2012 Research Paper Writing [研究论文写作]
【转】论文写作（writepaper）做科研以及寻找研究方向和研究课题
【转】论文写作（writepaper）做科研以及寻找研究方向和研究课题【转】论文写作(write paper)做科研以及寻找研究方向和研究课题这几天，我整理了一下近两年来我所收集的科研经验方面的知识，没有更细致的整理，希望能够对朋友们有些许的帮助。
疏漏之处颇多。
请各位朋友指出、探讨。
No1 进入课题及寻找科研问题：1、如何了解课题背景？要了解课题背景，就要掌握以下一些信息：z什么时候开展的研究？z为什么要开展？z这个领域有哪些代表人物？z至今该研究分为几个阶段？每个阶段有什么特色？z目前该研究达到什么水平？z该研究还存在哪些问题？这些内容都需要做到心中有数。
2、研究生阶段，你至少精读20篇英文论文，针对每一篇精读的论文写出3－6页的重点整理。
这一点很重要，你一定要做。
3、你可以从一篇具有代表性的论文出发，从他的References 找起，一定可以找到很多宝藏，或者去查找Survey、Review、Research Issue。
4、你要做的工作已经被别人做过了，那么，你必须要做的与他不一样或者比他更好。
5、地球人都知道现在天底下已经没有什么新东西了，也许偶尔还会有几个真正独特和令人惊异的结果之外，我们绝大多数人的工作都是建立在别人工作的基础上的。
6、科研人员要站在巨人的肩膀上！你不要总是想着重新创造一个方法或者技术，而要站在前人的肩膀上开展工作，推进技术的不断更新和进步。
7、如何找问题：你要阅读相关领域最重要的几个期刊里的文章，认真细致的作出读书笔记，读完每篇文章后都要思考是否可以改进、下一步可以做些什么、哪些算法和模型可以为我所用。
等到2、30篇文章读完，你大概就知道国内外目前还有哪些问题没有解决了，关注哪些大牛正在研究这些问题，这些大牛的文章可能会指出一些需要解决的重要问题。
8、思考问题要具有连贯性，一个问题的解决牵连处下一个问题，你不要东一下、西一下。
9、当你已经出好你的题目时，你需要简单、生动的描述自己的研究问题，将它分解为一些子问题，然后逐个击破。
Writing-the-Research-Paper
Writing-the-Research-PaperWriting the Research Paper:A Handbook This semester I read a book called Writing the Research :A Handbook Paper published Peking University Press.Generally speaking , this book is “unbooklike”. As the Author said, no one who has to write a research paper wants to waste time by studying the ins and outs of documentation or the protocols of research. Under this guideline, the book is not meant to be read, but merely consulted. This is more a dictionary, in sum, than a discursive book.1. Theme and Structure about this bookThere are 12 units in this book, they are “ Basic Information about the Research Paper, Choosing a Topic, The Library, The Thesis and the Outline, Using the Computer in Your Research, Doing the Research, Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft, Revising Your Rough Draft, The MLA System of Documentation, The Traditional System of Documentation, Sample Student Papers”.Writing a research paper requires to seek out information about a subject, take a stand on it, and back it up with the opinions, ideas, and views of others. Every research paper must conform to a specific format, which is simply an agreed-on way of doing things. Reasons for the research paper is that writing it forces you to learn lots about your chosen subject. Usually, three drafts are the barest minimum: the first draft looks messy and scribbled over, the second is rarely smooth and seldom predictable, the third is the one you submit. Generally, there are seven distinct steps.Ideally you should choose a topic that interests you, that iscomplex enough to need several sources, and that will not bore your reader. Some topic present usually difficulties; others are simply a waste of time.The thesis is a statement that summarizes the central idea of the paper. You cannot formulate a thesis unless you know a great deal about your subject. Thesis should be clear, comprehensible and direct; predict major divisions in the structure of the paper; commit you to an unmistakable course, argument, or point of view. Most instructors prefer the thesis as the final sentence of the initial paragraph.An outline is an ordered list of the topics covered in a paper. The three main types of outlines are the topic outline, the sentence outline, and the paragraph outline.Exactly what kind of material you need to look for depends on your topic, thesis, and even the point of view you use in the paper. Nowadays, the library and internet is accessible to many writer. What writers should do is to evaluating the sources: Where was the information found Who wrote it Who publishes it What are the writer’s sources What kind of tone does the write use What do the writer’s contemporaries have to say What is the wr iter’s motive What is the context of the writer’s opinion Besides, writers can consult encyclopedia, appendix, the search engines, bibliography, etc. The bibliography is a list of sources on the research topic. Skim a source to determine it usefulness. Eve ntually the you’ve uncovered through research must be turned into notes, which are of four kinds: summary, paraphrase, quotation and comment.<Next, transform the notes into a rough draft. Prepare a checklist: formulate a thesis, organize yours notes in the order oftheir appearance in the paper, write an outline or abstract. During writing, pay attention to the principle of unity, coherence and emphasis. The abstract should meet the following criteria: reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper, explain briefly the central issue of your paper, summarize your paper’s most important points, mention the major sources used, state your conclusions clearly, be coherent so that it is easy to read, remain objective in its point ofview.Revision is partly a psychological and partly a mechanical process. All revision is based on repeated rereading of the first draft. Many instructors recommend revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements. Check your opening paragraph to see whether your beginning is sprightly enough to draw in your reader. You may find a boost un three time-honored strategies for beginning a paper: use a quotation, ask a question, or present an illustration. The topic sentences of your paragraphs must follow the same sequence as the points of your thesis. Don’t make these paragraphs so compact and dens e as to check the reader with details. It is better that the information be organized in tidbits of shorter paragraphs. You achieve linkage by the use of transitional markers and sentences. Revise sentences for variety and style: revise sentences to use the active voice, revise to use an appropriate of view, revise sexist language. Word choice and usage comes under the heading of diction: revise diction for accuracy and exactness, revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead of single nouns, revise redundant expressions, revise meaningless words and phrases, revise snobbish diction.No matter what documentation system you use, it is a universalrequirement that research papers be neat and clean and your instructor that compels you to submit handwritten work. Before you submit a final version of your paper, you should make sure that you have complied with all your instructor’s formatting requirements.Finally, because two pairs of eyes usually are better than one, ask another student with good writing skills to go over your paper for clarity, focus, and mechanics.2. My own concerns about the research paperWhen we graduate student write the research paper, we always have three deficiencies: informal style, weak in English express and lack of innovation. When reading this book, I try to find some solutions to overcome this shortcomings.For the research paper, we always neglect the formal style of it, often use the informal words, such as “I” ,“you”. Instead we should use “the paper”, “the author”.For the English expression, the basic standard is the accurate use of words without wrong character, concise and fluent sentence. But even for this simple request, we always fail to meet it. I think there are two reasons: the poor mastery of English and the failure of checking, which involves the altitude.As far as the point of research, innovation is the core of it. However, we often lack of it. Moreover, we always lack of the consciousness and attitude of innovation.To overcome these shortcomings, first of all, we should have a right attitude towards it. We must lay a strong foundation of the basic theory. Then we have to cooperate with the instructors, trying to meet their demand. We can try to change the way we write the research, we can cooperate with our classmate , it is not our own business. What is more, the colleges and universitiesshould make reasonable arrangements to avoid time confliction, because in the third year, many students have to leave school to search for job. Of course, universities should help students enhance their writing training, optimize the topic design, and focus the full guidance. Last but not least, in this information-bomb age, the full and proper use of internet and library should be taken into consideration. We can use the internet to help us find information, especially the search engine, but we can’t neglect the library. We can use the internet to seek for more help, but plagiarize is not accepted.To sum up, the book of writing the research paper provide me with some basic knowledge about the paper. T o read this bookis very useful and necessary. After this course, our understanding about the dissertation can be push into a higher stage.$Reference[1] Anthony Jo Ray the Research Paper:A Handbook[M]. Peking:Peking University Press, 2012(6).[2] 韦森. 英语专业毕业论文写作存在问题分析[J]. 广西师范大学学报，2009(1):105.。
如何写好英文科研论文作文
如何写好英文科研论文作文英文，Writing a good research paper in English requires careful planning, thorough research, and clear communication. Here are some tips for writing a successful research paper.First and foremost, it's important to choose a topic that is both interesting and relevant to your field of study. This will not only make the writing process more enjoyable, but it will also ensure that your paper contributes meaningfully to the existing body of knowledge.Once you have chosen a topic, it's time to conduct thorough research. This may involve reading academic journals, books, and other scholarly sources, as well as conducting experiments or surveys if necessary. It's important to take detailed notes during the research process, as this will make it easier to organize and structure your paper later on.When it comes to actually writing the paper, it's crucial to maintain a clear and logical structure. This typically involves an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section should flow smoothly into the next, and all arguments and claims should be supported by evidence.In addition to a strong structure, it's important to pay attention to the language and style of your writing. This means using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly technical terms, and ensuring that your paper is free from grammatical and spelling errors.Finally, it's essential to properly cite all sources used in your paper. This not only gives credit to the original authors, but it also helps to strengthen the credibility of your own work.In conclusion, writing a good research paper in English requires careful planning, thorough research, clear communication, and attention to detail. By following these tips, you can increase the likelihood of producing asuccessful and impactful research paper.中文，写好一篇英文科研论文需要仔细的规划、深入的研究和清晰的表达。
Research Paper Writing (2)
Characteristics of a thesis statement
• • • • • • • 1. The thesis statement is limited so it can give direction to the paper 2. The thesis statement is specific 3. The thesis statement is a way to unify ideas within the paper 4. The thesis statement is an aid to coherence for your paper
• Also used occasionally for particular purposes or disciplines are paragraph outlines and decimal outlines.
Topic outline
• In Topic outline, you write your ideas in a word, a phrase, or a dependent clause after one of the traditional symbols. There is no end punctuation after any words in a topic outline, because there no complete sentences. However, do try to use a parallel and consistent grammatical structure throughout the topic outline.
• 4. General to particular or vice verse • When you begin by writing some fairly broad ideas or statements and then arrange the remaining information as a series of specific points, you are following the general-to-particular arrangement of the content for your research paper.
《科研论文写作》课程教学大纲
《科研论文写作》课程教学大纲课程编号：0502504024课程名称：科研论文写作英文名称：Research Paper Writing课程类型：专业必修课总学时：16 讲课学时：16 实验学时：学分：1适用对象：英语专业（经贸英语专业）本科生先修课程：一、课程性质、目的和任务科研论文写作课程是经贸英语专业的专业课。
主要目的是使学生了解从选题、文献调研、资料分析、列提纲、起草、修改到编辑的写作基本方法和基本技能。
使学生了解学术论文以及论文摘要、文献综述的写作方法、文献引用方法等。
对学生毕业论文写作提供指导和帮助。
培养学生进行基本的科研能力训练，培养学生的创新意识及独立思维、科学探索的能力。
二、教学基本要求学完本课程应达到以下基本要求：1.学生基本确定毕业论文选题。
2.填写毕业论文任务书。
3.在指导教师指导下，收集资料。
4.撰写草稿。
5.撰写论文。
三、教学内容及要求1. Chapter 1: Defining the Dissertation了解科研论文写作。
2. Chapter 2: Basic Writing and Academic Writing掌握科研论文写作的基本规范。
3. Chapter 3: Data, Analysis, and Research Paradigms掌握科研论文的基本内容。
4. Chapter 4: Prewriting (1) Developing the Subject掌握如何选择论文题目。
5. Chapter 5: Prewriting (2) Reading the Literature掌握如何阅读文献资料。
6．Chapter 6: Prewriting (3) Thesis Formulation and Research Questions掌握论题和研究问题形成。
7．Chapter 8: Writing (1) Elements of a Dissertation掌握论文各部分写作方法。
写作Unit5ResearchPaperwriting--byWHZ-47页PPT精品文档
Chapter 5
Outline
Definition General steps Sections comprising a research paper
Definier is a presentation of a researcher’s investigations on a selected topic backed up by the ideas or information of others in the field.
focuses on… • This research is designed to determine/
measure/evaluate… • The author intends/attempts to outline the
framework of/obtain some knowledge of…
• A brief review of original hypothesis and other researchers’ findings
• Highlights or further explanations of the findings of the present study
• Limitations of the d\study • Suggesting implications
• Conclusion—What implications does the answer imply?
Features of an abstract
• Concise • Objective • Consistent • Complete • Brief
Useful expressions
Research Paper Writing
集名称、编者、出版年份、页次、时间；
专著——作者、书名(M) 、出版地、出版年
月、页次、时间；
2019/11/24
12
报纸——作者、篇名(N) 、报纸名称、
日期、版次。
6、 尾注页(endnotes page)：对于作
者不易理解的概念，不太熟悉的事件以 及其它不便在正文展开的论述，还有资 料来源等需要注释。
5）目录（按三级标题编目）
主体内容（4号宋体，包括引言、正文、 总结和讨论）
2019/1bliography/works cited page)：
1）在论文中按行文设计的先后排列参考文献； 2）格式：
学术期刊——作者、论文题目(J) 、期刊名
称、卷号、页次、时间；
2019/11/24
6
拟稿注意事项
1）开门见山，自然切入论点(quotation, historical review, review of a controversy, from the general to the specific, from the specific to the general, question, statement of thesis)；
I. Noun Phrases:
1. Norms Governing Translation & Subjectivity(翻译规范与主体意识)
2. Self-recognition & Cross-Cultural Communication (自我表现认识与跨文化交 际)
3. English &Chinese Sentence Group (我对英 汉句子的一些见解)
写作Unit5ResearchPaperwriting--byWHZ-文档资料
Steps to a research paper
• Choosing the topic Specific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones. A broad topic: The Importance of Economics A specific topic: International Cooperation as Exemplified by the World Bank
Overview of a Research Paper
The front matter The body The end matter
The front matter
• Title: Research theme • Author’s name(s) • Abstract: Conceptional description (the scope); Procedures and methodology; Main findings, conclusion and implications or suggestions • key words : Terms to generalize research concerns
• It is aimed to tell other people your findings and claims on a selected topic.
Collecting information
Bibliographical information
When gathering second-hand information, jot down full bibliographical information (author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers, URLs, creation or modification dates on Web pages, and your date of access) on your work sheet for later retrieval.
Writing-a-Research-Paper---Lecture-1英语论文写作1
(3) The style tends to be formal.
携手共进，齐创精品工程
Thank You
世界触手可及
Writing research papers is very crucial for graduate studies.
The ability to write good research papers is often highly valuable for one’s stions
What is research? What’s the purpose of doing research? How is research carried out?
3 Ws: What, Why, How?
1.1 Research
Research is “a detailed study of a subject or an aspect of a subject. If you do research, you collect data and analyze facts and information and try to gain new knowledge or new understanding” (p. 1231).
---from Hatch, E. and Farhady, H. (1982). Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers, INC.
Research-Paper-Writing-(5)
• 3. Statement(s) that indicate the need for more investigation. • In this part, after finishing the review of the literature, you should point out a gap, that is, an important area not investigated by other researchers. Just in there, you can make certain contribution by your research.
• • • • • • •
1. Overview of the experiment 2. Population/sample 3. Location 4. Restrictions/limiting conditions 5. Sampling technique 6. Procedures 7. Materials
• 1. Giving readers background information needed to understand your study. • 2. Assures readers that you are familiar with he important research that carried out • in your field of study. • 3. Establishes the study as one link in a chain of research that is developing and • enlarging knowledge in your field.
• 8. Variables • 9. Statistical treatment • The description of the steps you followed in conducting your study should be written clearly so that a reader in your field could accurately replicate your procedure. The best way, of course, to describe a procedure is step-by-step, or chronologically.
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Dr. Qin Zhang
Professor, Washington State University Editor-in-Chief, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Example: Telling an Incomplete Story
A manuscript reports a simple green vegetation feature
extraction method to segment the green vegetation for agricultural equipment in-field navigation.
Analysis of the Outstanding Paper
Developed a methodology to extract pathway
information from stereo point clouds for guiding an autonomous vehicle avoiding obstacles. (3D visual guidance for autonomous vehicles) Applied an approach of using 3D density and its embodiment through density grid to extract the interested guidance information. (Specific technology/approach provided) Experimental results demonstrated that 3D density maps are suitable to cope with complex stereo data and provide useful information. (Method properly validated using sufficient data)
Have you done something new to solve a problem? Are the methods/measurements valid and reliable? Can you describe the scope and limitations of the
Why Publish a Research Paper?
Scientists publish to share with the research community findings that advance knowledge and understanding: To present new, original results or methods To rationalize published results To present a review of the field or to summarize a particular topic
clearly described, with reasonable amount of data for validation.
Paper was returned with the following comments:
The manuscripts reports a work has been published over the span of the last 20 years. Significant research work has been published including almost identical works reported in this paper. In fact, Foss has commercialized an instrument that both detects broken rice and determines multiple other features available for several years.
Paper poorly written – failed to provide sufficient evidence
to prove their originality by modifying a well-known method, even failed to tell the details of what had been modified.
Analysis of Successful Writing
Three Key Points of a Publishable Paper
A clear defined goal for addressing a researchable problem The specific methodology developed and/or applied in doing the research With sufficient data to validate the result(s)
methods you’ve developed or applied?
Have you collect sufficient data to validate the methods? Have the findings been verified by appropriate analysis? Do your findings tell a nice story?
A manuscript reports a research of using a non-destructive
near-infrared spectroscopy to calibrate (? Guessed by the reviewer) a CCD system for fruit quality checking.
NOT WANTED
o Duplications o Reports of no scientific interest o Work out of date o Inappropriate/ incomplete methods or conclusions o Studies with insufficient data
If all answers are “yes”, then start preparing your manuscript.
What Publishers DO Want Quality
WANTED
Originality Significant advances
in field Appropriate methods, case studies and conclusions Readability Studies that meet ethical standards
How to Plan - a Suggested Approach
With a CLEARY Defined Goal YOUR Methods being Used
SUFFICIENT Date to Validate Logic in Writing Ethics Details …
Is the Material Publishable?
Paper well organized, procedures reasonably described,
with sufficient data for validation.
Paper was returned with the following comments:
What is the problem you intend to solve? Why use two sensing technologies for one thing, you should provide a valid justification on your mythologies being used.
The manuscript has some major problems with the technical and scientific quality: XXX model is not new and the authors' contribution to this model are not clear. As the model should be developed based on local climate characteristics, but the authors did not fully consider it. Plus, the authors failed to appropriately discuss their proposed objectives in the text.
Tip-One: Present Publishable Materials
The first key point - a clear defined topic for addressing a researchable problem – means to present only the publishable materials. Just because a work has not been done before is no justification for the material is publishned with the following comments:
An Example of a Good Paper
2007 ASABE Superior Paper Stereovision information processing with 3D density maps for agricultural vehicles Transactions of the ASABE, 49: 1213-1222.