2015职称英语理工教材
职称英语2015版 课文详解 第十五课
15. Conventional（常规） Petroleum Reservoir <New>常规油气藏1. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物、烃类） contained in permeable（可渗透的）, porous or fractured（裂隙） rock formations, with most reservoir rocks（储集岩） being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of（事物的综合） these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas? and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into（被分成） four stages（阶段）:1. 油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。
大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。
油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。
油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段:1) With burial（埋葬） of plankton, algae and other protein（蛋白质） rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a source rock, and continuous accumulation （积累）of sand, the buried material heats up（升温）at 50°C to 70°C.1) 浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。
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注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes t he information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at o ne chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enoug h to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means B extra.2．Which of the following does not move throug h a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for dis tance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more unde rstanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately w orking to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by li ghtning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” mean s B extra.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intende d to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, ro cks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.。
13-15年职称英语理工ABC出自教材文章汇总
2016年职称英语理工A考生必看——2013年到2015年职称英语理工A出自教材文章汇总职称英语考试在2014年之前，都会从职称英语教材中选取两篇文章作为真题，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，而且阅读理解就是从教材的阅读理解里面出题，完形填空也是从教材中的完形填空出题。
2014年职称英语考试开始改革，跨级别跨类别跨题型出题。
2015年职称英语出题，依然延续2014年职称英语出题风格。
2016年职称英语出题，应该依然延续跨题型出题风格。
在此为2016年职称理工A类考生总结一下从2014年到2015年职称英语理工A 从教材出题情况，分析一下这几年职称英语理工A出题难易程度。
预测一下2016年职称英语理工A出题情况。
职称英语理工A自2013年到2015年从教材选取文章汇总一篇完形填空。
有原题。
没有跨题型出题。
难度级别低。
2014年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了2篇文章。
阅读理解从教材中选了理工A 阅读判断。
完形填空选取的是补全短文的文章。
属于跨题型出题。
2014年是职称英语第一年改革，跨题型出题，考生没有复习到，也没有心理准备，所以难度级别高。
2015年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了3篇文章，2篇阅读理解，1篇完形填空。
两篇阅读理解一篇选自理工A的完形填空，一篇选自理工A的概括大意与完成句子。
两篇文章都是属于理工A的文章。
完形填空选自理工A的补全短文，属于跨题型出题。
2015年考生已经知道职称英语出题风格变化，有心理准备，而且三篇文章都是A级别的文章，所以2015年理工A的难度中等。
值得大家注意的是，Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light这篇文章，在2013年理工A完形填空中考过，2015年又作为阅读理解来出题。
所以教材上考过的文章并不是百分之百不会再考了。
预测2016年职称英语理工A会延续2014年和2015年的出题风格，依然是跨题型出题，会从教材选取2到3篇左右的文章。
2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)
2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)第1 页：词汇选项第2 页：阅读判断第3 页：概括大意与完成句子第4 页：阅读理解第一篇第5 页：阅读理解第二篇第6 页：阅读理解第三篇第7 页：补全短文第8 页：完形填空第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not?tolerate?that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural?aptitude?for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B【解析】aptitude 天赋have a aptitude for=have a gift /talent for3. Most people find?rejection?hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was?bold?enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in?mortal?combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A【解析】A.deadly 致死的;B.open打开的;C.actual实在的;D.Active积极的。
mortal致命的、致死的;immortal 不朽的题干：他们被锁起来进行致命的战争。
6. We were attracted by the?lure?of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less?transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A【解析】A.clear清楚的;B.necessary必要的;C.special特殊的;D.Correct正确的transparent 明显的、显然的题干：这些过程被认为是复杂的且没有那么清楚的。
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类，只替换了一篇2014年职称英语考试理工类考到的一篇文章——The Magic of Sound。
其他2014年职称英语考试理工类考到的文章，并没有进行替换。
2015年职称英语教材理工新增文章的对比目录如下：理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata ofmost plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
2015职称英语_教材精讲_理工_王霞_补全短文_第11讲
学派网2015年职称英语课程(理工类)第九篇Lightning strikesLightning Strikes1. Three years ago a bolt(道) of lightning all but(几乎) destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm(暴风雨),” she says, recalling the terrifying(可怕的) experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately(绝望地) working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang(巨响). ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble(碎石), but we forced(强行) our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a D. When I picked myself up, the roof andthe entire upper storey(楼层) of thehouse had been demolished(毁坏).考点:自然承接(依次出现)的两个动作/状态Lightning Strikes ….In fact, it’s calculated at one chancein 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys ofAER Technology, an organization thatmonitors the effects of lightning, thinksyou should be sensible(明智的). “Iwouldn’t go out in a storm—but then (但是另一方面) I’m quite a careful person.”He advises anyone who is unluckyenough to be caught in (被卷入…) astorm to get down (俯下, 趴下) on theground and curl up(蜷缩) into a ball,making yourself as small as possible.Lightning Strikes2. Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome(可怕的) displays of sheer(绝对的) power. ___2___ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman(政治家), proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.A. No wonder the ancient Greeksthought it was Zeus(宙斯), father ofthe gods, throwing thunderbolts(雷电) around in anger.考点: 上下文之间特殊逻辑关系: 因果关系Lightning Strikes3. ____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming(流动) upwardsfrom(= along) trees or church spires(尖塔) may glow(发光) and make a buzzing(发出嗡嗡的) noise, and people’s hair can stand on end(竖立). And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to(直到) 70 kms away, sound(发出) a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach(到来). E. Occasionally there are warning signs.考点: 上下文之间特殊逻辑关系:概括+ 列举提示: 空格如果在段首处出现,则空格处填入的可能是段落主题句(观点句, 定义句, 概括句, 疑问句等)或承上启下的句子(转折句等)Lightning Strikes4. Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt(道) of lightning. Mrs. Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated(使复苏) and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for burns to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit(健康的) again. Since that time, she has been a strictly fair(晴朗的) weather golfer. ___4___ The best place to be is inside a car! B.In fact,a golf course is one of themost dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm(雷雨).考点:上下文之间的特殊逻辑关系:转折对比关系Lightning Strikes5. The largest number of people to bestruck by lightning at one time was inSeptember 1995 when 17 players on afootball pitch(场地) were hitsimultaneously(同时地). The mostextraordinary(特别的) aspect of thestrike was the fact that 11 of thevictims—seven adults and fourchildren—had burn patterns of tiny holesat 3 centimetre intervals(间隔) on eachtoe(脚趾) and around the soles(脚底) oftheir feet.Lightning Strikes6. Harold Deal, a retired electrician(电器技师) from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently(看起来) unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____F. Since then the freezing(极冷的)South Carolina winters haven’tbothered Harold, since he iscompletely unable to feel the cold.Lightning Strikes7. Animals are victims(受害者) oflightning too．Hundreds of cows andsheep are killed every year, largely(主要地) because they go under trees. In EastAnglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously(突如其来地) by thesame bolt(道) of lightning that hit theground and travelled through the entireflock(群). Lightning is also responsiblefor(对…负责)starting more than 10,000forest fires each year world-wide.。
2015职称英语理工A(2015年3月30日更新)
参加了2015年的职称英语根据自己考试回忆以及买的辅导材料上的一些原文及翻译整理。
一些选项是否正确不确定，同时，一些填空的地方也是根据自己回忆想起来的，如果有谁记得更全的可以留言，我来补充。
毕竟我也不能全记住。
谢谢！ckof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth（阅读理解3×5=15分）Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what aboutthebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and ch romium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosp here, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。
2015年新教材全国职称英语考试理工a重要文章字典版
34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病 有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引 起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染 的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首 先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge ， Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries. 然 而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带 者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有 些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病 毒开始工作， 使病毒构成世界上最小的充 电电池。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virusbuilt batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology ， technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档 似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉 拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
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第一部分词汇选项下面共有10 组词汇学习，每一组词汇学习有15 道小题。
在每道题的句子里都有一个加底横线的词或短语，请在四个选项中找出与加底横线的词或短语意义最相近的一项。
词汇学习1：1. Will you please call my husband as soon as possible?A) contact B) consult C) phone D) visit2. We'll give every teacher space to develop.A) chance B) employment C)room D)opportunity3. I have to go at once.A) soon B) immediately C)now D) early4. The policeman asked him to identify the thief.A) name B) distinguish C) capture D)separateA) happened B) broke C) spread6. It took me exactly a week to complete the work.A) do B)achieve C) improve D)finish7. The herb medicine eventually cured her disease.A) nicely B) apparently C) finally D)naturally8. We had a long conversation about her parents.A) talk B) speech C) debate D)discussion9. Please let me know if you are unable to attend the meeting.A) go to B) prepare for C) speak to D) do to10. They have made up his mind to give up smoking.A) tried B) attempted C) agreed D) decided11. Your teacher will take your illness into account when marking your exams.A) calculation B) computation C) consideration D) assessment12. We have to put up with her behavior.A) tolerate B) accept C) swallow D) take13. They have given up the hope to save their friend from drowning.A) ended B) abandoned C) built D)strengthen14. I seldom watch TV.A) rarely B) frequently C)normally D)occasionally15. The dentist has decided to take out the girl's bad tooth.A) dig B) draw C) pull D) extract答案与题解：1.C call或call up：打电话。
Phone或phone up：打电话。
如：Did Mary phone me（up）last night？昨晚玛丽给我打电话了吗？Contact：接触；联系。
I regularly contact her.我经常跟她接触。
Consult：商量；咨询。
I often consult him about my research work.我经常跟他商量我的研究工作。
Visit：拜访。
Mary visited me last night.昨晚玛丽来看了我。
2.C space：空间。
Room：空间。
如：I’d like to bring the child with me if there is room in the car.如果车上有空，我想带上孩子。
Chance：机会。
Everyone has a chance to go to school.每个人都有上学的机会。
Employment：就业；职业。
Opportunity：机会。
The government has been trying hard to provide adequate employment opportunities.政府为提供充分的就业机会而竭尽全力。
3.B at once：马上。
Immediately：马上。
如：It’s getting late.We must go back home immediately.天晚了，我们得马上回家。
Soon：很快。
We’ll have lunch soon.我们很快就要吃午饭了。
Now：现在。
If we leave now we’ll be there before dark.如果我们现在就离开，天黑前就能到那里。
Early：早。
Mary gets up very early.玛丽起得很早。
4.A identify：认出。
Name：指出；说出。
如：The light is too dim for me to identify her.光线太暗，无法认出她来。
Can you name these flowers？你能说出这些花名吗？Distinguish：区分。
There is not much to distinguish her from the other candidates.很难把她与其他的候选人区别开来。
Capture：抓住。
The policemen have captured the rebel leader.警察已经抓住了叛乱分子的头目。
Separate：分开。
It is not always possible to separate cause from effect.并不总是能把原因与结果分开。
5.A occur：发生。
Happen：发生。
又如：His death occurred the following year.他次年就死了。
I can remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.我记得整个事情，就如同发生在昨天一样。
Break：碎；断。
Break out：突然发生。
The economic crisis broke out first in the US.经济危机首先在美国发生。
Appear：出现。
A smile gradually appeared on her face.微笑逐渐浮现在她的脸上。
6.D complete：完成。
Finish：完成。
又如：The scientists have completed their investigation.科学家已经完成了调查。
Do：做。
The students have done their homework.学生已经做完了作业。
Achieve：取得；达到。
He worked very hard to achieve a balanced budget.为了实现预算平衡，他玩命工作。
Improve：改善。
Their working conditions have to be improved.他们的工作条件必须改善。
7.C eventually：最终。
Finally：最终。
又如：It was a long journey，but we eventually arrived.路程很长，不过，我们最终还是达到了。
She finally gained control of her husband.她最终控制住了她的丈夫。
Apparently：很明显。
Apparently you’re sick.很显然你病了。
Naturally：自然地。
She can speak English very naturally.她英语说得很自然。
8.A conversation：谈话。
Talk：谈话。
又如：We had a very long telephone conversation yesterday.昨天我们在电话里说得很多。
Shen gave us a talk about Chinese culture.她给我们作了一个关于中国文化的报告。
Speech：报告；讲演。
The expert delivered a speech at the meeting held yesterday.那位专家在昨天的会上作了讲演。
Debate：辩论。
The cause of global warming is still open to debate.全球变暖的原因仍然可以讨论。
Discussion：讨论。
Did you participate in the discussion？你参加讨论了吗？9.A attend：出席、莅临。
Go to：出席、莅临。
又如：We all attended the conference on globalization.我们都去参加了关于全球化的大会。
We’ll go to her birthday party tomorrow.我们明天去参加她的生日聚会。
Prepare for：做准备。
Will you help me prepare for the wedding ceremony？你能帮我准备婚礼仪式吗？Speak to：跟……说话，给……作报告。
You must speak to him.He doesn’t listen to me.你得跟他谈谈了，他不听我的。
Do to：对某人做了……。
What did you do to her？你对她做了些什么？10.D make up one’s mind：打定主意，决心。
Decide：决定。
又如：Susan has made up her mind that，come what may，she will stay with John.苏珊决心已下，不管发生什么，都将跟约翰在一起。
He decided not to do that.他决定不干那件事。
Try：设法。
We are all trying to improve our English.我们正设法提高我们的英语水平。
Attempt：试图。