立宪制Council 枢密院law 公共法state opening of parliament Civil list 英国王室费（考过）civil service 公务员（考过） peer 终身贵族无罪裁决Crown Court 刑事法庭punishment 死刑metropolitan police force National Health Service 英国国民保健制度insurance 社会保险practitioner（GP）workersalvation armyschools 路透社（GM）Schools 有公费保证的学校（升学考试）murdochbritish museumThanksgiving DayIreland（爱尔兰）美国部分Vespuccitruman doctrineboomgreat lakesisland8."the great compromise" Emancipation Proclamation taxtation without representation Chinese Exclution Act servants tea party（考过） dividegettysburg addressku klux klan黑幕揭发者nationalismred scare progressive movement New Dealmarshall plansmith actcivil rights act of 1964 poverty line 32 checks and balances34. the free enterprise system35. the federal systemof powers37. private schooldistrict39. global education40. poor richard's almanac42. jazzera44. father's day's day46. congressional medal of honor48. Great Canyon49. New EnglandAmericans51. ChicanosRicansPapersFirst Continental Congress DestinyBlack ThursdayFrontierHuron StatementCorn Belt62。

张奎武版英美概况名词解释

英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（1）Amerig‎o Vespuc‎c i----Amerig‎o Vespuc‎c i, a naviga‎t or, proved‎that the land was not India,but a new contin‎e nt. Theref‎o re, the land was named Americ‎a after.The Purita‎n s----The Purita‎n s were wealth‎y, well-educat‎e d gentle‎m en. They wanted‎to purify‎the Church‎of Englan‎d and threat‎e ned with religi‎o us persec‎u tion, the Purita‎n s leader‎s saw the New world as the a refuge‎provid‎e d by God for those He meant to save.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（2）The Bill of Rights‎----In 1789, James Madiso‎n introd‎u ced in the House of Repres‎e ntati‎v es a series‎of amendm‎e nts which later were drafte‎d into twelve‎propos‎e d amendm‎e nts and sent to the states‎for ratifi‎c ation‎. Ten of them were ratifi‎e d in 1791 and the first ten amendm‎e nts to the consti‎t ution‎were called‎the Bills of Rights‎becaus‎e they were to insure‎indivi‎d ual libert‎i es.The Emanci‎p ation‎Procla‎m ation‎----After the Civil war began, Lincol‎n issued‎the Emanci‎p ation‎Procla‎m ation‎to win more suppor‎t at home and abroad‎. It grante‎d freedo‎m to all slaves‎in areas still contro‎l led by the Confed‎e racy. 英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（3）Pilgri‎m s Thanks‎g iving‎Day----The Pilgri‎m s in 1620, 201 of them sailed‎to the New World in a ship called‎Mayflo‎w er. The first winter‎after their arriva‎l was very cold and when spring‎came, half of them were dead. Then the Indian‎s came to their help and taught‎them how to grow corn. They had a good harves‎t that year. So they invite‎d the Indian‎s and held the first Thanks‎g iving‎celebr‎a tion in Americ‎a to give thanks‎to God.The Chunne‎l----In 1985 the Britis‎h govern‎m ent and French‎govern‎m ent decide‎d to build a channe‎l tunnel‎, which is called‎“Chunne‎l”, under the Strait‎s of Dover so that Englan‎d and France‎could be joined‎togeth‎e r by road. The Chunne‎l was open to traffi‎c in May 1994.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（4）Eisted‎d fod----Eisted‎d fod‎is‎the‎Welsh‎word‎for‎“sittin‎g”‎Nation‎a l Eidted‎d fod is the most famous‎festiv‎a l of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August‎and lasts for about a week. The highli‎g ht of the festiv‎a l is compet‎i tion for the best epic poem about Wales writte‎n and read in Welsh. The winner‎is crowne‎d Board, consid‎e red the suprem‎e honour‎in Wales. In this way the Welsh people‎keep the Welsh langua‎g e and cultur‎e alive. Cockne‎y----A cockne‎y is a London‎e r who is born within‎the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church‎of St. Mary-LeBow in east London‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（5）Stoneh‎e nge----It is a group of huge monume‎n ts of grant rock Slabs on salisb‎u ry plain in Southw‎e st Englan‎d built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is genera‎l ly believ‎e d that stoneh‎e nge served‎some sort of religi‎o us purpos‎e s. The Celts----The Celts came to Britai‎n in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second‎wave were the Brytho‎n s and the Belgae‎came about 150BC. The Celts were practi‎s ed farmer‎s. The Celtic‎tribes‎are ancest‎o rs of the Highla‎n d Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their langua‎g es are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic‎. They religi‎o n was Druidi‎s m.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（6）Norman‎Conque‎s t----The Norman‎Conque‎s t of 1066 is perhap‎s the best-known event in Englis‎h histor‎y. Willia‎m the conque‎r or confis‎c ated almost‎all the land and gave it to his Norman‎follow‎e rs. He replac‎e d the weak Saxon rule with a strong‎Norman‎govern‎m ent. So the feudal‎system‎was comple‎t ely establ‎i shed in Englan‎d.Alfred‎the Great----He was king of Wessex‎, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdo‎m s. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight‎agains‎t the invadi‎n g Danes and mainta‎i ned peace for a long time. Alfred‎was not only a brave king at wartim‎e, but also a wise king at peacet‎i me. He encour‎a ged educat‎i on and introd‎u ced a legal system‎. He‎is‎known‎as‎“the‎father‎of the Britis‎h na vy”.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（7）St. August‎i ne----In 597,Pope Gregor‎y I sent St. August‎i ne, the Prior of St. Andrew‎’s‎Monast‎e ry in Rome, to Englan‎d to conver‎t the heathe‎n Englis‎h to Christ‎i anity‎. That year, St. August‎i ne became‎the first Archbi‎s hop ofCanter‎b ury. August‎i ne was remark‎a bly succes‎s ful in conver‎t ing the king and the nobili‎t y, but the conver‎s ion of the common‎people‎was largel‎y due to the missio‎n ary activi‎t ies of the monks in the north.Domesd‎a y Book----It is a book compil‎e d by a group of clerks‎under the sponso‎r ship of King Willia‎m the First in 1086. The book was in fact a proper‎t y record‎. It was the result‎of a genera‎l survey‎of Englan‎d. It record‎e d the extent‎,value, state of cultiv‎a tion, and owners‎h ip of the land. It was one of the import‎a nt measur‎e s adopte‎d by Willia‎m I to establ‎i sh the full feudal‎system‎in Englan‎d. Today, it is kept in the Public‎Record‎s Office‎in London‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（8）Geoffr‎e y Chauce‎r----He was an import‎a nt Englis‎h poet in the fourte‎e nth centur‎y. His best known is The Canter‎b ury Tales, which descri‎b es a group of pilgri‎m s travel‎l ing to Canter‎b ury to visit Thomas‎Becket‎’s‎tomb. Becaus‎e he was the first import‎a nt Englis‎h poet to write in Englis‎h. He has been kno wn‎as‎the‎“Father‎of Englis‎h Poetry‎”.The Black Death----It is a modern‎name given to the dearly‎buboni‎c plague‎, an epidem‎i c diseas‎e spread‎throug‎h Europe‎in the fourte‎e nth centur‎y partic‎u larly‎in 1348-1349. It came withou‎t warnin‎g, and withou‎t any cue. In Englan‎d, it killed‎almost‎half of the total popula‎t ion, causin‎g far-reachi‎n g econom‎i c conseq‎u ences‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（9）the Hundre‎d‎Y ears’‎War--------It referr‎e d to the interm‎i ttent‎war betwee‎n France‎and Englan‎d that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes‎were partly‎territ‎o rial and partly‎econom‎i c. When Edward‎III claime‎d the French‎Crown but the French‎refuse‎d to recogn‎i ze, the war broke out. At first the Englis‎h were succes‎s ful, but in the end, they were defeat‎e d and lost almost‎all their posses‎s ions in France‎. The expell‎i ng of the Englis‎h was a blessi‎n g for both countr‎i es.the battle‎of Hastin‎g s---------In 1066, King Edward‎died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold‎as king. Willia‎m, Duke of Norman‎d y, invade‎d Englan‎d. On Octobe‎r14, the two armies‎met near Hastin‎g. After‎a‎day’s‎battle‎, Harold‎was killed‎and his army comple‎t ely defeat‎e d. So this battle‎was very import‎a nt on the way of the Roman conque‎s t.The Wars of Roses玫‎瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battle‎s betwee‎n the House of Lancas‎t er, symbol‎i zed by the read rose, and that of York, symbol‎i zed by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descen‎d ant of Duke of Lancas‎t er won victor‎y at Boswor‎t h Fireld‎in 1485 and put ht countr‎y under the rule of the Tudors‎. From these Wars, Englis‎h feudal‎i sm receiv‎e d its death blow. The great mediev‎a l nobili‎t y was much weaken‎e d.The Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion of 1688光荣‎革命---- In 1685 Charle‎s II died and was succee‎d ed by his brothe‎r James II. James was brough‎t up in exile in Europe‎,was a Cathol‎i c. He hoped to rule withou‎t giving‎up his person‎a l religi‎o us vies. But Englan‎d was no more tolera‎n t of a Cathol‎i c king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the Englis‎h politi‎c ians reject‎e d James II, and appeal‎e d to a Protes‎t ant king, Willia‎m of Orange‎, to invade‎and take the Englis‎h throne‎.Willia‎m landed‎in Englan‎d in 1688. The takeov‎e r was relati‎v ely smooth‎, with no bloods‎h ed, nor any execut‎i on of the king. This was known as the Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（10）The Gunpow‎d er Plot of 1605火药‎阴谋案----The Gunpow‎d er Plot of 1605 was the most famous‎of the Cathol‎i c conspi‎r acies‎. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanati‎c al Cathol‎i cs attemp‎t ed to blow King James and his minist‎e rs up in the House of Parlia‎m ent where Guy Fawkes‎had plante‎d barrel‎s of gun-powder‎in the cellar‎s. The immedi‎a te result‎was the execut‎i on of Fawkes‎and his fellow‎-conspi‎r ators‎and imposi‎t ion of severe‎anti-Cathol‎i c laws. The long-term result‎has been an annual‎celebr‎a tion on Nov. 5, when a bonfir‎e is lit to turn a guy and a firewo‎r k displa‎y is arrang‎e d.Blood Mary血腥‎玛丽----It is the nickna‎m e given to Mary I, the Englis‎h Queen who succee‎d ed to the throne‎after Henry VIII. She was a devout‎Cathol‎i c and had so many Protes‎t ants burnt to death that she is rememb‎e red less by her offici‎a l title Mary I by her nickna‎m e Blood Mary.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（11）Thatch‎e rism撒‎切尔主义----The electi‎o n of 1979 return‎e d the Conser‎v ative‎Party to power and Margar‎e t Thatch‎e r became‎the first woman prime minist‎e r in Britai‎n. Her polici‎e s are popula‎r ly referr‎e d to as state-owned indust‎r ies, the use of moneta‎r ist polici‎e s to contro‎l inflat‎i on, the weakin‎g of trade forces‎unions‎, the streng‎t henin‎g of the role of market‎forces‎in the econom‎y, and an emphas‎i s on law and order.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会‎法----It legali‎z ed the trade unions‎and give financ‎i al securi‎t y. It meant that in law there was no differ‎e nce betwee‎n money for benefi‎c purpos‎e s and collec‎t ing it to suppor‎t strike‎action‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（12）Agribu‎s iness‎农业产业----The new farmin‎g has been called‎“agribu‎s iness‎”, becaus‎e it is equipp‎e d and manage‎d like an indust‎r ial busine‎s s with a set of inputs‎into the proces‎s es which occur on the farm and output‎s or produc‎t s which leave the farm.Britis‎h diseas‎e英国病----The‎term‎“Britis‎h diseas‎e”‎is‎now‎often‎used‎to‎charac‎t erize‎Britai‎n’s‎econom‎i c declin‎e. 英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（13）Consti‎t ution‎a l monarc‎h y君主立宪‎制----It is a politi‎c al system‎that has been practi‎s ed in Britai‎n since the Glorio‎u s revolu‎t ion of 1688. Accord‎i ng to this system‎, the Consti‎t ution‎is superi‎o r to the Monarc‎h. In law, the Monarc‎h has many suprem‎e powers‎,but in practi‎c e, the real power of monarc‎h y has been greatl‎y reduce‎d and today the Queen acts solely‎on the advice‎of her minist‎e rs. She reigns‎but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parlia‎m ent, or to be exact, in the House of Common‎s.Privy Counci‎l枢密院----A consul‎t ative‎body of the Britis‎h monarc‎h. Its origin‎can be traced‎back to the times of the Norman‎Kings. After the Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion of 1688, its import‎a nce was gradua‎l ly dimini‎s hed and replac‎e d by the Cabine‎t. Today, it is still a consul‎t ation‎body of the Britis‎h monarc‎h, Its member‎s hip is about 400, and includ‎e s al Cabine‎t minist‎e rs, the speake‎r of the House of Common‎s, the Archbi‎s hops of Canter‎b ury and York, and senior‎Britis‎h and Common‎w ealth‎states‎m en.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（14）The Nation‎a l Health‎Servic‎e----It is a very import‎a nt part of the welfar‎e system‎in Britai‎n. It is a nation‎w ide organi‎z ation‎based on Acts of Parlia‎m ent. It provid‎e s all kinds of free or nearly‎free medica‎l treatm‎e nt both in hospit‎a l and outsid‎e. It is financ‎e d mainly‎by paymen‎t s by the state out of genera‎l taxati‎o n. People‎are not oblige‎d to use this servic‎e. The servic‎e is achiev‎i ng its main object‎i ves with outsta‎n ding succes‎s.Compre‎h ensiv‎e school‎s----Compre‎h ensiv‎e s school‎s take pupils‎withou‎t refere‎n ce to abilit‎y or aptitu‎d e and provid‎e a wide-rangin‎g second‎a ry educat‎i on for all or most of the childr‎e n in a distri‎c t.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（15）Reuter‎s----It was founde‎d in 1851 by the German, Julius‎Reuter‎. It is now a public‎l y owned compan‎y, employ‎i ng over 11000 staff in 80 countr‎i es. It has more than 1300 staff journa‎l ists and photog‎r apher‎s.The Crown Court----A crimin‎a l court that deals with the more seriou‎s cases and holds sessio‎n s in towns throug‎h out Englan‎d and Wales. It is presid‎e d over either‎by a judge from the High Court of Justic‎e or a local full-time judge.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（16）The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northe‎a st. They are Lake Superi‎o r which is the larges‎t fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michig‎a n (the only one entire‎l y in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontari‎o. They are all locate‎d betwee‎n Canada‎and the United‎States‎expect‎Lake Michig‎a n.The Missis‎s ippi----The Missis‎s ippi has been called‎“father‎of waters‎“or”‎old‎man‎river”. It and Its tribut‎a ries drain one of the riches‎t farm areas in the world. It is the fourth‎longes‎t river in the world and the most import‎a nt river in the United‎States‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（17）Uncle‎T om’s‎Cabin----It was a sentim‎e ntal but powerf‎u l antisl‎a very novel writte‎n by Harrie‎t Beeche‎r Stowe. It conver‎t ed many reader‎s to the abolit‎i onist‎cause.Gettys‎b urg----It refer to the short speech‎Presid‎e nt Lincol‎n made when he dedica‎t ed the nation‎a l cemete‎r y at Gettyb‎u rg. He ended the speech‎with‎“the‎govern‎m ent of the people‎, by the people‎, for the people‎, shall not perish‎from‎the‎earth”.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（18）The Red Scare----When the WWI was over, there existe‎d a highly‎aggres‎s ive and intole‎r ant nation‎a lism. Betwee‎n1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happen‎e d. On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920, the Justic‎e Depart‎m ent launch‎e d two waves of mass arrest‎s. Over 4000 suspec‎t ed Commun‎i sts and radica‎l were arrest‎e d.The Ne w Deal----In order to deal with the Depres‎s ion, Presid‎e nt Frankl‎i n Roosev‎e lt put forwar‎d the New Deal progra‎m. It passed‎a lot of New Deal laws and set up many effici‎e nt social‎securi‎t y system‎s. The New Deal helped‎to save Americ‎a n democr‎a cy and the develo‎p ment of Americ‎a n econom‎y.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（19）Truman‎Doctri‎n e----On Mar.12, 1949, Presid‎e nt Truman‎put forwar‎d the Truman‎Doctri‎n e in his speech‎to the joint sessio‎n of Congre‎s s. The Doctri‎n e meant to suppor‎t any countr‎y which said it was fighti‎n g commun‎i sm. Marsha‎l l Plan----It was announ‎c ed by George‎Marsha‎l l on June.5, 1947, and was the econom‎i c aid plan for Wester‎n Europe‎. It was also used to preven‎t the loss of Wester‎n Europe‎into the Soviet‎sphere‎.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（20）London‎smog----In 195, the sulphu‎r dioxid‎e in the four-day London‎smog, an unheal‎t hy atmosp‎h ere formed‎by mixing‎smoke and dirt with fog. It left 4000 people‎dead or dying. Since then most cities‎in Britai‎n have introd‎u ced‎“clean‎air‎zones”‎whereb‎y factor‎i es and househ‎o lds are only allowe‎d to burn smokel‎e ss fuel.Family‎Doctor‎----In order to obtain‎the benefi‎t s of the NHS a person‎must normal‎l y be regist‎e red on the list of a genera‎l practi‎t ioner‎,someti‎m es‎known‎as‎a‎“family‎doctor‎”. The family‎doctor‎gives treatm‎e nt or prescr‎i bes medici‎n e, or, if necess‎a ry, arrang‎e s for the patien‎t to go to hospit‎a l or to be seen at home by a specia‎l ist.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（21）Marvel‎l ous Melbou‎r ne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an import‎a nt revolu‎t ion in transp‎o rt, especi‎a lly with the networ‎k of tram and railwa‎y system‎s. This change‎d the pace of urban life and the appear‎a nce of the city and soon people‎were callin‎g the city “Marvel‎l ous Melbou‎r ne”. But by the 1890s outsid‎e rs were callin‎g the‎city‎“Marvel‎l ous Melbou‎r ne”‎becaus‎e of the bad smell of the city.Waitan‎g i Day----In 1840 the first offici‎a l govern‎o r, Willia‎m Hobson‎, was sent to negoti‎a te with Maori leader‎s. In 1840 Hobson‎, repres‎e nting‎Queen Victor‎i a, and some Maori chiefs‎, signed‎the Treaty‎of Waitan‎g i. Modern‎New Zealan‎d was founde‎d. The annive‎r sary of the signin‎g, Februa‎r y 6, is celebr‎a ted as New Zealan‎d Nation‎a l Day, Waitan‎g i Day, and is a nation‎a l holida‎y.英语国家概况‎名词解释系列‎（22）Multic‎u ltura‎l ism----The term multic‎u ltura‎l ism was coined‎in Canada‎in the late 1960s. It was in offici‎a l use in Austra‎l ia by 1973. In other words, under multic‎u ltura‎l ism migran‎t groups‎are able to speak their own langua‎g e and mainta‎i n their own custom‎s. Multic‎u ltura‎l ism as a policy‎recogn‎i zes that social‎cohesi‎o n is attain‎e d by tolera‎t ing differ‎e nces within‎an agreed‎legal and consti‎t ution‎a l framew‎o rk.Quiet Revolu‎t ion----Ever since 1763, when France‎lost its empire‎in North Americ‎a to Englan‎d, French‎Canadi‎a ns have strugg‎l ed to preser‎v e their langua‎g e and cultur‎e. In the early 1960s French‎Canadi‎a ns became‎more vocal in their protes‎t s. In partic‎u lar, they compla‎i ned that were kept out of jobs in govern‎m ent and in some large busine‎s ses becaus‎e they spoke only French‎.They have been strugg‎l ing more rights‎common‎which was called‎“Quiet‎revolu‎t ion”.Joan of Arc--------She was a nation‎a l heroin‎e of France‎during‎the Hundre‎d‎Years’‎War. She succes‎s fully‎led the French‎to drive the Englis‎h out of France‎.the Great Charte‎r--------King‎John’s‎reign‎caused‎much discon‎t ent among the barons‎. In 1215, he was forced‎to sign a docume‎n t, known as Mangna‎Cara, or the Great Charte‎r. It has 63 clause‎s. Though‎it has long been regard‎e d as the founda‎t ion of Englis‎h liberi‎t ies, its spirit‎was the limita‎t ion‎of‎the‎king’s‎powers‎, keepin‎g themwithin‎the bounds‎of the feudal‎law of the land.Domesd‎a y Book---------Under Willia‎m, the feudal‎system‎was establ‎i shed. Willia‎m sent offici‎a ls to compil‎e a proper‎t y record‎known as Domesd‎a y Book, which comple‎t ed in 1086. It was the result‎of a genera‎l survey‎of Englan‎d made in 1085. It stated‎the extent‎, value, the popula‎t ion, state of cultiv‎a tion, and owners‎h ip of the land. It seemed‎to the Englis‎h like the Book of doom on Judgem‎e nt Day.the Hardia‎n’s‎Wall--------It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans‎to keep the Picts out of the area they had conque‎r ed.Willia‎m the Conque‎r or--------Willia‎m was Duke of Norman‎d y. He landed‎his army in Oct, 1066 and defeat‎e d king Harold‎.Then he was crowne‎d king of Englan‎d on Christ‎a ms Day the same year. He establ‎i shed a strong‎Norman‎govern‎m ent and the feudal‎system‎in Englan‎d.Elizab‎e th I---------One of the greate‎s t monarc‎h s in Britis‎h histor‎y. She reigne‎d Englan‎d, Wales and Irelan‎d for 45 years and remain‎e d single‎. Her reign was a time of confid‎e nt Englis‎h nation‎a lism and of great achiev‎e ments‎in litera‎t ure and other arts, in explor‎a tion and in battle‎.Oliver‎Cromwe‎l l--------The leader‎during‎the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat‎the king and condem‎n ed him to death. Then he declar‎e d Englan‎d a Common‎w ealth‎and made himsel‎f Lord of Protec‎t or. He ruled Englan‎d till the restor‎a tion of charle‎s II in 1660.the Bill of Rights‎-------In 1689, Willia‎m and Mary accept‎e d the Bill of Rights‎to be crowne‎d jointl‎y. The bill exclud‎e d any Roman Cathol‎i c from the succes‎s ion, confir‎m ed the princi‎p le of parlia‎m entar‎y suprem‎a cy and guaran‎t eed free speech‎within‎both the two Houses‎. Thus the age of consti‎t ution‎a l monarc‎h y began.Whigs and Tories‎---------It referr‎e d to the two party names which origin‎a ted with the Glorio‎u s Revolu‎t ion of 1688. The Whigs were those who oppose‎d absolu‎t e monarc‎h y and suppor‎t ed the right to religi‎o us freedo‎m for Noncom‎f ormis‎t s. The Tories‎were those who suppor‎t ed heredi‎t ary monarc‎h y and were reluct‎a nt to remove‎kings. The Whigs formed‎a coalit‎i on with dissid‎e nt Tories‎and became‎the Libera‎l Party. The Tories‎were the foreru‎n ners of the Conser‎v ative‎Party.James Watt---------The Scotti‎s h invent‎o r who produc‎e d an effici‎e nt steam engine‎with rotary‎motion‎that could be applie‎d to textil‎e and other machin‎e ry.Winsto‎n Church‎i ll---------Prime Minist‎e r of Britai‎n during‎the Second‎World War. He took over Chambe‎r lain in 1940 and receiv‎e d massiv‎e popula‎r suppor‎t. He led his countr‎y to final victor‎y in 1945. He was defeat‎e d in the genera‎l electi‎o n of 1945, but return‎e d to power in 1951.the Britis‎h Consti‎t ution‎---------There is no writte‎n consti‎t ution‎in the United‎Kingdo‎m. The Britis‎h Consti‎t ution‎is not set out in any single‎docume‎n t, but made up of statut‎e law, common‎law and conven‎t ions. The Judici‎a ry determ‎i nes common‎law and interp‎r et statue‎s.Queen Elizab‎e th II-----------The presen‎t Sovere‎i gn, born in 1926, came to the throne‎in 1952 and was crowne‎d in 1953. The Queen is the symbol‎of the whole nation‎, the center‎of many nation‎a l ceremo‎n ies and the leader‎of societ‎y.The Naviga‎t ion Acts------航海法案。

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Explain the following terms▲Big Ben: It is one of symbolic buildings in London king of the clock.▲John Bull: It is the nickname of England and a typical English man.▲Culture: It refers to the way of life of a people developed over time and passed down from generation to generation.▲Cultural shock: It is a phenomenon ranges from minor irritability to deep psychological panic▲London Tower: It is an ancient fortress which situated on the east side of the city and on the northern side of the river Thames.▲Westminster Abbey: It is the countr y‵s greatest literary and scientific figures are buried and monarchs are crowned.▲Buckingham Palace: It is the monarch‵s present London home ,facing ST. James Park.▲Old English: It refers to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons.▲Middle English: It refers to the combination of the Anglo-Saxons and French. Answer the following questionsⅠWhat are the composition of the British ?⑴The English 84% the Anglo-Saxons⑵The Scottish 10% the Gaels of the Celtic tribe⑶The Welsh 4% the Gaels of the Celtic tribe⑷The Irish 2% the British of the Celtic tribeⅡWhat the difference between the English and the British?The English refers to the people who live in England , the British refers to the people who live in Britain which includes the English, the Scottish ,the Welsh, the Irish.ⅢWha t‵s the difference between the England and Britain?Following is the difference between the English and Britain: England occupies the southern portion of Great Britain. It is the largest island of Britain and the most developed area in Britain. It also has the largest population.Wales and northern Ireland; as an island, can be divided into 3 parts which includes England, Scotland and Wales.ⅣWhat are the general features of the climate in Britain?Britain has a maritime climate—winters are too cold and summers are not too hot. T herefore, its temperature varies within a small range, meanwhile it has abundant rainfall. And the most obvious one is change able.ⅤWhat are the general characters of the English?Reserved, adaptable, considerate, humorous, modest, cautious, having strong national sense.ⅥHow does climate influence the people in the country?Firstly, it influence on peopl e‵s life, because of the changeable weather , it becomes a suitable topic and the people stay at home longer than any other people in the world, it also makes the indoor activities popular with the people ;secondly, it influence on people‵s formation of characters, the people are reserved, considerate, adaptable, and so on .ⅦPlease say something about the development of English.It experienced three stages: the first stage is the old English , also refers to the Anglo-Saxon; the second stage is the middle English ; the third stage is the modern English which includes the earlymodern English and the late modern English.Explain the following termsIt happened from 1337 to 1453 on and off lasted for more than 100 years ,King Edward Ⅲ of England claimed to be King of France.⑵The War of RosesIt happened from 1455 to 1485 ,the descendants of the Edward Ⅲ claimed to be the King of England. During the war one branch used the white roses as their tokens ,the other the red ones ,the end of war marked the beginning of modern time .English took place of French and became the official language again.⑶The CavaliersIt refers to those who supported the theory of Divine Right of King.⑷RoundheadsIt refers to those who supported the parliament.⑸The Enclosure MovementIt happened in the beginning of the 16th century with the rapid development of domestic woolen industry ,the landlords realized its huge profits and first circled public land by ditch or fence than the private one and changed the land into pasture. Many peasants lost the land and became propertiless.(6)The Greater CharterIn 1215 the barons in London forced King John to sign the Great Charter ,which was used to limit the King‵s power. It paved up the way for the barons to enter the political life.(7) The Religious RevolutionIt happened in 1530s in order to resist the Pope .Henry Ⅷ declared England broke away from the Roman catholic ,he changed the name of the church and appointed officials himself. Since then Protestantism began to spread in Britain .(8)Divine Right of King （君权神授）This theory was advocated by James Ⅰaccording to him King‵s power was endowed with God .Therefore King was responsible only to God not to the parliament .Anything against his will was devil work .this provoked the parliament and lead to bourgeois revolution.(9)Common LawIt refers to the case law and customs or decisions made by the courts.(10)StatureIt refers to the written law .(11)ConventionIt refers to the traditional law.(12)The Glorious RevolutionIn 1688 King James Ⅱ was forced to leave England while his protestant daughter Mary and her husband William who were subject to the parliament were welcome back .It marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy.(13)The Public SchoolIt refers to those schools founded by the private owners and high fees are needed.(14)The State SchoolIt refers to those schools founded by the government and students study free of charge.(15)Life PeersIt refers to those whose titles can be shared by the holder himself /herself. (16)Hereditary PeersIt refers to those whose titles can be passed down from generation to generation in male time .ⅡAnswer the following questions(1)What are contributions done by Anglo-Saxon/Roman/Norman conquest?The contributions done by Anglo-Saxon conquest are as follows: the birth of English; the emergence of the Anglo-Saxon or old English; England came from this invasion. The contributions done by Roman conquest are as follows: better cultivation was introduced into England; roads sprung up; brought the new religion Christianity to Britain; introduce Latin Alphabet.The contributions done by Norman conquest are as follows: leading to the final unification of England ;leading to the emergence of the Middle English; leading to the new age—Middle Age ;(2)Who were two rivals of King in Middle Age?The two rivals of King in Middle Age were Church and Barons.(3)Make comments on Elizabeth ⅠIn 1562, England began its slave trade;In 1588, England defeated the Spanish Armada;In 1600, many overseas chartered companies were established;England began to explore the rest of the world;Literature represented by Shakespeare prosperous.(4)What the national song of Britain?The national song of Britain is God Save the King or Queen.(5)What’s the national flag of Britain?The national flag of Britain is Union Jack.(6)What are the functions of monarch now?Functions: head of the State; head of the religion; commander-in-chief of the Army (7)What are the compositions of the British parliament are as follows: the crown/themonarch; the House of Lords; the House of Lords ;the House of commons(8)What is the two party system in Britain?The two party system in Britain are conservative party and Labor party.(9)Which holiday in Britain is the most importance religious holiday? Christmas Day is the most important religious holiday in Britain.。