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本科毕业论文外文文献及译文Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China文献来源：期刊发表日期：2009.5.17学院：资源与冶金学院专业：冶金工程班级：冶金121姓名：孔博文学号：1206300131指导教师：梁铎强翻译日期：2016.6.23外文文献：Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China abstractA survey of the key issues associated with the development in the Chinese iron and steel industry and current situations of energy consumption are described in this paper. The apparent production of crude steel in China expanded to 418.78 million tonnes in 2006, which was about 34% share of the world steel production. The iron and steel industry in China is still one of the major high energy consumption and high pollution industries, which accounts for the consumption of about 15.2% of the national total energy, and generation of 14% of the national total waste water and waste gas and 6% of the total solid waste materials. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries due to its low energy utilization efficiency. However, the energy efficiency of the iron and steel industry in China has made significant improvement in the past few years and significant energy savings will be achieved in the future by optimizing end-use energy utilization. Finally, some measures for the industry in terms of the economic policy of China’s 11th five-year plan are also presented.1.IntroductionThe steel industry has for long played an important role in the development of China’s economy. Over the past decades, China’s steel industry has grown rapidly, overtaken Japan, and become the world’s largest steel producer in 1996. In 2006, China’s production of crude steel amounted to 418.78 million tonnes (Mt) [1] and, continued to remain first in rank. The share of output of crude steel of about 335.17 Mt of the key producers accounted for 80% of the aggregate national production and 83.61 Mt of local producers for 20% [2]. In this paper, these key producers are the main subjects of our study.Despite these achievements, China remains a steel producer whose energy efficiency is the lowest among the major steel-producing countries, although the overall technical level of its industry has been greatly improved in line with the developments in science and technology. One typical example is the rapid adop-tion of continuous casting technology. The share of continuous casting output has increased from about 30% of all steel produced in 1992 to 95.8% in 2004. In the meantime, many large firms replaced aging blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, and ingot casters with large-scale, modern blast furnaces, and casting and rolling facilities. Iron making may take place either through the blast furnace process or by direct reduction and the subsequent transformation of iron into steel may be carried out either in an oxygen-blown converter or in an electric arc furnace.With improvement of the overall technical level in the steel industry, the production of iron and steel has greatly expanded in the past decade, as shown in Fig. 1 [1–4]. The apparent production of crude steel in China grew from 95 million tonnes in 1995 to 418.78 million tonnes in 2006, which is about 4.5 times that in 1995 and more than three times that in 2000 [3]. As a result, China’s share of world steel production leaped from 13% in 1995 to 34% in 2006. This growth is expected to be sustained over the next few years due to the continued growth in domestic demand.As is well known, the iron and steel industry is the industry with the largest energy consumption in the world. Having become the world’s largest steel producer since 1996 China’s steel industry has grown rapidly following huge growth in domestic demand. This increase is consistent with the trend in the increase in its energy consumption.Iron and steel production consumes large quantities of energy, especially in developing countries and countries with economies in transition where outdated and inefficient technologies are often still used. Steel production in developing countries has grown at an average annual rate of 6.6% in recent years [5] and is expected to continue to grow at similar levels due to the current low per capita steel consumption levels in these countries. In industrialized countries, steel consumption averages over 425 kg/capita, whereas even key steel-producing developing countries have extremely low average per capita consumption levels of 80 kg/capita (in 1995).Fig. 1. Crude steel production of China and share of the world from 1995 to 2006.Most of China’s steel industry developed through a system of state-owned ‘enterprises’, in which an entire community was devoted to the production of steel. As a result, the data collected relating to the energy consumed to produce steel in China also contain energy used at the enterprise level for a variety of other functional departments, both directly and indirectly related to the production of steel. In addition, part of China’s steel is produced by small steel mills that do not report energy consumption data to government statistical sources. It is important to differentiate these data so that the consumption values of China’s energy can be fairly evaluated, especially when we compare the energy consumption and energy intensity of the Chinese steel industry to those of other countries or to particular ‘best practice’examples. We note that even with these adjustments, it is possible that the data still include inaccuracies due to the issues of statistical reports.The objective of this paper is to present a survey of some of the key issues associated withthe development in the Chinese steel industry, and describes the status of its energy consumption. The differences in steel consumption in major processes and China’s role in the scene of the international steel industry are analyzed, and the outlook and the measures to be instituted for China’s iron and steel industry are also presented in the paper. It is important for the world to better understand China’s energy consumption and the use of raw materials and for China to better understand the approaches that have been developed or are being developed in other countries for more efficient use of energy and raw materials. The authors hope this paper contributes to the improved under-standing of these aspects of the industry.2.Energy consumption structure of the iron and steel industry in ChinaIt is well known that electricity production in China mainly depends on coal, and coal is also the most important fuel used in China’s iron and steel industry. In 2004, the energy consumption mix of the Chinese steel industry consisted of 69.90% coal, 26.40% electricity, 3.2% fuel oil, and 0.5% natural gas, as shown in Fig. 2 [4]. Coal is not only the most widely used fuel but is also as necessary as raw material in the iron and steel industry as most of the rest is electricity. Such a fuel structure raises the energy consumption per unit of production and is unlikely to change greatly in the near future.Fig. 2. Energy consumption mix of the steel industry of China in 2004.3. Energy consumption situation in the steel industryThe key iron and steel producers in China play an important role in its manufacture of steel and in the consumption of energy. In 2003, China’s 10 largest steel firms produced more than a third of China’s steel output, with the top four firms producing more than 20% [6]. This implies that many advanced technologies have earlier existed in China’s steel industry, but the current industry’s concentration limits the application of these technologies lowering energy efficiency in general [7]. Therefore, the iron and steel industry remains one of the highest energy consumersand pollu-tion producers accounting for about 15.2% of the national total energy consumption, 14% of the national total waste water and waste gas, and 6% of the total solid waste materials generated.Fig. 3 shows the variations in energy consumption of the key enterprises in China from 1995 to 2006 [3,8–10]. The total energy consumption of the iron and steel industry rose rapidly along with rising steel production in the past decades. In the year 2004, the total steel production of China was 274.7 Mt, rising by 107.7% compared to 2000 and by 184.2% compared to 1995 [10]. The total energy consumption of the key enterprises in China soared from 96.30 Mtce in 2000 to 197.79 Mtce in 2006, which was over twice that for 2000. However, the rising trend in energy consumption weakened in 2006, when it was 8.8% lower than that of the year before.With the application of many new technologies and equipment, the index of energy consumption per tonne of steel decreased remarkably in the past decades. The overall energy consumption for China’s large and medium producers in 2005 was 741 kgce per tonne of steel, which was 20.3% lower than that in 2000 of 930 kgce per tonne. In 2006, the overall energy consumption per tonne of steel continued to decrease to 645 kgce per tonne of steel. The comparable energy consumption also took on a decreasing trend.Fig. 3. Variation of energy consumption of the key enterprises in China from 1995 to 2006.Fig. 4. Fresh water consumption per tonne of steel from 2000 to 2005.The variations in fresh water consumption per tonne of steel from 2000 to 2006 are shown in Fig. 4 [3,10]. The total quantity of fresh water used per tonne of steel in 2006 was 6.56 m3, which is 14.9% lower than that in 2005. Other data comparing energy saving, water saving, and environmental protection between 2000 and 2005 are presented in Table 1 [10]. It can be seen that the energy efficiency of China’s iron and steel industry has made significant improvement in the past few years.4.Energy consumption situation of several main processes in the steel industryFig. 5 shows the variations in energy consumption of several major processes in the steel industry from 1995 to 2005 [3,10]. The energy consumption of the blast furnace, electric furnace and steel rolling processes has decreased remarkably since 1995, and the corresponding values for the coking, sintering, and converter furnaces have also shown minor decreases. In contrast to the years before 2001, the current energy consumption of the blast furnace process presents an increasing trend that is attributed to cost increases since 2001 in raw materials for iron making, such as coke and coal.Fig. 5. Variation of energy consumption of several main processes in the steel industry in1995–2005.Among several major processes, the energy consumption of the iron making process is markedly higher than that of other processes. Taking the example of 2004 as shown in Fig. 6, the total energy consumption of the iron making system accounted for about 70% of the total process energy consumption, including 39% for the blast furnace, 11.9% for coking, 3.51% for balling and 5.55% for sin-tering. The remaining processes accounted for a small part of about 30%, which is comprised of 12.5% for power, 7.77% for rolling steel, 17.5% for the electric furnace, and 2.22% for the converter furnace. This means that the iron making system is a key part of any energy conservation effort in the steel industry.parisons of energy consumption of the steel industry in China with international levelsEnergy consumption per tonne of steel in China is higher than that of most advanced countries. One of the reasons for this is that the energy utilization efficiency in China is low. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries. Compared with Japan, for example, energy consumption for China’s large and medium firms in 2004 was 705 kgce per tonne of steel, 7.5% higher than that in Japan, which was 656 kgce per tonne. However, the energy consumption level of the small production units in Chinawas as high as 1045 kgce per tonne of steel.Fig. 6. Energy consumption structure of several main processes in the steel industry in 2004.Z.C. Guo, Z.X. Fu / Energy 35 (2010) 4356–4360The general energy efficiency of China’s steel industry is still relatively low. One of the important reasons is the existence of these small units. Table 2 shows that there is a vast difference in energy consumption between the advanced and small plants [8]. Only a few large-scale steel-makers have attained or have even exceeded the international levels. Since the output of these advanced plants cannot achieve market dominance, the average energy consumption level of China’s iron and steel industry is still embarrassing.The second reason is the existence of small-scale and decen-tralized industry in China. There are 18 plants with production capacities exceeding 5 Mt of crude steel, which accounted for 46.36% of the total national crude steel production in 2005. In Japan, the crude steel production of four largest plants accounted for 73.22% of the total national crude steel production in 2004, three of which accounted for 61.09%. Except for a few of the large-scale steel plants, China’s steel industry lags behind in technology, equipment, energy saving, environmental protection, etc. The third reason is that the low recovery and recycling efficiency of the secondary energy resources results in higher energy consumption.6.Measures and policy recommendations for the iron and steel industries of China6.1. To expand coke dry quenching technologyTraditionally, the sensible heat of hot coke, pushed from the coking chamber at the temperature of 950–1050 C, is almost equal to 35%–40% of the total amount of heat consumed in the coking process. Adopting coke dry quenching technology can enable recovery of about 80% of the sensible heat from hot coke. Besides, during dry quenching 1 tonne of hot coke can generate 0.45–0.60 tonne of steam at a pressure of about 3.9 MPa. The coke dry quenching process belongs to a technology that is energy saving, environmentally protective, and pollution-free. By using coke dry quenching, it is estimated that the rotary drum strength (M40) of coke increases by 3%–8% and the coke strength after CO2 reaction by 3%–4%. In addition, the quantity of weak binding coal input can be increased by 10% saving about 0.38 tonne of water for every tonne of coke.At the end of 2005, the proportion of coke dry quenching technology usage in China’s iron and steel industry was less than 30%. At the end of 2007, with the spread of this technology rein-forced by an independent innovation in the past two years, the proportion of usage rose to 45%. Now 34 sets of the coke dry quenching unit are under construction and the output share of coke of about 101.58 Mt produced by the coke dry quenching technology accounts for one-third of the total national production.6.2. To expand top gas pressure recovery turbine (TRT) technologyPower can be generated with the energy of pressure from the top of a blast furnace using a turbine generator group. Theoretically,the power generated from TRT equipment is equal to the power energy consumed when the coal gas pressure at the top of the blast furnace is 80 kPa. Economic returns may be obtained when the pressure of the coal gas reaches 100 kPa and even higher economic returns can be achieved, especially, if the coal gas pressure is greater than 120 kPa. In steel production by the blast furnace route, increasing the pressure at the top of the blast furnace is advanta-geous as it leads to recovery of energy resources. The amount of power generated increases by 30% if dry dust is removed at the coal gas purification stage and theturbine capacity by about 3% if the temperature of coal gas is raised by 10 C. If TRT equipment is adopted, it is estimated that 30% of energy can be recovered from the air blast for the furnace and the energy consumption in the steel making processes reduced by l l kgce/t.At the end of 2007, the blast furnaces of capacity greater than 2000 m3 in China that were equipped with TRT technology numbered 49. In future, the use of TRT technology large-scale blast furnaces in China will be widespread and vigorous.6.3. To expand the technology of pulverized coal injection for the blast furnaceUse of pulverized coal injection for blast furnaces is an impor-tant innovation for optimizing steel making systems using the blast furnace route. In addition, it is a powerful incentive to prompt the iron–steel industry to progress in many aspects such as optimizing energy structure, energy saving, reducing consumption of mate-rials, cost reduction, etc. Replacing coke by coal can ease the problem of coking coal shortage caused by energy saving measures. Besides, it can reduce environmental pollution from the coking process while also producing considerable economic returns resulting from the price difference between coal and coke.In 2007, the average quantity of pulverized coal injection employed for the blast furnace route by China’s large and medium producers was 137 kg per tonne of iron, which in 2000 was 118 kg per tonne of iron. The average quantity of injection has exceeded 200 kg per tonne of iron in some large-scale blast furnaces of China. The 4350 m3 capacity blast furnace in Bao-steel is an example. It is estimated that in 2010 the average pulverized coal injection quantity realized in China’s blast furnaces iron will be 160 kg per tonne.6.4. To eliminate low-level equipment and introduce and develop new technologyOver the past few years, the government of China made a strong effort to eliminate low-level equipment. The energy consumption of China’s small iron and steel units was 1.5 times higher than that of the large and medium producers. When China implemented its 11th five-year plan’s policy of energy saving and reducing discharge of pollutants the steel industry was restructured, its equipment capacities enhanced, and pace of modernization accelerated all ofwhich produced an enormous effect.In 2007, the number of blast furnaces with a capacity of 2000 m3 in China was 63, 17 more than that in 2005, and production capacity increased by 35%. The number of converters with a capacity of 100 tonnes was 98 in 2007, eight more than that in 2005, and production capacity increased by 8%. In 2007, the overall energy consumption, the fresh water consumption, the total emission of SO2, the total soot emission, and the total mill dust emission per tonne of steel declined by about 8%, 24%, 4.5%, 3% and 4.5%, respectively, when compared with that in 2005.In addition, China’s iron and steel industries introduced and developed actively new technologies, such as COREX and C300 melted-deoxidize technology.6.5. To create the recycling economy chain within the iron–steel industryIt is believed that three recycling economy chains could be developed in the iron–steel production process aiming at zero emission. First is recycling flue gas, which means that not only coal or coke but also flue gas will be recycled from blast furnaces, converters, or coke ovens to realize zero flue gas emission. The second is recycling industrial waste water, which means that the consumption of fresh water will be minimized and industrial waste water will be recycled using some treating equipment. The third is recycling solid waste materials. It is a comprehensive reuse process for some raw materials such as iron ores left over from the production process.China’s traditional development pattern such as large invest-ment, regardless of serious pollution and lower value-added products resulted in China’s location at the low end of the value chain of the worldwide industrial structure. It is the most impor-tant reason for China’s high consumption of energy. Compared with developed countries, China’s use of poorer quality equipment and ineffective use of process energy led to lower energy utilization efficiency.7.ProspectsWith the improvement of the overall technical level in the steel industry, the production of iron and steel has greatly expanded in the past decade. However, the iron and steel industry is still one of the major high energy consumption and high polluting industries in China. Although the energy efficiency of the iron and steel industry in China has made significant improvement in the past few years, the average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries owing to low energy utilization efficiency, the existence of somesmall-scale and decentralized industries and low recovery and recycling efficiency of the secondary energy resources. During 2006–2010, the period of China’s 11th five-year plan, based on existing policies, measures and standards, China will promulgate and implement some new policies with more ambitious objectives of sustainable develop-ment and restructuring in the steel industry. One objective of this plan is to build a society committed to energy conservation and a pollution-free environment and to develop the recycling economy chain in the iron and steel industry. Successful implementation of current sustainable development policies and measures will result in considerable energy saving.According to this plan, China’s energy consumption per GDP in ‘China’s 11th five-year plan’will decrease by 20%, the water consumption per unit of industrial added value will decrease by 30% and the total emission of main pollutants will decrease by 10%. Some major tasks will be undertaken for some high energy consumption industries such as the iron and steel industry, nonferrous metal industry, coal industry, power sector, and chemical industry. Therefore, a new industrial path leading to the use of technology-intensive products, optimal economic efficien-cies, lower resource consumption, and less environmental pollu-tion should be forged. There will be significant energy savings by optimizing end-use energy utilization.References[1]Xie QH. The operational aspects of iron and steel industry of China in 2006 and the prospects in 2007. China Steel 2007;2:6–11 (in Chinese).[2]/cyfz/hxfx/t20070126_113627.htm[3]/economic/txt/2007-02/22/content_7852832.htm[4]Wang K, Wang C, Lu XD, Chen JN. Scenario analysis on CO2 emissions reduction potential in China’s iron and steel industry. Energy Policy 2007;35: 2320–35.[5]The Editorial Board of China steel yearbook China steel yearbook. Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House; 2004.[6]Heane A, Heste S, Gurney A, Fairhead L, Beare S, Me´lanie S, et al. New energy technologies: measuring potential impacts in APEC. APEC Energy Working Group, Report no. APEC#205–RE–01.1. Published by ABARE as Research Report 05.1, Canberra. /apec/publications/free_downloads/2005.Medialib Download.v1.html?url=/et c/medialib/apec_media_library/ downloads/workinggroups/ewg/pubs/2005.Par.0001.File.v1.1. [7]Weng YQ. Current status and prospect of energy saving and environment protection of Chinese steel industry. China Metallurgy 2003;11:1–6 (in Chinese).[8]/Info_Show.aspx?Mess_Id¼1659[9]Wang WX. Iron and steel enterprises’process energy consumption and energy saving potential. Metallurgy Management 2005;6:32–4 (in Chinese).[10]Cai JJ, He JH, Lu ZW, Li GT, Wang WX, Kong LH. Analysis of energy saving and energy consumption in Chinese steel industry for last 20 years and next 5 years. Iron and Steel 2002;37:68–73 (in Chinese).中文译文：我国钢铁工业能源消耗现状及节能对策摘要本文介绍了我国钢铁工业发展中的关键问题和能源消耗现状。

外文文献翻译(图片版)

本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。

当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。

事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。

但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。

但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。

此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。

随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。

本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。

相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。

本文有三个部分。

在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。

第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。

引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。

第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。

毕业论文正文、文献综述和外文翻译文本编辑排版格式要求

附12-2：毕业论文正文、文献综述和外文翻译文本编辑排版格式要求1、标题：三号宋体居中。

2、作者姓名，学号，班级小四号宋体，居中。

3、中文摘要，中文关键词。

中文摘要和关键词用小五号宋体。

其中“摘要，关键词”用黑体小五号，后面加冒号，关键词之间用分号隔开，关键词一般不超过5个。

4、正文的一级标题用四号宋体，二级标题用小四号黑体，三级标题用五号黑体，正文中文字符用五号宋体。

标题统一采用1; 1.1; 1.1.1; 2; 2.1; 2.1.2; …的样式。

标题最多为三级。

5、文中引用参考文献，统一用[1]的格式，上标。

6、参考文献用小五号字体，中文用宋体。

“参考文献”四字用宋体四号。

参考文献著录格式：序号（统一用[1]的格式）著者（如有多个作者，列出前三名，其余用“等”表示，英文用“et al”表示。

）. 文献题名[文献类型代码]（其中，专著为M，期刊为J，标准为S，学位论文为D，报告为R，论文集为C，专利为P，报刊新闻为N，论文集中析出文献为A）. 期刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码. 其中卷加粗。

著录格式如下例：[1] 王子健,吕怡兵,王毅等. 淮河水体多介质取代苯类污染及其生态健康风险[J]. 环境科学学报, 2002,22(3): 300~304.[2] Lueking A D, Huang W, Soderstrom-Schwarz S, et al. The chemical structure of soil /sediment organic matter and its role in the sequestration and bioavailability of sorb ed organic contaminants[J]. Journal of Environment Quality, 2000,29(1):317~323. [3] 史忠宝. 建设项目环境影响评价[M]. 北京：中国环境科学出版社，1994.。

毕业论文外文文献翻译要求

毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。

三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目:采用三号、黑体字、居中打印；
2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。

四、英文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目：采用三号、Times New Roman字、加黑、居中打印
2.正文：采用小四号、Times New Roman字。

行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸.
3.脚注：五号,Times New Roman，顺序为作者.题目.出处，
五、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,封面中文小四号宋体，英文小四号Times New Roman），
六、装订：左侧均匀装订，上下共两个钉，并按“封面、外文原文、译文”的顺序统一装订。

七、忌自行更改表格样式
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)外文文献
外文题目
翻译题目
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
题目名称
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
开题报告日期年月日。

外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明

外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文中文翻译格式：
标题：将外文标题翻译成中文，可以在括号内标明外文标题
摘要：将外文摘要翻译成中文，包括问题陈述、研究目的、方法、结果和结论等内容。

关键词：将外文关键词翻译成中文。

引言：对外文论文引言进行翻译，概述问题的背景、重要性和研究现状。

方法：对外文论文方法部分进行翻译，包括研究设计、数据采集和分析方法等。

结果：对外文论文结果部分进行翻译，介绍研究结果和统计分析等内容。

讨论：对外文论文讨论部分进行翻译，对研究结果进行解释和评价。

结论：对外文论文结论部分进行翻译，总结研究的主要发现和意义。

附录：如果外文论文有附录部分，需要进行翻译并按照指定的格式进行排列。

文献综述模板格式：
标题：文献综述标题
引言：对文献综述的背景、目的和方法进行说明。

综述内容：按照时间、主题或方法等进行分类，对相关文献进行综述，可以分段进行描述。

讨论：对综述内容进行解释和评价，概括主要研究成果和趋势。

结论：总结文献综述，概括主要发现和意义。

要求说明：
1.外文中文翻译要准确无误，语句通顺流畅，做到质量高、符合学术
规范。

2.文献综述要选择与所研究领域相关的文献进行综述，覆盖面要广，
内容要全面、准确并有独立思考。

4.文献综述要注重整体结构和逻辑连贯性，内容要有层次感，段落间
要过渡自然。

5.外文中文翻译和文献综述要进行查重，确保原文与译文的一致性，
并避免抄袭和剽窃行为。

外文文献及翻译

外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。

作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。

该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。

总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。

2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。

要求1：完成外文文献及译文的参考样式

山东建筑大学毕业论文外文文献及译文
毕业论文要求1
1. 本次发给你四个文件：论文要求1，任务书，开题报告，论文的结构建议。

2. 阅读开题报告的文献综述一栏，然后阅读相关的书籍、著作、期刊文章或网络上查阅到的文章，主要阅读你的文章中的与你的论文主题相关的内容；
3. 在3月底以前完成“外文文献及译文”内容。

查找与你的论文题目有一定关
系的著作、期刊或网络文章上的英文内容，并将英文翻译成中文。

4. 请将英文原文与你的中文翻译部分按照下面给你的参考格式完成。

格式如后
面的第2页开始到最后。

其中文献、资料来源要注明是著作、网络、期刊等的哪一种，例如，参考的格式中注明的就是著作。

5. 注意参考格式中的页眉、页脚、题目字号、字体、正文内容字体、字号。

你
撰写的外文文献要与参考格式的要求一致。

6. 外文文献部分要求字数在5000字以上。

即中文翻译内容的字数要达到5页以
上，含表格、图样等。

7. 对照论文的结构建议，查阅相应的内容，开始构思论文。

8. 外文文献及译文完成后，及时发给老师电子版。

以便审校。

老师：徐宁，
2014年3月9号
- 1 -。

外文文献翻译——参考格式

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部经济学部专业经济学年级 2007级班级名称 07经济学6班学号 16020706001学生姓名张瑜琴指导教师陈锶2011 年05月目录1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1)2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2)3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4)3.1内在的单位 (4)3.2财务子公司 (5)3.3策略的同盟 (5)3.4服务公司模型 (6)4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8)5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。

整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。

如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。

资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。

如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。

然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。

举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。

或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。

这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。

在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。

在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。

3.设计外文翻译

外文文献翻译要求一、外文文献翻译内容要求：1.找一篇与建筑相关的外文（英语）资料翻译成中文，英文3000个单词左右，中文2500字左右。

二、外文文献翻译格式要求1.摘要，关键词：宋体五号（其中“摘要”和“关键词”为宋体4号加粗），行间距设置为20磅，对齐方式选择“两端对齐”方式；各个关键词之间空一格，最后一个关键词后不加标点；2.正文题目：采用宋体4号加粗正文一级标题：采用宋体小4号加粗，行间距设置为固定值20磅，一般采用“1 引言”样式，其中1和“引言”之间用一个空格分开；正文二级标题：采用小4号加粗，行间距设置为20磅，一般采用“2.1 系统原理”样式，其中1和“系统原理”之间用一个空格分开；一级标题和二级标题采用“左对齐”方式；3.正文内容：采用宋体小四号，行间距设置为20磅6.参考文献：“参考文献”格式同一级标题格式，参考文献内容采用宋体五号，行间距设置为固定值20磅，对齐方式选择“左对齐”方式，其中出现的标点一律采用英文标点；备注：1.外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为外文文献原文（英语）。

第二部分为译文（汉语），2.页面设置：上空3.0cm，下空2.4 cm，左空（订口）3.0 cm，右空2.5 cm，页眉2.0 cm，页脚2.0 cm。

毕业设计页眉页脚格式为：( 注：页眉字体为小5号宋体)页眉郑州华信学院毕业设计设计题目名称页码位置外文翻译格式举例(以上部分不打印)宋体一号加粗宋体一号加粗郑州华信学院本科生毕业设计外文文献翻译原文题目：BUILDING ENGINEERING译文题目：建筑工程指导教师：职称：学生姓名：学号：专业：土木工程院（系）：建筑工程学院2013年03月16日BUILDING ENGINEERING1 Features of Building EngineeringBuilding Engineering involves a subject of investigating the design, construction and repair of all kinds of buildings through applications of knowledge and techniques of various subjects such as architecture, geology, surveying, soil mechanics engineering mechanics, building materials, building structures, construction machinery and so on. Compared with other industrial products, the architectural product has a series of its own special features that can be presented in the product itself, its construction and management.1.1 Features of Architectural Product(1) Any architectural product is located in an appointed place and stands on the ground so that it is unmovable. Since different places have different conditions of topography and geology, it is necessary to design its ground base and foundation for each building. (2) Architectural products should be versatile to meet various needs of users, including utilization function，scale, structural form, style, comfort and economy. (3) Architectural products are large in size horizontally or vertically or both.(4) A building is subjected to many types of loading conditions. Besides, it is concerned with the art style, architectural function, structural construction, building material, decorative process, etc. A lot of complicated problems would be encountered during the construction of architectural products. They are not always solved theoretically, sometimes by means of experiments and experiences in fact.建筑工程摘要：工业产品是在工厂的固定车间里制造的，而建筑产品往往是在不同的地区或同一地区不同的建设地点建造的。

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附件3：
本科毕业设计
（本科毕业论文）外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目：Advanced Encryption Standard 文献、资料来源：期刊（著作、网络等）
文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25
院（部）：土木工程学院
专土木工程
班土木013
姓名：张三
学号： 2001888888
指导教师：张九光
翻译日期： 2005.6.30 一号，黑体。

题目必须二选一：要么是毕业设计，要么是毕业论文小初，黑体。

正式打印时，
将此删除小三，Time New Roman
小三，宋体，写全称，汉字下同
小三，Time New Roman ，数字、字母下同
山东建筑大学毕业设计（或毕业论文，二选一）外文文献及译文
- 1 -
，the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has
been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure．The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms，or data-scrambling formulas，for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall．The standard is slated to go into effect next year．AES is intended to be a stronger，more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)，which replaced the aging DES，which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998．
“Until we have the AES，3DES will still offer protection for years to come．So there is no need to immediately switch over，”says Edward Roback，acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee．“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm．It will be a federal standard，but it will be widely implemented in the IT community．”
According to Roback，efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information，how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt．
The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires．Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources．
“DES was designed for hardware implementations，and we are now living in a world of
山东建筑大学毕业设计（或毕业论文，二选一）外文文献及译文
- 2 - much more efficient software ，and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms ，”says Roback ．“When you start multiplying this with the billions of impleme ntations done daily ，the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous ．”
……
以确保政府的信息安全。

该组织目前正处于为新的先进加密标准（AES ）选择一个或几个算法或数据打乱公式的开放过程的最后阶段，并计划在夏末或秋初作出决定。

此标准内定明年实施。

AES 预定为比三层数据加密标准(3DES)更强、更高效的后续标准，3DES 替代了老化的DES 加密标准，DES 在1998年7月在不到三天的时间内就被破译了。

NIST 计算机安全部的代理主管兼AES 选择委员会主席Edward Roback 说：“在我们拥有AES 之前，3DES 还将在今后几年提供保护。

所以没有必要马上转换。

AES 所提供的是一种更有效的算法。

它将是一项联邦标准，但它将在IT 界广泛实施。

”
据Roback 称，提议中的算法的效率是通过对信息加密和解密有多快、给出加密密钥有多快以及能对多少信息加密等几个方面进行测量的。

AES 评价委员会也要看算法占据芯片上多少空间和需要多少内存。

Roback 说，选择一个更高效的AES 也会带来成本的节省和资源的更好利用。

Roback 说：“DES 是为硬件实现而设计的，而我们现在处于软件更高效的世界，我们对算法的设计有极多的了解。

当我们开始大规模使用此算法，每天实现几十亿次的加密时，（算法带来的）网络开销的节省将是巨大的。

”
……。