[英语语法手册]动词概说及其用法([] Handbook of English grammar an

[英语语法手册]动词概说及其用法（[] Handbook of English

grammar and usage of verbs）

[English Grammar Handbook] verbs

Notional verb

1) verbs (verb) are words that express actions or states.

A) action: swim swimming, push push

B) state: have has be is

2) English verbs have tense, voice, mood and other forms of change.

Finite verbs and non finite verbs

The verb is divided into two categories, finite verb and nonfinite verb, whether or not they are subject to subject.

1) the limited verb is used as the predicate verb of the sentence, and subject to the subject, and the variation of person and number. Such as:

He is a tractor driver. he's a tractor driver.

Facts are more eloquent than words. facts speak louder than words.

We have friends all over the world. we have friends all over

the world.

An apple falls by the force of gravitation. gravity makes the apple fall to the ground.

2) there are three kinds of non finite verbs: Infinitive, gerund and participle. In the sentence, they can not be used as predicate verbs alone, so they are not subject to the subject, and there is no change in the number of person and number. Such as:

I am pleased to meet you. I'm glad to meet you. (infinitive)

Smoking is harmful to the health. smoking is harmful to health. (gerund)

I heard them singing the Internationale. I heard them sing the internationale. (participle)

Spoken words are often more powerful than writing. language is often more powerful than words. (participle)

Notional verbs, linking verbs, modal verbs and auxiliary verbs

According to its meaning, there are four types of verbs: notional verbs (notional verb), verb verbs (1ink verb), modal verbs (modal verb) and auxiliary verbs (auxiliary).

1) the notional verb has the complete meaning and can be used as the predicate verb independently. Such as:

The sun shone brightly this morning. this morning, the sun is shining.

He likes to go for a long walk on sundays., he likes to go out for a long walk on Sunday.

We have a big TV set in the club. we have a big TV set in our club.

2) linking verb link verb predicate verb in a sentence, followed. English linking verbs (is) be, seem, look (seemed) (opinion), keep (keep), become (a), (get, grow (become), feel (become), turn (AM) become, become) (seems), remain, appear (still) etc.. Such as:

It is never too late to mend. is not too late to mend.

It was a close game., that match was pretty close.

The children in this nursery look very healthy. the child in the nursery looks very healthy.

Keep quiet, please! Please be quiet!,

The tape recorder seems all right. this recorder seems to be all right.

Later he became a doctor. he became a doctor later.

The problem remained unsolved until last year. problem solved only last year.

[note] the come and go in the following sentences are also linked verbs. Such as:

The old man's dream has come true. the old man's dream has come true.

Something has gone wrong with the truck. truck is out of order.

[note two] some linked verbs, such as seem, appear, and so on, often follow to be. Such as:

The new text seens to be easy, but actually it is rather difficult. this new text seems easy, but in fact it is quite difficult.

She appears to be the girl's sister. she seems to be the girl's sister.

3) modal verbs have can (Neng), may (can, maybe), must (must), and their past tense could, might, etc., which express the tone or modality of the speaker, such as ability, obligation, necessity, guess, etc..

A modal verb can only form a predicate verb with the main verb.

[notes] for modal verbs, see Chapter eleventh.

4) verb auxiliary verbs shall, will, have, be, should, wonld, do etc.. They can only form the verb forms such as tense, voice, mood, and predicate verb in the structure of negation and doubt,

together with the main verb.

transitive and intransitive verbs

There are two types of notional verbs, transitive and intransitive, from the point of view of whether they need an object.

1) the notional verb that must be followed by the transitive object is the complete verb, which is called the transitive verb (transitive verb). Such as:

I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion. I believe that the committee will consider our proposal.

"How long can I keep the book?" Harry asked. Harry asked, "how long can I keep this book?""

Dr. Bethune set us a good example. Dr. Bethune has set a good example for us.

Crude oil contains many useful substances. crude oil contains many useful substances.

2) the intransitive verb, which has a complete meaning, does not have to be followed by an actual verb, which is called an intransitive verb (intransitive verb). Such as:

Birds fly. birds can fly.

It happened in June 1932., this happened in 193; June.

My watch stopped., my watch has stopped.

She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. she spoke at the meeting last night.

3) as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs, there are many notional verbs in English which can be used as transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. There are two different kinds of verbs:

(a) as a transitive verb and an intransitive verb, meaning remains unchanged. Trial comparison:

Shall I begin at once? Can I start right away? (begin as an intransitive verb)

She began working as a librarian after she left school. she worked as a librarian after graduation. (began as transitive verb)

When did they leave Chicago? When did they leave Chicago? (leave as transitive verb)

They left last week., they left last week. (left as intransitive verb)

B, sometimes used as a transitive verb or an intransitive verb, sometimes has different meanings. Such as:

Wash your hands before meals. wash hands before meals.

Does this cloth wash well? Can this cloth stand washing?

4) compared with Chinese, sometimes the transitive and intransitive usages of English verbs are different from those used in Chinese. Please pay attention to the following two situations:

A) some verbs can only be used as intransitive verbs in English, while Chinese can be used as transitive verbs, such as arrive, agree, 1isten. In English, these verbs are often followed by prepositions. Such as:

We arrived at the railway station at noon., we arrived at the station at noon. (at cannot be omitted) (comparison: We reached the railway station at noon.)

Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest. everyone is interested in listening to the lecture. (to can not be omitted) (comparison: We all heard the lecture.)

Do they agree to the plan? Do they agree to this plan? (to can not be omitted)

B) some verbs can be used as transitive verbs in English, while in Chinese they can not be used as transitive verbs, such as serve... Service.

Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly. our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.

Phrasal Verbs

The verb is often used in conjunction with some other parts of speech to form a fixed phrase, forming the so-called phrasal verb (phrasal verb). Like verbs, phrasal verbs can be divided into two types: transitive and intransitive. Phrasal verbs can be treated as a whole and used as a general verb.

1) phrasal verbs, such as verbs and prepositions, are used as transitive verbs, followed by verbs. Such as:

The small boy insisted on going with his parents., the boy insisted on going with his parents.

Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? Do you often listen to English broadcast?

Look at the children. Aren't they lovely? Look at these kids. How lovely they are!

We stand for self-reliance. we advocate self-reliance.

There are many phrasal verbs, such as depend on (upon) (* *), wait on (Fu Shi), look for (search), deal with (treat), look after (care), wait for (wait), etc..

2) phrasal verbs such as verbs and adverbs are used as transitive verbs, and some as intransitive verbs. Such as:

I always get up as soon as the bell rings. I always get up as soon as the bell rings. (intransitive)

Look out, there's a car coming! Be careful, here comes the car! (intransitive)

Have you handed in your exercises already? Have you handed in your exercises? (transitive)

Please don't forget to put on your coat; it's cold outside. please don't forget to wear your coat. It's cold outside. (transitive)

There are many phrasal verbs in this category, such as put out (extinguished), eat up (Chi Guang), putdown (put down); less than objects such as set off (departure), come up (approach), go on (continue).

The difference between "Verb + Adverb" phrasal verb and the first category "Verb + preposition" is that "Verb + preposition" is used as transitive verb, followed by object. "Verb + Adverb" is transitive, some intransitive; used as transitive verb and object as personal pronoun or self pronoun, the adverb is often placed after the object. Such as:

Please wake me up at five tomorrow., please wake me up at five tomorrow morning.

If you have done your exercises, please hand them in., if you have finished your exercises, please hand it in.

She doesn't normally behave like that; she's putting it on. she usually doesn't behave like this, she's pretending.

[note two] there are many phrasal verbs that can be used both as transitive and intransitive verbs. Such as:

He took off his hat when he entered the office.

He took off his hat when he came into the office. (transitive)

The plane took off at seven sharp.

The plane takes off at seven o'clock. (intransitive)

Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting.

Charlie called Neal and asked for the time for the meeting. (transitive)

If you can't come, please ring up and let know. us you can not come, please call to let us know. (intransitive)

3) after the verb + Adverb + prepositional phrase verb "Verb + Adverb", some can add a preposition to form another phrasal verb. These phrasal verbs are used as transitive verbs. Such as:

Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment

Never say die。 We must continue the experiment. (go on with continues)

He came up to me. he came up to me. (come up to approach)

Such phrasal verbs are also: look down upon (despise), do away with (remove), put up with (endure), etc..

4) phrasal verbs such as verbs + nouns + prepositions are transitive. as

He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet. he shook hands with guests at the banquet.

Young pioneers often come to the Children's Palace to take part in after=school activities. Young Pioneers often come to the children's palace to participate in extracurricular activities.

Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice. pay attention to the temperature of the rice in the warehouse.

她的工作是照顾婴儿。她的工作是照顾婴儿。

这一类短语动词还有：结束（结束），注意（注意），抓住（抓住），忽略（看不见），利用（利用）等

动词的基本形式（动词的主要形式）

1）英语动词的四种基本形式它们是动词原形（动词的房间的形式），过去式（过去式），过去分词（过去分词）和现在分词（现在分词）。这四种形式和助动词一起构成动词的时态、语态和语气。

原形过去式过去分词现在分词

工作，工作，工作

写、写、写

曾经有过

确实做了某事

2）动词原形动词原形就是词典中一般给的动词的形式，如，有做，工作，学习等。

3）动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种。规则动词（规则动词）的过去式和过去分词，由在原形后面加词尾ed构成。

[注]少数双音节动词，尽管重音在第一个音节，仍双写末尾的辅音字母，然后再加-版如：

5travel－旅行5level－1evelled

5total－总计5model－建模

但美国英语不双写辅音字母，如旅行旅行。

不规则动词（不规则动词）的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的。这些动词为数虽不多，但都是比较常用的，必须熟记。不规则动词表见本书附录一。

4）动词的现在分词由动词原形加词尾ing构成。

其构成方法如下：

一）一般情况下，直接加ing：

去去站站站立

问－问的答案回答回答

研究－学习学习被是

看到看

[注一]和名词复数、动词第三人称现在一般时加S（ES）不同，动词末尾如为”辅音字母+Y”时，Y不变，其后直接加ING。如研究

[ 5stqdiin ]、[飞飞行5flaiin ]，载着[ 5kariin ]。

[注二]动词结尾为辅音字母R时，加ing，在此必须发音如R：

进入[ ] [ ] 5ente－进入5enterin进入

回答[ 5b：NSE ]－回答[ 5b：nserin ]回答

穿戴－穿5wzerin [ ] [ ]穿

b）以不发音的E结尾的动词，去掉E，再加ING。如：

即将到来的来写写

以－以拿成为变成

C）动词是闭音节的单音节词，或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，而末尾只有一个辅音字母时，这个辅音字母须双写，然后再加ING。如：

坐－坐坐跑步跑

停止停止停止开始开始

承认，承认承认忘记－遗忘忘记

[注一]发送，认为，接受等动词虽是闭音节或以重读闭音节结尾，但末尾有一个以上的辅音字母，因此，这个辅音字母不双写，应直接加ING。如：发送、思维、接受。

[注二]少数双音节的动词，重音在第一音节，仍双写末尾的辅音字母，然后再加ING。如：

5travel旅行5level水准

5total共计5model建模

美国英语不双写辅音字母，如旅行－旅行。

d）少数几个以-即止结尾的动词，须将IE变作Y，再加如ING：

死亡的死，领带打结捆，缚，

system

Lie-lying lie, lie

[note] when a few verbs ending with -c are changed into past and present participles, -c must first be changed to CK, then -ed or -ing. Such as:

Picnic picnicked picnicking

Traffic trafficked trafficking

[English Grammar Handbook] General tense

The basic usage of present tense

L) the habit of being present, the act or state of being that often occurs. Often used with every day, twice a week (twice a week), often (often, often), usually (usually), always (always), seldom (rarely), sometimes (sometimes) and other time adverbials. Such as:

She is our English teacher. she is our English teacher.

He takes a walk after supper every day. he takes a walk after dinner every day.

The children go to school at seven every morning. children go to school at seven every morning.

2) representing the subject's characteristics, personality, ability, etc.. Such as:

He workshard. he works very hard. He is an industrious man. )

Does she like sports? Does she like sports? (ie: is she a sports fan?)

The children draw well., these kids are very good at painting.

(expressing ability)

3) expressing objective facts or universal truths. Such as:

The sun rises in the east. the sun rises in the east.

Two plus two makes four. two plus two equals four.

Knowledge is power, knowledge is power.

Other usages of the present tense

L) the action of the future in adverbial clauses of time and condition. Such as:

When they leave school, they will go to work in Tibet., who will go to work after graduation.

If You see him, will You tell him to ring me knock? If you see him, tell him to give me a call, OK?

We'll visit the cotton mill if it is fine tomorrow. if tomorrow is sunny,

Let's go and visit the textile mill.

2) to represent or plan future actions (generally limited to certain verbs that express verbs, such as go, come, leave, start, etc.). Such as:

The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning. train will leave

at ten o'clock a.m..

When does the Japanese Youth delegation leave for Xian? When will the Japanese youth delegation go to Xi'an?

Supper is at five today. dinner at five today.

3) when quoting a book, a newspaper or an author, it is necessary to use the present tense. Such as:

Marx says that a foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. Marx says that foreign language is a weapon in the struggle for life.

The story describes how a Young scientist develops a new theory. tells the story of how a young scientist has built a new theory.

4) if the predicate verb is the past tense, the verb object clause in general should also use the past tense. However, if the object clause is objective truth, its predicate verb should be used in the present tense. Such as:

Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun. Galileo's statement that the earth revolves around the sun.

[notes] picture captions, film descriptions, story retelling, stage descriptions of the play, and titles and stories of the newspaper are usually used in the present tense. The novel usually uses the past tense. But in order to describe it vividly, the present tense and other present tense are often used.

5) in some commonly used sentences, the act or state of being present in a specific present time (that is, not the usual action or state of being). Such as:

What time is it now? What time is it now?

The patient is much better now. patients are much better now.

What is Shanghai like now? What's the situation in Shanghai now?

In the exclamatory sentences below, we should use the present tense. Such as:

Here he comes. he's here. (note that here must be at the head of a sentence)

There goes the bell., the bell rings. (note that there must be at the head of a sentence)

The basic concepts of past general tense

Past tense indefinite (past) refers to past actions or states. This action or state may be limited to one time, or it may be recurrent. Such as:

He went to town yesterday., he went to town yesterday. (one shot action)

The weather was warm last month.. It was warm last month.

When I was Young I took cold baths regularly. I often wash cold

water in my youth. (regular action)

The form of past general tense

L) of the past by regular or irregular verbs; except be, no changes in the other person and number of verbs. The negative structure and general interrogative structure of various verbs are the same as the negation structure and the general interrogative structure of the present general tense.

2) the verb be first person singular and the third person singular are was, and the rest were.

3) verb have always uses had, and there is no change in person and number.

4) verb verbs are used in the past tense, and there is no change in person and number. In the past, there are four kinds of structures: affirmative, negative, general question and short answer.

The usage of past common tense

L) means past actions or states, such as yesterday, two, days ago, last week, in l958, etc., and adverbial clauses of time, which are guided by conjunctions such as when. Such as:

We had a good swim last Sunday., we had a really good swim last Sunday.

She suddenly fell ill yesterday., she suddenly fell ill

yesterday.

2) describe the things that happened in the past. Such as:

He got up early in the morning, fetched water, swept the yard and then went out to work., he got up early in the morning, drew water, swept the hospital, and then went out to work.

3) can also be used to indicate frequent or repeated actions in the past period of time. Such as:

When my brother was a teenager, he played table tennis almost everyday. my brother, who was a teenager, played table tennis almost every day.

[note] the past or repeated action can also be represented by would plus verb prototype or by used to plus verb prototype. Such as:

When he was a child he would winter. go skating every, when he was a child, went skating every winter.

Mr. Higgins used to have a big house in downtown. Mr. Higgins used to have a big house in downtown.

My elder brother used to be in the PLA. He is now a police officer. my brother used to be the people's Liberation Army, and now he's a police officer.

4) express past future actions in adverbial clauses of condition and time. Such as: