Lecture Two Communication across cultures
英语演讲与辩论课件Lecture Two
Language Use in Debate
• Precision Vocabulary: Use accurate and specific vocabulary to express one's views and positions, avoiding the use of vague and vague words.
• Clear Expression: Maintain fluent and clear language, allowing the other party and audience to accurately understand their own viewpoints and arguments.
要点二
Addressing the challenges of globalization
With the accelerated development of globalization, English speaking and debating skills have become important skills for international communication and cooperation. This course aims to help students adapt to the challenges of globalization and enhance their international competitiveness.
Opening statement
Attract the audience's attention, establish a connection with them, and lay a solid foundation for the speech.
Lecture XIII Cross-Cultural Communications
Another common Chinese form of address is
time. Similar expressions are found in almost all languages. But in the more or less fixed conversational formulas that precede Goodbye, there may be interesting differences, as in Chinese when a distinguished guest drops in for a visit, or if the visitor is one with whom the hosts are not very familiar.
Culture consists of all the shared products
of human society. This means not only such material things as cities, organizations and schools, but also nonmaterial things such as ideas, customs, family patterns, languages. Putting it simply, culture refers to the entire way of life of a society, “the ways of a people”.
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 2 communication and culture
The Selected Scene ---Conflicts Across Border
Task:
(1) Is there an effective communication between Santiago and the police?
(2) What caused the conflicts between them and how to avoid such conflicts?
Decode
Physical
Message Channel
Channel Message Feedback
Encode Receiver
Encode
Reasons for Misunderstanding
Encoding & Decoding
Not all communication could
Section 2 1. Basics of Communication
Warm-up questions
What is communication? How would two people in love let each
other know about their feelings? How many Chinese words can you
通信
传通
1.1 Definition of Communication
Communication
Latin word “communicare”
Act and process of sending and receiving messages among people
Means of Communication
沟通与文化交流英语课
沟通与文化交流英语课Communication and Cultural Exchange English ClassIntroduction:Communication and cultural exchange are two important aspects of language learning. In this English class, we will focus on learning how to communicate effectively across cultures and how to understand cultural differences. By the end of this class, you will be able to navigate and communicate in a variety of cultural contexts with confidence.Lesson 1: Understanding Cultural DifferencesIn this lesson, we will explore the concept of culture and how it affects communication. We will look at various cultural dimensions, such as individualism vs collectivism, high-context vs low-context communication, and direct vs indirect communication. We will discuss how these dimensions influence communication and what strategies we can use to bridge cultural differences.Lesson 2: Effective Communication Across CulturesIn this lesson, we will learn practical strategies for communicating effectively across cultures. We will focus on topics such as active listening, asking clarifying questions, adapting to cultural norms, and non-verbal communication. We will also explore ways to express intended meaning and avoid misunderstandings.Lesson 3: Cultural Awareness in BusinessIn this lesson, we will discuss cultural awareness in the context of business. We will explore topics such as cross-cultural negotiations, intercultural communication in the workplace, and understanding cultural differences in hierarchy and decision-making. We will also examine case studies of successful and unsuccessful cross-cultural business interactions.Lesson 4: Language and Cultural CompetenceIn this lesson, we will discuss the importance of language and cultural competence in communication. We will explore how to navigate different language levels and dialects, and how to avoid common communication barriers caused by language. We will also discuss how to develop cultural competence, including the importance of activelearning and engaging with cultural communities.Conclusion:By the end of this English class, you will have gained a better understanding of cultural differences and how they affect communication, as well as practical strategies for communicating effectively across cultures. You will be able to apply these skills in a variety of contexts, from day-to-day social interactions to cross-cultural business negotiations. This class will prepare you to navigate the globalized world with cultural sensitivity and confidence.。
一至五讲的Objectives(重点)
Lecture One Culture⏹Understand the definitions of culture☐Describe the importance of cultureCulture is a particular way to satisfy human needs. (Culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behaviors. )☐Know some metaphors of cultureSoftware, grammar of our behavior, onion, and most influential metaphor: iceberg⏹Describe the characteristics of culture⏹Summarize the classifications of cultureDominant Culture — SubcultureMainstream Culture — CountercultureDeep Culture — Surface CultureHigh Culture — Popular CultureLecture Two Communication●Understand the definition of Communication●Describe the elements of Communication10 elementsKey point for successful communication: decoding●Summarize different types of CommunicationIn terms of regions: Intra-culture/inter-cultureIn terms of style: direct and indirect communicationIn terms of purposes: Intentional/unintentional☆In terms of medium: verbal and non-verbal communicationLecture Three: Culture and Communication ((case-oriented)●Perceive the relationship between culture and communication.Culture is transmitted, created, shaped, and learned through communication.Communication practices are largely shaped, created, and transmitted by culture.●Understand Hall’s Dimensions (Chapter 2)–High Context vs. Low Context Culture–Monochronic vs. Polychronic Culture●Analyze cases by Hall’s intercultural theoryExample one: business conventionTime-plentiful cultures tend to rely on trust to do business. Time-limited culturesdon't have time to develop trust and so create other mechanisms to replace trust (such as strong rule-by-law)Example two: German engineers in Middle East•German engineers in the pre-World War II period were helping to construct arailroad in Iran. Iranians and Middle Easterners generally take a far more relaxed attitude toward time than Americans or western Europeans. When Iranian work crews consistently showed up for work ten minutes late, the Germans, themselves super-punctual and always in a hurry, fired them in droves.•Iranian engineers had a difficult time persuading them that by Middle Easternstandards the workers were being heroically punctual, and that if the firings continued there would soon be no one left to do the work but women and children.Example three: High Context and Low ContextIn Hong Kong, a Chinese policeman (A) goes to his British superior (B) and asks for leave to take his mother to hospital.A: Sir?B: Yes, what is it?A: My mother is not very well, sir.B: So?A: She has to go into hospital, sir.B: Well, get on with it. What do you want?A: On Thursday, sir.B: Bloody hell, man. What do you want?A: Nothing, sir.Lecture Four: Intercultural Communication I⏹Understand the definition of Intercultural Communication(chapter 5)⏹Summarize different forms of intercultural communication(chapter 5)International communication 国际交际Interracial communication 种族交际Inter-ethnic communication 民族交际Inter-regional communication 地域交际⏹Perceive the Key Cultural Divides: Collectivism vs. Individualism(chapter 2)Better understand the differences between Western and Eastern Perspective of communicationDifferent from Hofstede’s claim that individualism and collectivism are the two extremes of one value among the different cultural dimensions, Triandis considers that individualism and collectivism can construct the core of a culture.Lecture Five: Intercultural Communication II (cultural barriers)Understand different forms of Cultural Barriers⏹Worldviews as Barriers to Intercultural Communication：Westerners: holistic worldview Chinese: dualist worldview结合课本，主要了解由于世界观的不同而造成人们在宗教信仰、思维模式上的差别。
英语专业话题演讲跨文化交流逐字稿
跨文化交流的重要性Cross-cultural communication is the process of communication between people who interpret the information in different way because of their different cultural context.Culture and communication are closely related. The interaction of culture and communication is so pervasive that separating the two is virtually impossible. The way you communicate is deeply influenced by the culture in which you were raised. To a large degree, your culture influences the way you think, members of your society decode their message according to the assumptions of their culture. The greater the difference between cultures, the greater the chance for misunderstanding.With the development of globalization and the deepening of reform and opening up, the communication between China and other countries becomes deeper and wider. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important for Chinese student to improve their English competence and promote their cross-cultural communication ability to achieve effective communicationHowever, in cross-cultural communication, breakdown often occur between speaker and hearer from different cultural background.The technical term for it is pragmatic failure. It occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve specific communicative purposes or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary force of the speaker’s utterance in the context of communication.There are some barriers which hinder us from communicating effectively. Therefore, it is critical to understand the barriers in cross-cultural communication and to know the techniques and strategies that can be employed to break down these barriers between two cross-cultural parties.There are 4 barriers for cross-cultural communications1.EthnocentrismEthnocentrism refers to the perception that one’s own culture is superiorto other cultures. It is natural to take pride of your own country and culture.However, this does not mean that you can claim superiority of your own culture over others. According to brown, all human being build sets of defense to protect the ego in their understanding of themselves. But the defense which we place between ourselves and others will create barrier in cross-cultural communication.2.StereotypingCultural stereotype refers to the oversimplified picture we form of other cultures in the bias of our own culture-bound world view. For example, American, British. it has negative effect, to judge.nguage barriersDifferent People may have level of language competence. The divergence of language competence is also likely to impede effective comprehension and communication. Besides, people from different part of the world use a variety of pronunciation and accents, which impede smooth communication and comprehension of others.4.Conflicting valuesEveryone has their own set of beliefs, attitudes and values. Failure to understand the differing beliefs and values will prevent effective cross-cultural communication.How to overcome theses barriers in cross-cultural communication?Improving the Cross-Cultural CompetenceCross-cultural competence is described as the ability understand people from different cultures and engage with them effectively. The cross- cultural competence could be improved through the following methods:1.Cross-cultural knowledge learningWe need to understand and accept the fact that there is a gap between different culture.we need to concede that there is differences between societies and that these differences include values, beliefs and convictions. Therefore, we need some fundamental intercultural knowledge learning which allows us to be aware andmindful of the differences in cultures.nguage TrainingLanguage barriers are often the most common issues experienced in multicultural groups. Therefore, providing language training should be given for individuals so that there is more of a chance of effectively communicating in a cross-cultural environment.3.Keep your personal beliefs personalEach person has his/ her own religious or other beliefs. Consequently, it is vital to respect and not judge one another’s beliefs and not impose one’s own values, attitudes and beliefs.4.Building trust across cross cultureIf people from different culture backgrounds can build and earn trust among each other and appreciate the differences, a healthy relationship may be formed which will play a critical role in developing effective cross-cultural communication.。
大学专业英语八级考试模拟试题(带答案)
大学专业英语八级考试模拟试题PART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.Non-Verbal Communications Across CulturesNon-verbal communications can affirm, complement or even contradict what is being verbally transmitted. In addition to this, non-verbal communications vary from country to country.Ⅰ. Gesture—Pointinga) Pointing with a single finger is considered 1 in Asiab) American people use 2 fingers to pointc) German people use pinky to pointd) In UK, flashing a peace sign with the back of one's hand is an3 of flipping someone the bird—Greetinga)USA: 4b) Somewhere else: a kissⅡ. Eye Contact—West: direct eye contact is 5—African-Americans: more eye contact when speaking, less when listening—Anglo-Americans: 6 African-Americans—Northern Europe: more flirtatious facets—Middle East: prolonged eye contact means to show 7—Some Asian countries: avoiding eye contact means to show 8Ⅲ. Physical Contact—Americans will shake hands, 9 , upon encountering someone—Islamic cultures: 10 is not allowed—Asian cultures: touching the head is considered 11 the soulⅣ. 12—Some cultures think Americans do not bathe 13—Some think Americans over-bathe themselvesⅤ. Time—14 is highly valued in Switzerland, Germany and Sweden—Europeans: 15 of vacation is the norm—Americans: 2 weeks is the normSECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear TWO interviews. At the end of each interview, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interviews and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.16、A. He never feels road rage when he is out driving.B. He sometimes is aggressive when he is out driving.C. He manages to stay in the car when he feels road rage.D. He always tries to keep away from minor accidents.17、A. 68%. B. 23%. C. 40%. D. 50%.18、A. Around 13,333-20,000. B. Around 13,333-26,666.C. Around 20,000-26,666.D. Around 26,666-40,000.19、A. Drivers lose their cool and change lanes carelessly.B. Drivers lock their vehicle and refuse to leave the highways.C. Drivers get angry at other motorists and move into physical confrontation.D. Drivers aggressively pursue other cars with their own and smash into them.20、A. It involved a father of two. B. The father was shot.C. The father changed lanes carelessly.D. The father refused to get out of the car.21、A. A super flexible body.B. A tremendously strong body.C. An independent personality with strong will power.D. A peaceful mind.22、A. Because we feel healthy enough.B. Because they are less important than making money.C. Because they cause no visible impact on our daily routine.D. Because we are feeling tired and have no time to exercise.23、A. It was caused by yoga exercise. B. Yoga helped alleviate it.C. It was caused by cardio exercise.D. Yoga helped exacerbate it.24、A. Because yoga provides stress relief. B. Because yoga is easy.C. Because yoga is fashionable.D. Because yoga is cool.25、A. They are good for all people. B. They are as good as yoga.C. They may not be suitable for old people.D. They help lose weight.PART ⅡREADING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE26When I was 10 years old one of my father's customers had caught a bigcatfish on a weekend trip to the Colorado River. It weighed 86 pounds, a swollen, gasping, grotesque netherworld creature pulled writhing and fighting up into the bright, hot, dusty world above.27The man had brought the fish, wrapped in wet burlap, all the way out to my father's service station in the back of his car. We were to have a big barbecue that weekend, and I was given the job of keeping the fish watered and alive until the time came to kill and cook it.28All day long that Friday—in late August, school had not yet started—I knelt beside the gasping fish and kept it hosed down with a trickle of cool water, giving the fish life one silver gasp at a time, keeping its gills and its slick gray skin wet: the steady trickling of that hose, and nothing else, helping it stay alive. We had no tub large enough to hold the fish, and so I squatted beside it in the dust, resting on my heels, and studied it as I moved the silver stream of water up and down its back.29The fish, in turn, studied me with its eyes, which had a gold lining to their perimeter, like pyrite. The fish panted and watched me while the heat built all around us, rising steadily through the day from the fields, giving birth in the summer-blue sky to towering white clouds. I grew dizzy in the heat, and from the strange combination of the unblinking monotony and utter fascination of my task, until the trickling from my hose seemed to be inflating those clouds—I seemed to be watering those clouds as one would water a garden. Do you ever think that those days were different—that we had more time for such thoughts, that time had not yet been corrupted? I am speaking less of childhood than of the general nature of the world we are living in. If you are the age I am now—mid-50s—then maybe you know what I mean.30The water pooled and spread across the gravel parking lot before running in wandering rivulets out into the field beyond, where bright butterflies swarmed and fluttered, dabbing at the mud I was making.31Throughout the afternoon, some of the adults who were showing up wandered over to examine the monstrosity. Among them was an older boy, Jack, a 15-year-old who had been kicked out of school the year before for fighting. Jack waited until no adults were around and then came by and said that he wanted the fish, that it was his father's—that his father had been the one who had caught it—and that he would give me five dollars if I would let him have it.32"No," I said, "my father told me to take care of it."33Jack had me figured straightaway for a Goody Two-Shoes. "They're just going to kill it," he said. "It's mine. Give it to me and I'll let it go. I swear I will," he said. "Give it to me or I'll beat you up."34As if intuiting or otherwise discerning trouble—though trouble followed Jack, and realizing that did not require much foresight—my father appeared from around the corner, and asked us how everything was going. Jack, scowling but saying nothing, tipped his cap at the fish but not at my father or me, and walked away.35"What did he want?" my father asked.36"Nothing," I said. "He was just looking at the fish." I knew that if I told on Jack and he got in trouble, I would get beaten.37"Did he say it was his fish?" my father asked. "Was he trying to claim it?"38"I think he said his father caught it."39"His father owes us $67," my father said. "He gave me the fish instead. Don't let Jack take that fish back."40"I won't," I said.41I can't remember if I've mentioned that, while not poor, we were right at the edge of poor.42The dusty orange sky faded to the cool purple-blue of dusk. Stars appeared and fireflies emerged from the grass. I watched them, and listened to the drum and groan of the bullfrogs in the stock tank in the field below, and to the bellowing of the cattle. I kept watering the fish, and the fish kept watching me, with its gasps coming harder. From time to time I saw Jack loitering, but he didn't come back over to where I was.43Later in the evening, before dark, but only barely, a woman I thought was probably Jack's mother—I had seen her talking to him—came walking over and crouched beside me. She was dressed as if for a party of far greater celebration than ours, with sequins on her dress, and fiat leather sandals. Her toenails were painted bright red, but her pale feet were speckled with dust, as if she had been walking a long time. I could smell the whiskey on her breath, and on her clothes, I thought, and I hoped she would not try to engage me in conversation, though such was not to be my fortune.44"This's a big fish," she said.45"Yes, ma'am," I said, quietly. I dreaded that she was going to ask for the fish back.46"My boy and my old man caught that fish," she said. "You'll see. Gonna have their pictures in the newspaper." She paused and stared at the fish as if in labored communication with it. "That fish is worth a lot of money, you know?" she said.47I didn't say anything. Her diction and odor were such that I would not take my first sip of alcohol until I was 22.PASSAGE TWO26Improving the balance between the working part of the day and the rest of it is a goal of a growing number of workers in rich Western countries. Some are turning away from the ideals of their parents, for whom work always came first; others with scarce skills are demanding more because they know they can get it. Employers, caught between a falling population of workers and tight controls on immigration, are eager to identify extra perks that will lure more "talent" their way. Just now they are focusing on benefits (especially flexible working) that offer employees more than just pay.27Some companies saw the change of mood some time ago. IBM has more than 50 different programmes promoting work-life balance and Bank of America over 30. But plenty of other firms remain unconvinced and many lack the capacity to cater to such ideas even if they wanted to. Helen Murlis, with Hay Group, a human-resources consultancy, sees a widening gap between firms at the creative endof employment and those that are not.28The chief component of almost all schemes to promote work-life balance is flexible working. This allows people to escape rigid nine-to-five schedules and work away from a formal office. IBM says that 40% of its employees today work off the company premises. For many businesses, flexible working is a necessity. Globalization has spread the hours in which workers need to communicate with each other and increased the call for flexible shifts.29Nella Barkley, an American who advises companies on work-life balance, says that large firms are beginning to understand the value of such schemes, "but only slowly". For most of them, they still mean little more than child care, health care and flexible working.30Yet some schemes go well beyond these first steps. American Century Investments, an investment manager in Kansas City, pays adoption expenses and the cost of home-fitness equipment for its employees. Rob Marcolina, a consultant with Bain & Company based in Los Angeles, was allowed time off to marry his partner in Canada. Mr Marcolina, who has an MBA from the high-ranked Kellogg business school, says his employer's understanding makes him want to be "part of Bain for some time".31Businesses have other good reasons for improving employees' work-life balance. Wegmans Food Markets, a grocery chain based in Rochester, New York, frequently appears near the top of lists of the best employers in America. It has a broad range of flexible-work programmes, which gives it one of the lowest rates of employment turnover in its industry—8% a year for full-tinge workers, compared with 19% across the industry.32Simple programmes can be surprisingly cost-effective. IBM, for instance, is spending $50m over five years on "dependant-care" facilities for its employees. Although that sounds generous, it is the equivalent of little more than $30 for each IBM employee every year. That is far cheaper than a pay rise and probably a better way to retrain talented mothers and fathers. Ernst & Young, a global accounting firm, has a low-cost range of initiatives called "People First". It provides breaks for people to provide care and has over 2,300 flexi-time employees in the United States. James Freer, a senior executive, says he is "absolutely convinced" the initiatives help produce better financial results.33DeAnne Aguirre, a mother of four and a senior partner in San Francisco with Booz Allen Hamilton (BAH), says "it is easy to make the business case" for work-life balance programmes at the consultancy by looking at attrition rates. BAH calculated that it was investing more than $2m in turning a raw recruit into a partner, an investment it should be reluctant to write off. Coming, an American glass company, reckons that it costs 1.5 times a worker's salary and benefits to replace him. If it can retain just 20 workers a year who would otherwise have left, Corning reckons it would produce annual savings of $2.6m.34The spread of flexible work has come about at least partly as a result of initiatives to keep women workers. Companies have had to offer extended periods of leave for them to look after dependants (young and old), and flexible working inbetween. At BAH, women partners take an average of eight-and-a-half extended breaks during their careers. Men take an average of one-and-a-half. Ernst & Young, keen to show that part-time workers can also become partners, recently made the first such appointment in Houston, Texas.35Some of these initiatives are spreading even to the castles of binge working, such as investment banks. Business schools are now climbing on the bandwagon, too. In October Tuck School at Dartmouth, New Hampshire, will start a course on returning to corporate life after an extended absence. Called "Back in Business", the 16-day, $12,000 re-entry programme is open only to students with "'work experience in a high-potential career".36The majority will inevitably be mothers wanting to rejoin the workforce. But fathers are also asking for sabbaticals (公休假). Work-life balance "is not just a women's issue" any more, says Ted Childs, who is in charge of workforce diversity at IBM. "Men, too, are very concerned about it."37The demand is being stoked by the "Generation Y", the tmder-28s. They look sceptically at the idea of lifetime employment within a single organisation and they are wary of the commitment they believe too often drove their parents to the divorce courts. Hay's Ms Murlis says that today's business-school graduates are "looking for a workstyle to go with their lifestyle", not the other way round. They are happy to binge-work for a while, but in return want extended sabbaticals.38Many of the more imaginative schemes come from organisations that are not under pressure to report quarterly to Wall Street. Wegmans and American Century Investments are family-controlled businesses and the big accounting firms and consultancies, such as Ernst & Young, KPMG, Bain and BAH, are partnerships. This allows them to take a longer-term view of growth and costs.39To some extent, the proliferation of work-life-balance schemes is a function of today's labour market. Companies in knowledge-based industries worry about the shortage of skills and how they are going to persuade talented people to work for them. Although white-collar workers are more likely to be laid off nowadays, they are also likely to get rehired. Unemployment among college graduates in America is just over 2%. The same competition for scarce talent is evident in Britain.40For some time to come, talented people in the West will demand more from employers, and clever employers will create new gewgaws to entice them to join. Those employers should note that for a growing number of these workers the most appealing gewgaw of all is the freedom to work as and when they please.PASSAGE THREE26The blind, overweight patient in the wheelchair has terrible pain in her back and burning pain in her legs. She also has advanced arthritis in her knees and end-stage circulatory disease, which have left her with two useless legs that are red, swollen and infected. Now her shoulder has started to hurt. She can't raise her arm to comb her hair. Five or six other things are wrong with her—she tells me about each. Some we can help; most we can't. I tell her as much.27In my office, she listens carefully. I hardly ever have to repeat myself with Doris (not her real name). She asks questions—mostly good ones. She needs lots oftests, various therapies. I ultimately recommend an operation on her shoulder. Sick, weakened by multiple symptoms and with lousy insurance, Doris is—surprise—a really good patient. She communicates efficiently with her doctors and treats us with respect and trust. She has reasonable expectations. I can tell she looks things up, but her knowledge is helpful—never challenging. I've talked about her with other doctors, and we agree on this: when you see Doris' name on your day's list, you know you're going to work hard. But you're usually glad her name is there.28Few patients realize how deeply they can affect their doctors. That is a big secret in medicine—one doctors hate to admit. We think about, talk about, dream about our patients. We went into clinical medicine because we like dealing on a personal, even intimate level with people who have chosen to put their bodies in our hands. Our patients make or break our days.29Take the compliment. Our career choice means we really do think that you —with your aches and pains—are more interesting than trading hot securities, more fun than a courtroom full of lawyers. Massaging the ego is the key to manipulating responsible types like doctors. When we feel your trust, you have us.30The most compelling reasons to be a good patient are selfish ones. You will get more than free drug samples if your doctor is comfortable and communicates easily with you. You'll get more of the mind that you came for, a mind working better because it's relaxed—recalling and associating freely, more receptive to small, even unconscious clues. That means better medical care. But you should try to be a good patient for unselfish reasons too. We worry about you 60 hours a week. We gave up our 20s for you. Why not show us some love? It's not hard.31The medical relationship is intrinsically one-sided. It's about you and your problem. I am going to find out more about you in the next 20 minutes than you will find out about me. Don't fret about that. We don't expect you to ask much about us. Good patients answer questions accurately and completely. They ask questions too.32But many patients talk too much. You might notice that we are writing when we see you—we are creating your chart. We need specific facts but not every fact in your life. Here's a classic exchange:33How long has your shoulder hurt, Beatrice? "Oh, for quite some time now." But for how long? How many months? "Oh, at least since the wedding—well, then again it did act up a bit when Margaret came back from Ireland..."34All I want to do is write something like "Right shoulder, 6 months, no trauma" on my chart. Although I lack the heart to tell her, Beatrice would be a better patient if she tried to be a bit more concise. There are lots of Beatrices.35Here's another classic:36"Well, I don't need to have good mariners—I'm sick—and I'm not going to be a patsy for some smooth talker in a white coat. The squeaky wheel gets the grease, you know."37That is the mind-set of many patients who abuse their doctors; my bet is they abuse other people as well. Any good doctor knows when you're too sick to be polite and will let it roll off his back. The squeaky wheel we don't like is the one playing a dominance game. That big wheel is likely to get a shorter, less sensitiveexamination and more tests, and then still more tests to follow up the abnormalities in the first tests, followed by extra consultations with specialists—anything to relieve the doctor's responsibility for a bad patient.38Are doctors good patients? Others may disagree, but I think they are. Medical terms don't faze them, so communication is easier, and their expectations tend to be more reasonable. Anyone in medicine is painfully aware that there are plenty of problems for which we have no good answer. Nurses tend to be even better patients, being adept at following doctors' orders—a virtue lacking in doctors.39Doctors and nurses also know when to respect an educated opinion. When the MRI says one thing and I want to do another, they are more likely to be on my side. But you need not be a medical professional, or educated at all, to be a great patient. It's pretty much the same strain of human decency— a truthful consideration of who the people around you are and of what they are trying to do—that infects a good patient and any good person.26、The author's behavior of guarding the fish showed (PASSAGE ONE.A. bravery and serf-control.B. wisdom and responsibility.C. devotion and romance.D. chivalry and charity.27、From the fourth paragraph, we get the impression that (PASSAGE ONE.A. the author cherished his childhood memories.B. the author spent much time in daydreaming.C. the author may not have a happy childhood.D. the author can't remember his childhood days.28、"Jack had me figured straightaway for a Goody Two-Shoes." (Paragraph Eight) means that (PASSAGE ONE.A. I was not the boy as Jack supposed to be.B. I was much stingier than Jack thought.C. I was viewed as virtuous and righteous.D. I was irritating and foolish in Jack's eyes.29、It can be inferred from the passage that Jack was all EXCEPT (PASSAGE ONE.A. cunning.B. bad-tempered.C. rude.D. considerate.30、Employees tend to demand more from their employers because (PASSAGE TWO)A. they always give priority to their work.B. they are pursuing a more balanced lifestyle.C. they are equipped with special skills.D. they focus on benefits rather than salary.31、The current situation about the work-life balance problem is that (PASSAGE TWO)A. many companies launch varying programmes for the problem.B. most companies are ready to take effective solutions.C. companies are at two extremes in solving the problem.D. most companies are indifferent to the problem.32、IBM is cited as an example in the third paragraph to show that (PASSAGE TWO)A. IBM has many different programmes enhancing work-life balance.B. the tendency of large firms to improve employee's work-life balance.C. flexible working includes allowing employees to work outside offices.D. flexible working is adopted to meet the new demand of communication.33、Which of the following is NOT the cause for the spread of flexible work? (PASSAGE TWO)A. Low turnover rate.B. Initiatives to stabilise workforce.C. General thirst for talents.D. Labour force competition.34、The word gewgaws in the last paragraph probably means (PASSAGE TWO)A. jewelry.B. positions.C. strategies.D. payment.35、The first two paragraphs in the passage (PASSAGE THREE.A. cite an example as a hook to start the issue.B. bring out the theme with strong argument.C. provide ways to deal with the issue.D. introduce the issue with an extreme case.36、The expression "massaging the ego" in Paragraph Four most probably means (PASSAGE THREE.A. affecting doctors deeply.B. praising doctors sincerely.C. showing interest in doctors.D. staying in touch with doctors.37、The benefit for one to be a good patient is that (PASSAGE THREE.A. his doctor will be receptive to all clues.B. his doctor will undercharge him for medicine and operation.C. he can get free drug samples and better care.D. he can get more time to talk with his doctor.38、If one intends to become a good patient, he should learn (PASSAGE THREE.A. to find out more about his doctor.B. to respect both doctors and nurses.C. to become as unselfish as possible.D. to accurately follow his doctor's orders.39、The text is mainly about (PASSAGE THREE.A. what makes a good patient.B. how deeply patients can affect their doctors.C. the relationship between patients and doctors.D. the most significant reasons to be a good patient.40、SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on tire passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Why did the author water the fish? (PASSAGE ONE.41、What created the towering clouds? (PASSAGE ONE.42、Why did the author hope Jack's mother not to engage him in conversation? (PASSAGE ONE.43、What do the examples of American Century Investments and Bain & Company in Para.5 show? (PASSAGE TWO)44、Why does IBM invest money for employees? (PASSAGE TWO)45、What are the characteristics of today's business-school graduates? (PASSAGE TWO)46、What does the first classic exchange show? (PASSAGE THREE.47、What might happen to the big wheel style patients? (PASSAGE THREE.PART ⅢLANGUAGE USAGEThe passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided atthe end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "∧" sign and write the wordyou believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "—" and put the word in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For centuries, immigrants have come to America seeking thepromise of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Some camefleeting religions persecution. Others came for the possibility of a 48better life. But all were inspired by the freedoms that exist in theUnited States because of the rule of law.Throughout our history, immigrants have contributed toAmerican society and help build the American dream. But today 49 we face with an immigration crisis. Lax enforcement of our 50immigration laws threatens the promise of life, liberty, and thepursuit of happiness that has made America that it is today. In 51order to protect the American dream, we must enforce ourimmigration laws.According to a report by the Government AccountabilityOffice, only 44 percent of the U.S.-Mexico border is under the"operational control" of the U.S. Border Patrol. Forty-four percentis a failure grade. Holes in the security of our borders threaten 52American lives. The first promise of the American dream is "life."In order to protect that promise, we must secure the U.S.-Mexicoborder.We must also do more to prohibit Americans from criminal 53illegal immigrants. Despite the Obama administration has 54increased the deportation of criminal immigrants, two SupremeCourt rulings created a safe haven for dangerous criminalimmigrants who can be removed. Because these rulings prohibit 55 criminal immigrants from detained longer than six months 56when they cannot be deported, federal officials have been forced to 57。
Lecture 1：Unit One (1)
(Why in the US?)
• In China • 1982: 许国璋: Cultural-Loaded Words and English Language Teaching • 1983: 何道宽: Introducing A New Discipline— —Cross-Cultural Communication • 1985 :胡文仲: Cultural Communication and Teaching English as A foreign Language • 1987: Helen Oatey: The Customs and Language of Social Interaction In English …
3. Cultural Savvy (practical know-how): CrossCultural Consulting, Coaching & Training Firm “The manager who knows only his or her own country is doomed to become obsolete. Most organizations can no longer afford to employ culturally myopic (近视的) managers." 4. http://www.immi.se/intercultural/ （论文可全文下 载） Journal of Intercultural Communication: The goal of the journal is to promote research but also education and training in the area of intercultural communication. )
lecture 3--跨文化交际
Similarities:
Meeting: shake hands Goodbye: waving hands Displeasure: frown Dislike, disgust, disapproval: wrinkling nose Yes: nodding No: shake heads Displeasure, bad humor, resentment: pouting Approval: a pat on the back of a man Anger, fury, determination: gritting one’s teeth
Exercise: 1. What may the OK sign mean
1. in Brazil 2. in Russia 3. in France 4. in Japan
a. something vulgar粗俗，下流 b. rudeness c. something worthless d. money
8
2. Importance of NC
Nonverbal behavior is significant area of
communication study. communication is NC. There’re three main reasons for its significance:
7
1.
Part 2 Nonverbal Communication
1. Definition of NC
Nonverbal communication is the interaction
that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voices, in other words, everything except the actual words we apply in our communication, such as the look on our face, the way we speak, the movements of our hands, the wink of our eyes. They all send messages to those we are thinking to.
Outcome 1 lecture 1
making, communication and controlling.
组织程序包括决策、交流和控制。
Section 1
跨国公司组织结构演变的三个阶段 1.出口部阶段 2.国际部阶段 3.国际性组织结构阶段
杜邦公司组织结构的变革
美国杜邦公司（Du Pont Company）是世界上最大 的化学品生产公司，建立至今已经200多年。
1802年由法国移民E.I.杜邦在美国特拉华州威尔明 顿附近建立，以制造火药为主。
20世纪，开始转入产品和投资多样化，经营范围涉 及军工、农业、化工、石油、煤炭、建筑、电子、 食品、家具、纺织、冷冻和运输等20多个行业， 在美国本土和世界近50个国家与地区设有200多 个子公司和经营机构,生产石油化工、日用化学品、 医药、涂料、农药以及各种聚合物等 1700个门 类，20000多个品种。
美国
日本
法国
阿根廷
Organizational Structures
Adaptation situation: 1. Parent company can easy contact the
subsidiary 2. The diversity of products are limited,
the harmonies are less 3. Subsidiary belong to parent company’s
由于国际需求的增加和企业内利益的扩张，企业组织结构开始发 生变化，独立的负责国际业务的部门出现了；
独立的国际业务部门有两种形态：一种是外部的出口管理公司受 托成为企业的出口业务部；另一种是企业自己设立出口业务部， 聘用经验丰富的人负责国际交易。
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1. Байду номын сангаас. 1. 2.
Intercultural Communication: An Introduction
Discussion(1) 1. Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. 2. We have to face that fact that either all of us are going to die together or we are going to live together, and if we are to live together we have to talk.
Case Case Case Case Case
Analysis (23-25) I II III IV
Terms Clarification
1. Communication 2. International communication 3. Interpersonal communication 4. Interracial communication 5. Intercultural communication 6. Cross-cultural communication 7. Intracultural communication 8. Intrapersonal communication A. the communication between African Americans and European Americans B. The process whereby one person transits a message through a channel to another, with some effect C. the communication between culturally similar individuals D. The communication between two people E. The comparison of cultural phenomena in different cultures F. Interactions among people from different nations G. Face-to-face interactions among people of diverse cultures H. Communication we have with ourselves
Intercultural Communication
Lecturer: Amber Huang
Contents:
Group report：Globalization for Group 1 of 09E1 Warm-up (Discussion & Case Analysis) Knowledge Sharing Intercultural Communication: An Introduction The Challenge of Globalization Enlightening Moment How We Address Each Other Vous and Tu Clarification of IC Terms Assignment
Case Analysis and answer the following question(2-3) 1. Do you think the above is good example of effective communication? If not, why not? 2. What problems have you ever had communicating with others? 3. How would you communicate with someone who does not share the same experiences with you?
2.
Due time for Assignment 1. Class 1: by Sunday 2. Class 3: by next Wednesday For a reference of the teaching contents, go to the classmail： teachingclasses@ Send your homework also to: teachingclasses@ code: 987654321abc
Key: 1. B 2. F 3. D 4. A 5. G 6. E 7. C 8. H
Assignment
1. 2. 1. For all: Review Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Preview Unit 2 Culture and Communication For Groups Group2 of 09E1 Work in a group and make out a systematic version of culture (definition/characteristics/essential elements, and illustrate them with pictures, specific cases or examples. Group 1 of 09E3 Work in a group and make out a systematic version of communication (definition/characteristics/essential elements, and illustrate them with pictures, specific cases or examples.
Knowledge sharing: 1. Intercultural Communication: An Introduction (3-9) 2. The Challenge of Globalization (13-16) & Analyze the case of Michael Fay (15-16) Enlightening Moment: How We Address Each Other (18-19) and Vous and Tu in French Language (21-22)