Framework of Testing & Production of Papars
第八章-Project-quality-management项目管理知识体系(PMBOK)英文第六版
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
18
Design for X (DfX)
• Design for X (DfX) is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for the optimization of a specific aspect of the design.
• Project Quality Management also supports continuous process improvement activities as undertaken on behalf of the performing organization.
• The Project Quality Management processes are:
– Confirm that the quality processes are used and that their use meets the quality objectives of the project, and
– Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and activities to achieve better results and performance and enhance stakeholders’ satisfaction.
– Quality standards that will be used by the project; – Quality objectives of the project; – Quality roles and responsibilities; – Project deliverables and processes subject to quality review; – Quality control and quality management activities planned for the
韩宝成教授《欧洲语言共同参考框架》对我国大学英语教学的启示
二、《欧框》(CEFR)
Versions 1996, 1998, 2001 (CUP)
The CEFR
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) was developed to support Council of Europe policy by providing
LPU: Policy instruments and initiatives
European Language Portfolio (ELP) Reference Level Descriptions for national / regional languages Manual for Relating Language Examinations to the CEFR Guide for the Development of Language Education Policies Language Education Policy Profiles
CoE
47 member states Created in 1949
Council of Europe (CoE)
• Political international organisation • Main bodies: Committee of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly, Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe and European Court of Human Rights. • Goal: democracy, human rights and rule of law. • In pursuit of that goal it promotes awareness of a European identity that is based on shared values.
课本内容简单整理
Topics1. Introduction to language testing2. Functions of testing & different types of tests3. Criteria of tests4. Test specification5. Test tasks6. Testing reading comprehension7. Testing listening comprehension8. Testing the writing skills9. Oral production tests10. Test design & implementation11. Interpreting test scores12. Analysis of test scores (1)13. Analysis of test scores (2)14-16. Statistics analysis (e.g. T-test, correlation analysis)1. Four approaches of English testing:四种英语语言测试法1）写作-翻译法the essay-translation approach2）结构主义/心理测试法the structuralist-psychometric approach3）综合测试法the integrative approach:context4）交际测试法the communicative approach: use2. Measurement: process, quantitativeTest: method, quantitativeAssessment: a term often used interchangeably with testing, but it can be used more broadly to encompass the gathering of educational data. …interview, case study, questionnaire, and observation are often used. (王振亚，2009）Evaluation: test & value judgement, qualitative测量指的是根据明确的程序和规则量化研究对象特征的过程；考试是用来获取某些行为的方法，目的是从这些行为中推断出个人具有的某些铁证，与测量不同的是，考试是一种具体为获取某一行为样本而量身定做的定量分析方法；评估是为决策而系统地手机信息的过程，侧重信息收集和信息的系统性，涵盖范围广，信息来源没有局限性。
PAHs欧盟最新标准AfPS-GS-2014-01-PAK-EN
3Leabharlann AfPS GS 2014:01 PAK
Testing and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the course of awarding the GS mark
Preliminary observations On Aug. 4th 2014 the Product Safety Commission (AfPS) has assigned the requirements of PAH testing in the course of GS mark certification as specification according to art. 21 Product Safety Act (ProdSG) para. 1 no. 3. The implementation is achieved by means of this PAH document.
2. Basics PAH contamination of materials is primarily due to the use of: - PAH contaminated softening oils in rubber and flexible (soft) plastics - PAH-contaminated carbon black as a black pigment in rubber, plastics and paints. PAH contamination has previously been detected not only in rubber but also in various types of plastic, e.g. ABS and PP, and various paints/coatings, as well as in a variety of natural materials.
软件测试英语
Accessibility test : 软体适用性测试Ad hoc testing : 随机测试Algorithm analysis : 算法分析Alpha testing : α测试Anomaly : 异常Artifact : 工件Automated Testing : 自动化测试Architecture : 构架Assertion checking : 断言检查Audit : 审计Application under test (AUT) : 所测试的应用程序Baseline : 基线Behaviour : 行为Benchmark : 基准Beta testing : β测试Best practise : 最佳实践Black box testing : 黑盒测试Blocking bug : 阻碍性错误Bottom-up testing : 自底向上测试Branch coverage : 分支覆盖Brute force testing : 强力测试Bug : 错误Bug report : 错误报告Bug tracking system : 错误跟踪系统Build : 工作版本(内部小版本)Boundary values : 边界值Buddy test : 合伙测试Buffer : 缓冲Bug bash : 错误大扫除Build-in : 内置Build Verfication tests(BVTs) : 版本验证测试Cause-effect graph : 因果图Capture/Replay Tool : 捕获/ 回放工具Character Set : 字符集Capability Maturity Model (CMM) : 能力成熟度模型Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) : 能力成熟度模型整合Closeout : 收尾Code coverage : 代码覆盖Code page : 代码页Code rule : 编码规范Code sytle : 编码风格Common sense : 常识Compatibility Testing : 兼容性测试Condition coverage : 条件覆盖Configuration testing : 配置测试Control flow graph : 控制流程图Concurrency user : 并发用户Configuration item : 配置项Core team : 核心小组Customer-focused mindset : 客户为中心的理念体系Crash : 崩溃Criticality analysis : 致命度分析Cyclomatic complexity : 圈复杂度Data Flow Analysis : 数据流分析Decision coverage : 判定覆盖Debug : 调试Defect : 缺陷defect density : 缺陷密度Deployment : 部署Desk checking : 桌前检查Dynamic analysis : 动态分析Entry criteria : 准入条件Equivalence class : 等价类Equivalence partition testing : 等价划分测试Error : 错误Error guessing : 错误猜测Error seeding : 错误播种Exception : 异常/ 例外Exception handlers : 异常处理器Exhaustive testing : 穷尽测试Exploratory testing : 探索性测试Event-driven : 事件驱动Envisioning Phase : 构想阶段Failure : 失效Fault : 故障Field testing : 现场测试Framework : 框架Functional testing : 功能测试Hard-coding : 硬编码Hotfix : 热补丁G11N(Globalization) : 全球化Gap analysis : 差距分析Garbage characters : 乱码字符Glossary : 术语表Glass-box testing : 白箱测试或白盒测试GUI(Graphical User Interface) : 图形用户界面I18N(Internationalization) : 国际化Incremental testing : 渐增测试Installing testing : 安装测试Integration testing : 集成测试Interface : 接口Inspection : 审查Issue : 问题Iteration : 迭代Iterative development : 迭代开发Key concepts : 关键概念Key Process Area : 关键过程区域Keyword driven testing : 关键字驱动测试Kick-off meeting : 启动会议Lag time : 延迟时间Lead time : 前置时间L10N(Localization) : 本地化Localizability testing : 本地化能力测试Localization testing : 本地化测试Load testing : 负载测试Maintenance : 维护Maintainability : 可维护性Master project schedule : 总体项目方案Measurement : 度量Memory leak : 内存泄漏Migration testing : 迁移测试Milestone : 里程碑Mock up : 模型，原型Monkey testing : 跳跃式测试Module testing : 模块测试Negative Testing : 逆向测试, 反向测试, 负面测试N/A(Not applicable) : 不适用的Off-the-shelf software : 套装软件Pair Programming : 成对编程Path coverage : 路径覆盖Peer review : 同行评审Performance : 性能Performance indicator : 性能(绩效)指标Performance testing : 性能测试Pilot : 试验Pilot testing : 引导测试Portability : 可移植性Positive testing : 正向测试Postcondition : 后置条件Pseudo code : 伪代码Precondition : 前提条件Priority : 优先权Prototype : 原型Quality assurance(QA) : 质量保证Quality Control(QC) : 质量控制Recovery testing : 恢复测试Refactoring : 重构Regression testing : 回归测试Release : 发布Release note : 版本说明Reliability : 可靠性Return of Investment( ROI ) : 投资回报率Review : 评审Requirements-based testing : 基于需求的测试Requirements management tool : 需求管理工具Risk assessment : 风险评估Root Cause Analysis(RCA) : 根本原因分析Robustness : 强健性Sanity testing : 健全测试Screen shot : 抓屏、截图Severity : 严重性Security testing : 安全性测试Shipment : 发布Smoke testing : 冒烟测试Software life cycle : 软件生命周期Software development plan(SDP) : 软件开发计划Static testing : 静态测试Simulation : 模拟Simulator : 模拟器SLA(Service level agreement) : 服务级别协议Software development process : 软件开发过程Source code : 源代码Specification : 规格说明书Spiral model : 螺旋模型Statement coverage : 语句覆盖Stepwise refinement : 逐步优化Stress Testing : 压力测试Structural coverage : 结构化覆盖Stub : 桩Synchronization : 同步Syntax testing : 语法分析System analysis : 系统分析System design : 系统设计System integration : 系统集成System Testing : 系统测试Test :测试Testing bed: 测试平台Test case : 测试用例Testing coverage : 测试覆盖Test design : 测试设计Test driver : 测试驱动Testing environment : 测试环境Test infrastructure : 测试基础建设Testing item : 测试项Testing plan : 测试计划Testing procedure : 测试过程Test scenario : 测试场景Test script : 测试脚本Test strategy : 测试策略Test suite : 测试包Test target : 测试目标Testability : 可测试性Testware : 测试工具Top-down testing : 自顶向下测试Thread testing : 线程测试Traceability : 可跟踪性Traceability matrix : 跟踪矩阵Trade-off : 平衡Unit testing : 单元测试User interface(UI) : 用户界面Usability testing : 可用性测试Usage scenario : 使用场景User acceptance Test : 用户验收测试User profile : 用户信息User scenario : 用户场景Version : 版本Virtual user : 虚拟用户Volume testing : 容量测试V&V (Verification & Validation) : 验证& 确认Walkthrough : 走读Waterfall model : 瀑布模型White box testing : 白盒测试Work breakdown structure (WBS) : 任务分解结构Web testing : 网站测试Zero bug bounce (ZBB) : 零错误反弹。
AfPS GS 2019：01 PAK中英文版
AfPS GS2019:01PAKProduct Safety Commission(AfPS)产品安全委员会（AfPS）GS Specification Testing and assessment of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons(PAHs)多环芳烃(PAHs）的GS规范测试和评价in the awarding of GS Marks-Specification pursuant to Article21(1)No.3of the Product Safety Act(ProdSG)在授予GS标志时-根据产品安全法（ProdSG）的第21(1)条的No.3的规范-AfPS GS2019:01PAKDate of issue:15May2019发行日期：2019年5月15日Management:部门：Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health联邦职业安全与健康研究所Table of Contents目录Preliminary observations初步观察1Purpose/Intention目的/意图2Basics基本原理3Procedure过程3.1Risk assessment风险评估3.2Categorisation分类3.3Test and Assessment测试和评估4Transitional regulations/periods过渡性法规/时期4.1GS mark certificates,issued from1July2020onwardsGS标志证书，自2020年7月1日后颁发4.2GS mark certificates,issued before1July2020GS标志证书，在2020年7月1日之前颁发Annex:Test附件：试验Instructions说明1Aim and purpose目标和目的2Procedure过程2.1Brief description简要说明2.2Equipment设备2.3Chemicals and solutions化学品和溶液3Preparation and measurement准备和测试3.1Sample preparation样品制备3.2Measuring procedure测量程序3.3Special characteristcs特殊特征Annex:Gas-chromatographic conditions(informative)附件：气相色谱法条件（提供有用信息的）Testing and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)inthe awarding of GS marks在GS认证中多环芳烃（PAHs）的测试和评估Preliminary observations初步观察On4August2014the Product Safety Commission(AfPS)has determined the requirements of PAH testing in the awarding of the GS mark as specification according to Article21(1)No.3of the Product Safety Act(ProdSG).2014年8月4日，产品安全委员会（AfPS）根据《产品安全法》（ProdSG）第21(1)No.3条，在授予GS标志时确定了PAH测试的要求On15May2019the requirements were reviewed and revised.The GS specification AfPS GS2014:01PAK shall be replaced by this document.The implementation is achieved by means of this PAH document.2019年5月15日，我们对这些要求进行了审查和修订。
SAE J2464
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS Table 1Measurement Accuracies (4)Table 2Shock Levels and Durations (5)Table 3Penetration Characteristics (6)Table 4Thermal Heatup Rates and Durations (9)Table 5Number and Type of Devices to be Shorted (12)Table 6Test Conditions Sequence and Required Actions (13)1.Scope—This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject tochange to keep pace with experience and technical advances. It describes a body of tests which may be used as needed for abuse testing of electric or hybrid electric vehicle batteries to determine the response of such batteries to conditions or events which are beyond their normal operating range. This document is derived from a similar document originally developed by the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium. (See 2.2.1.)1.1Purpose—These tests are intended to simulate abuse conditions and potential internally initiated failures thatmay be experienced in electrochemical storage systems. These tests were derived from Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, user input and historical abuse testing. The outcome of testing shall be documented for use by potential users of the tested properties. It is not the intent of this procedure to apply acceptance criteria; each application has its own unique requirements and ancillary support systems. Users of these technologies shall make their own determination as to what measures to take to ensure a sound application of said technology.The tests are designed to provide a common framework for various Electrochemical Storage Systems (ECSS) technologies. The primary purpose of the tests is to gather response information to external/internal inputs.Some tests and/or measurements may not be required for some ECSS technologies and designs if it can be demonstrated that the test is not applicable and the measurement will yield no useful information.Note that the device to be tested using any of the procedures in this document is referred to as an Electrochemical Storage System (ECSS); this terminology may refer to an electrochemical cell, module or complete battery system, depending on the particular test.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1715—Electric Vehicle Terminology2.2Related Publications—The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1USABC P UBLICATION—Available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.Electrochemical Storage System Abuse Test Procedure Manual, February 1999 Version 1.0,T. Unkelhaeuser & D. Smallwood, published as Sandia Laboratories report SAND99-04972.2.2AIHA P UBLICATION—Available from American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1997, AIHA Publications,Department #796, Alexandria, VA 22334-0796.Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 23.Definitions3.1Electrochemical Storage Systems (ECSS)—A device for storing electrical energy in a reversibleelectrochemical form for use in mobile or stationary applications. In this document, the ‘device under test’is always referred to as an ECSS whether it consists of a single cell, a multiple cell assembly or module, or a complete battery pack or system.3.2Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 2 (ERPG-2)—ERPG-2 levels are defined as themaximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 h without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual’s ability to take protective action. This guideline is taken from the American Industrial Hygiene Association. Other world standards with like intent may be substituted, because use of these concentration levels is for comparison purposes only.3.3Fully Charged—100% State of Charge. The state of an ECSS after a full charge cycle as specified by theECSS manufacturer. For purposes of this document, an ECSS is considered fully charged up to 4 h after the completion of the charge cycle provided that the state of charge is not expected to fall below 95%.4.Technical Requirements4.1General Test Guidelines—Subjecting batteries to conditions outside their intended operating rangenecessarily involves some risk of unintended failures. The responsible testing organization should consult the battery manufacturer for information regarding the possible consequences of such failures, including the potential release of hazardous substances, so that appropriate precautions can be taken for the safety of testing personnel.4.1.1H AZARDOUS S UBSTANCE M ONITORING—The release of hazardous substances should be measured andreferenced to the ERPG-2 levels. ERPG-2 refers to the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 2, from the American Industrial Hygiene Association. ERPG-2 levels are defined as the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 h without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual’s ability to take protective action. Use of these levels as a reference is done for comparison purposes only.Tests which require hazardous substance monitoring should be conducted in a closed volume of appropriate size to accommodate the test article and provide adequate air space to ensure a “normal”atmosphere. Any released gas concentration in that volume shall be normalized to a 1 m3 volume for quantitative analysis. If it is not practical to perform any test in a closed volume due to test article size, it is permissible to perform the test out of doors provided that wind speed is 3 mph or less. A minimum of three hazardous substances monitors, approximately equally spaced around the unit, should be placed as close as reasonable to the test and moved as close as practical to the ECSS after the test. (The rollover test is an exception to this.) Hazardous substance monitors shall be selected with respect to anticipated release products;manufacturer’s input will generally be required to determine this. If it is reasonable to expect that a specific technology will not vent during a particular test, or that gas collected will not be significantly different from that previously collected, gas collection and analysis are not required. The time resolution of such sampling is not specified because of the wide variability in test dynamics and release amounts/rates expected.The flammability of any expelled materials must be determined. The lower limit of flammability in air is used for flammable gases and liquids. For example, the lower limit of flammability in air for H2 is 4%.For substances not considered hazardous, the EPA reportable release limits are used as a reference for comparison purposes only. A release means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment.4.1.2T EST C ONDITIONS AND M EASUREMENT A CCURACIES—All ECSS test articles shall be in a fully charged state, atnormal operating temperature with any cooling media in place and thermal control systems running unless specifically stated otherwise. All test articles will be observed for a time period of at least 1 h or until such time that said test article is judged safe to handle after each test unless specifically stated otherwise.Except where specifically stated otherwise (e.g., temperature abuse tests), the ambient temperature for any tests defined in this document shall be 25 °C ± 3 °C, and the ECSS environment shall be stabilized at this temperature prior to the start of testing.Measured data shall be acquired at rates and with accuracies adequate to assure that the usefulness of the test data is not compromised. In the absence of more specific requirements by the test sponsor, the measurement accuracies in Table 1 shall be considered acceptable. Because of the wide variety of test dynamics, it is not possible to specify absolute data rates. However, the required data for a particular test shall be acquired at a rate such that errors due to test dynamics will not exceed the required measurement accuracies. For example, if the required accuracy for a given test is 10 °C, the temperature shall be measured sufficiently often that measurement delays will not contribute more than 10 °C error to the resulting data during the important parts of the test.TABLE 1—MEASUREMENT ACCURACIESParameter AccuracyTemperature±2 °C ± 5% of readingVoltage, Current, Resistance1% of readingVibration, Deformation4% of readingHazardous Substance Concentration10% of reading4.1.3N UMBER, C ONDITION, AND S IZE OF B ATTERIES TO BE T ESTED—Initial testing will probably be with a new ECSS,as systems or subsystems which have seen part of their useful life will not be available. Future efforts may include an ECSS well into, or near the end, of its useful life. Permutations of state of charge, system age, and temperature should be implemented at the test sponsor’s or manufacturer’s discretion based on the most susceptible condition of the technology. Note that information will generally be needed from the ECSS manufacturer to determine what types of hazardous substances (if any) may be expected to be released during a given test.Abuse testing is to be performed to characterize the ECSS response to undesirable conditions or environments associated with carelessness, poorly informed or trained users or mechanics, failure of specific ECSS control and support hardware, or transportation/handling incident or other accidents involving the ECSS. Some of these conditions can reasonably be expected to be encountered infrequently, but nevertheless represent conditions for which the ECSS was not designed or intended for use. Some of the tests are not applicable to all candidate ECSS technologies. Many of these tests may result in intentional destruction of the device under test. The required number of batteries to be subjected to testing will depend on actual performance (e.g., a single ECSS of some types may be capable of surviving all but the crush test, whereas for other technologies, as many as 3 to 4 batteries may be required). It is acceptable to use a new ECSS for each test. However, in many cases, it may be economically or technically desirable to subject a single device to multiple tests, either to reduce the number of test articles required or to study the interaction of multiple events (e.g., mechanical shocks followed by penetration, immersion, or high temperatures.)In general these tests should be conducted at the lowest level of assembly for which meaningful data can be gathered, i.e., cell, multi-cell module, or complete battery pack or system. The recommended lowest level of assembly to be used for each test is indicated on the title line for each test. Tests are grouped into three categories: mechanical, thermal, and electrical abuse. Some tests have been arbitrarily classified as they contain more than one of these elements.4.2Mechanical Abuse Tests—The mounting and support of the ECSS shall be as similar as possible to themanufacturers recommended EV installation requirements for mechanical shock and vibration tests. If the support structure has any resonance below 50 Hz, the input will be determined by the average of the acceleration at each of the major support points.4.2.1S HOCK T ESTS (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE )4.2.1.1Test Description—Subject the ECSS to shock events at one or more defined shock levels. The low level shock is a robustness test which an ECSS will generally survive without damage. The mid-level shocks are more severe and the ECSS may be inoperable after the test. Shock levels and durations are defined in Table 2. Each shock level is specified in terms of a velocity change and a corresponding maximum duration. (Shock duration is defined as the time between 10% and 90% of peak value.) Achieving this velocity change over this maximum duration is the goal of the test; however, the characteristics of the acceleration (deceleration) pulse are limited by the test equipment used.The maximum duration places lower limits on the peak acceleration which must be seen during the test.For example, for the low level test, the lowest possible acceleration meeting the requirements would be achieved if the acceleration was an ideal square wave of about 12.5 g. The minimum peak acceleration in Table 2 is specified at about twice this level, recognizing that an ideal square wave cannot be achieved in a real test. It is expected that a simple pulse shape (such as a half-sine) will be used for the test, but the pulse shape is not specified to allow as much flexibility as possible in the testing laboratory. Advanced techniques which more accurately simulate actual deceleration time histories are not excluded. It is generally in the interest of the ECSS manufacturer to keep the pulse duration as long as possible while meeting the specification. However, if the ECSS is robust, it may be desirable to increase the peak acceleration and/or reduce the duration if this reduces test complexity and cost.4.2.1.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected to be released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time. b.Acceleration input to ECSS case, with a minimum of 2 kHz bandwidth.c.Measurements of the ECSS deformation after the test.d.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.e.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals before and after the test.f.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test.g.High-speed motion pictures of test, 400 frames/s.4.2.2D ROP T EST (P ACK L EVEL O NLY )4.2.2.1Test Description—Drop the ECSS (free drop) from 10 m (33 ft) onto a centrally located, cylindrical object(telephone pole or equivalent) having a radius of 150mm. The ECSS shall impact across the radius (not the end) of the cylindrical object. A horizontal impact with an equivalent velocity change is acceptable.The ECSS should be observed for a minimum of 1 h after the test. Note that this test may not be suitable for use with batteries whose enclosures are not independent structural components.TABLE 2—SHOCK LEVELS AND DURATIONSLevelVelocity (m/s)Max Duration (ms)Minimum Acceleration Acceptable Pulse Form Low6.7 5520 g for 11 ms 25 g 30 ms halfsine Mid-111.1 6530 g for 16 ms 35 g 51 ms halfsine Mid-213.3 11020 g for 22 ms 25 g for 60 ms halfsine4.2.2.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Acceleration input to ECSS case, with a minimum of 10 kHz bandwidth.c.Measurements of the ECSS deformation after the test.d.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.e.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.f.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test.g.High-speed motion pictures of test, 400 frames/s.4.2.3P ENETRATION T EST (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.3.1Test Description—Penetrate the ECSS with a mild steel (conductive) pointed rod. The rate of penetrationshall be 25 cm/s or less. The diameter of the rod and the depth of penetration can be found in Table 3.The orientation of the penetration shall be perpendicular to the electrode plates.TABLE 3—PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICSSize of Test Object Diameter of Rod Minimum Depth of PenetrationCell 3 mm Through cellModule/Pack20 mm Through 3 cells or 100 mm4.2.3.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Measurements of the ECSS deformation after the test.c.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.d.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.e.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test.f.High-speed motion pictures of test, 400 frames/s.g.The ECSS should be observed for a minimum of 1 h after the test with the rod remaining in place.4.2.4R OLL-OVER T EST (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.4.1Test Description—Rotate the ECSS one complete revolution in 1 min in a continuous slow roll fashion, andobserve whether any material leaks from the ECSS. Then rotate the ECSS in 90 increments for one full revolution. Observe the ECSS for 1 h at each position and for a minimum of 1 h after the test.4.2.4.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.c.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.d.Still photographs of the test setup and the ECSS before the test and at each rotational position.e.Analysis of any substance that may leak from the battery, particularly its flammability.4.2.5I MMERSION T EST (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.5.1Test Description—With the ECSS in its normal operating orientation, immerse the ECSS in salt water(nominal composition of seawater) for a minimum of 2 h or until any visible reactions have stopped. The water depth must be enough to completely submerge the ECSS.4.2.5.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.b.Air concentrations of extremely hazardous substances as a function of time, measured above theECSS with one or more hazardous substance monitors.c.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.d.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test. The entire test shall bevideo taped.e.If there are clearly visible releases of substances from the ECSS in the water, samples of these shouldbe analyzed for toxicity.4.2.6C RUSH T EST (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.6.1Test Description—The ECSS shall be crushed between a fixed surface and a textured platen. The platenshall have semi-cylindrical intruders that have a 75 mm radius and placed 30 mm from one another across the face of the platen. Figure 1 illustrates the approximate shape of the platen.FIGURE 1—CRUSH TEST PLATENThe ECSS shall be at nominal operating temperature. It shall have all integrated control and interconnect circuitry (if provided--may not be applicable at the cell level) in place and operating. An ECSS is to be crushed once in each of the three axes (using a different ECSS for each crush), with the irregular surface of the platen at the most vulnerable location. For each unit, crush to 85% of the initial dimension and hold for 5 min. After the hold period, continue the crush to 50% of the initial dimension. The crush force may be limited to a maximum of 1000 times the weight of the ECSS. If the test is performed outside, the wind speed should be <3 mph. A minimum of three hazardous substances monitors, approximately equally spaced around the unit, should be placed as close as reasonable to the test and moved as close as practical to the ECSS after the test.4.2.6.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Internal and external ECSS temperature.c.ECSS voltage, as appropriate.d.Video and still photographs of the ECSS before, during, and after the test.4.3Thermal Abuse Tests4.3.1R ADIANT H EAT T EST(C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.1.1Test Description—With the ECSS at 80% SOC, expose it to high temperature for 10 min by placing itinside a radiant heating fixture. The fixture shall be programmed to reproduce the temperature experienced in a fuel fire (890 °C nominal). The programmed temperature shall be achieved within 90 s and held for a period of 10 min or until another condition occurs which would prevent the completion of the tests. The ECSS should be in its normal operation orientation and will not be insulated or protected unless this is the standard configuration for the test article. If the ECSS ignites, it may be extinguished with a method appropriate for the technology.The test fixture for this test is a cylindrical metallic fixture whose inside is coated such that it will radiate approximately like a black body. The exterior is radiated with radiant heat. The test temperature is controlled by thermocouples mounted on the interior surface of the fixture, with the device under test placed in the center of the fixture such that it does not contact the fixture walls. A sketch of such a test fixture is shown in Figure 2. If such a fixture is not available, this test can be conducted using some other means (e.g., a tube furnace and conveyer mechanism) that would expose the ECSS to non-contact heat from a cylindrical radiating surface at 890 °C, where the surface temperature which the ECSS sees increases from ambient to the test value within 90 s.FIGURE 2—TEST FIXTURE4.3.1.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.c.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.d.Video and still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before, during and after the test.4.3.2T HERMAL S TABILITY T EST (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.2.1Test Description—The ECSS shall be in a fully charged state and at normal operating temperature at thebeginning of the test. If the temperature at which a major exothermic reaction occurs is known, the test may begin at 10% less than this temperature to save time. Place the ECSS in a device or chamber capable of heating the ECSS to 200 °C above its operating temperature. For cells, it is desirable for this device to be capable of maintaining a near adiabatic state (Accelerated Rate Calorimeter (ARC) apparatus or similar). Increase the temperature in increments as shown in Table 4, and hold at each temperature step for the minimum time shown in Table 4, or until any self heating is detected. If self heating is detected, it is desirable for the chamber temperature to track the ECSS temperature until it stabilizes; this will minimize the test duration. The temperature is then increased to the next increment and continued as described previously until either (a) additional self heating is detected, (b) the temperature reaches 200 °C above the operating temperature of the ECSS or (c) a catastrophic event occurs (e.g., venting or major damage to the ECSS.)If the ECSS experiences a thermal runaway, the test should be repeated to further define the exact thermal stability limit. Increase the temperature at a constant rate to the first step below the event temperature. The temperature will then be increased in 2 °C increments and held for a minimum of 1 h until the event is repeated and the thermal stability limit is defined.This test should be repeated with cells that have been overcharged to 150% of the rated capacity (using the conditions of Procedure 4.4.3) and cells that have been cycled to 50% and 100% of nominal life. The overcharge may be limited to a value that will not physically damage the cell (e.g., by venting or rupture) prior to conduct of the thermal stability test.4.3.2.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Temperature(s) at which venting occursb.Temperature(s) of any smoke generation or other major eventsc.Cell temperature profile with respect to timed.Oven/chamber temperature profile with respect to timeTABLE 4—THERMAL HEATUP RATES AND DURATIONSECSS Assembly Level Heatup Rate Increment(°C)Hold Time at EachTemperature Step(min)Cell530 Module or higher (exothermtemperature known)10120Module or higher (exothermtemperature unknown)201204.3.3C OMPROMISE OF T HERMAL I NSULATION(M ODULE LEVEL OR ABOVE)4.3.3.1Test Description—With the ECSS at nominal operating temperature and fully charged, compromise theinsulation system integrity or other applicable device and allow the case external temperature to reach steady state.4.3.3.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Internal and external temperature distribution4.3.4O VERHEAT/T HERMAL R UNAWAY T EST (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.4.1Test Description—With the ECSS at nominal operating temperature, fully charged, contained in a closedvolume, and all thermal controls (primary and secondary) disabled, perform C/1 cycling utilizing the manufacturers defined charge algorithm for 20 cycles with no rest period between charge or discharge.Perform three baseline C/3 cycles after the test with thermal control active to determine the effects on the ECSS.4.3.4.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Note any venting of the ECSSb.Internal (if possible) and external ECSS temperaturec.Voltage and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the testd.Still photographs of the ECSS before, during, and after the teste.ECSS voltage and current as a function of time4.3.5T HERMAL S HOCK C YCLING (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.5.1Test Description—With the ECSS at 50% State of Charge, contained in a closed volume, and all thermalcontrols (primary and secondary) disabled, thermally cycle the ECSS with ambient air cycling between 80°C to –40 °C. The time to reach each temperature extreme shall be 15 min or less; this test may be performed either through the use of a fast-response chamber, or by moving test articles between two chambers at the two test temperatures. The ECSS shall remain at each extreme for a minimum of 1 h at the cell level, 6 h at the module level, or as required to reach uniform temperature at the pack level. A total of five cycles shall be performed. After thermal cycling, inspect the ECSS for any damage, paying special attention to any seals that may exist. Also, determine whether control circuitry, if any, is operational.Perform three C/3 discharge cycles at 25 °C ambient air temperature (using the manufacturers recharge algorithm) to determine immediate effects of the thermal cycling.4.3.5.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.ECSS voltage during thermal cyclingb.Note any venting of the ECSSc.Voltage and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the testd.Still photographs of the ECSS before and after the test。
基于目标优化的自动驾驶决策规划系统自动化测试方法
值。该策略在增加提升量的同时也保证收敛速度，且 在当目标函数随机误差较大时可以提高回归过程的鲁 棒性。更新方法选用了边际估计方法，通过使用log 边
( ) 际似然函数 log p yi|xi，β，l，σ 进行更新，提高了系统处
理不确定性的能力。
f ( sim ( x ) ) ~ GP (f，μ( x )，k (x，x')) （3）
基于目标优化的自动驾驶决策规划系统自动化测试方法
邢星宇，吴旭阳，刘力豪，陈君毅，余卓平
（同济大学 汽车学院，上海 201804）
摘要：利用仿真技术的场景测试方法已成为国内外研究热 点，其中如何在大量场景中找到有价值的关键场景至关重 要。针对上述问题，基于优化搜索算法提出了一种面向决策 规划系统的关键场景自动化测试方法，能够克服传统场景测 试方法的盲目性，提高测试效率。基于决策规划系统硬件在 环测试平台，验证了该方法的有效性，并对比了不同搜索算 法的关键场景生成效果。实验结果表明，贝叶斯优化算法和 遗传算法相比于随机搜索算法产生危险关键场景的数量提 高了 3.3 倍和 2.5 倍，配合自动化测试手段，方法能够有效提 高场景测试效率。
Key words： autonomous vehicle testing； decision and planning system； scenario-based testing； Bayesian optimization algorithm；genetic algorithm
在自动驾驶汽车飞速发展和广泛应用的进程中， 自动驾驶事故屡有发生，其安全性成为自动驾驶技术 发展的关键。合理的测试和验证方法是发现系统缺陷 并优化系统功能，从而避免类似事故的重要手段［1］。 决策规划系统位于自动驾驶系统信息传输与处理过程 的中间部分，它需要处理复杂的外界环境信息，并直接 影响控制执行系统的表现，因此决策规划系统测试在 系统级测试阶段占有重要地位。针对决策规划系统的 测试存在诸多挑战。首先，决策规划系统需要根据周 围环境变化做出实时判断和决策，因此对决策规划系 统进行验证只能通过在环测试方案。此外，目前的自 动驾驶决策规划系统大多是基于独立功能切换的系统［2］， 不同的功能单元之间切换逻辑条件繁杂且敏感；部分 以机器学习为基础的决策规划系统则具有一定的不可 解释性，其行为具有概率分布的特点。以上问题都增 加了决策规划系统测试的难度和复杂性。
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philosophy statistics psychology educational measurement sociology psychological measurement C pedagogy M audio-visual aid cognitive science computer science information science CALL/CALT artificial intelligence information technology(IT) etc. etc.
a
A
Topic 5
• • • • • • •
Establishment of LT
anizations 1) administrative staff (testing affairs) 2)statistical personnel 3)professional experts (语言专家，测试专家) (1)designers (2)staff (3)assessors
Topic 6 Production of Papers
• 1. Procedures of production • 1) selection of materials • 2)assignment of items • 3)examination of items • 4)combination of the paper • 2.techniques of quality controlling • 1)examining • 2)experimental test • 3)filling of the quality form • (1)points (2)functions (3) discourses
• the structural approach • psychometic-structuralist testing • sets of structures(usages) multiple-choice item • knowledge=behaviors’ • teaching/testing of structures
Topic 3 Testing processes side by side with teaching & learning
teaching GT audiodingual communicative
structural-communicative
testing knowledge of language skills
Framework of Testing & Production of Papars
Topic 1
Testing is science
linguistics→applied linguistics →language testing
C
T
M
• T = testing • C = contents • M = Means & methodology
Topic 7 The Tests of English/ Japanese/French/German Major
• achievement test(tests for the purposes of learning results) • final-exams / integrative • proficiency tests / Band 4, Band 8 • diagnostic tests
Topic 2 The object of LT is language
knowledge of language(phonetics, vocabulary, grammar) skills:(proficiency of L.R.S.W) linguistic competence (language in itself) competences contextual competence(language in discourse) pragmatic competence(language in situations)
Topic 4 Hypothesis of Proposition
• random sample/coverage/ manifestation/ target ability/infer • B=behavior • A=ability • b=the manifestations of B • a=the manifestations of A
• 2.general design(determination of types)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • official / non-official compulsory / voluntary public, open / restricted commercial / non-commercial large-scaled / small-scaled fixed-version modular graded adaptive prospective retrospective demarcation differentiation
P1: B=A’s manifestation→B infers A(B inf A)
B
A
P2: a=A’s valuable sample→a infers A (a inf A) b=B’s valuable sample→b infers B (b inf B)
b
B
A
a
• P3: a=a’s manifestation ; b infers a (a
inf
b)
P4: b=B’s valuable sample b infers B(b inf B) Sequence of sample: 2→3→4
F（feedback）= the results of testing
• • •
F b B
F=B+A F←→B=reliability B←→B=validity
• the communicative language teaching approach • psycholinguistic-socialinguistic testing • use of language • knowledge=behaviors from cognition & affections • teaching/testing of knowledge+ skills +competences
Stages of FLT:
1500
• •
•
1940
Latin grammar perspective
1980
functions functional
1990
present
Байду номын сангаас
SL/FL structures descriptive
structure-function systemic-functional
competences (language in use)
structures in situations
• • • • •
the traditional teaching approach pre-scientific testing essay writing & translation language=knowledge teaching/testing according to experiences
• • • •
1. Grammar or usages 2.vocabulary 3.listening / speaking / reading / writing 4.linguistics / literature
References:
• J.B.Heaton, 1988, Writing English Language Tests(FLTRP). • Lyle F.Bachman & Adrian S.Palmer, 1996, Language Testing in Practice.(SFLEPH) • Lyle F.Bachman, 1990, Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing, (SFLEPH) • 李筱菊，1997，语言测试科学与艺术，湖南教育出版社 • 邹申，杨任明，2000，简明英语测试教程，高等教育出 版社 • 高兰生，2002，英语测试与试题命制，人民教育出版社