人教版九年级英语全一册第12单元unit-12-Life is full of the unexpected.课件

and check your answers.
1. When I ___go_t___ (get) home, I realized I _h_a_d__le_f_t _ (leave) my keys in the backpack.
2. By the time I _g_o_t__ (get) back to school, the bell _h_a_d__r_u_n_g_ (ring).
to the girl?
She got up late/overslept.
By the time she got up, her brother had already gotten in the shower.
She had to rush to the school.
By the time she got outside, the bus had already left.
3. By the time I w__al_k_e_d__ (walk) into class, the teacherh_a_d_s_t_a_r_te_d__ (start) teaching already.
2c
Make up an ending for the story and share it with your partner.
already __g_o_tt_e_n_ in the shower. 2. By the time I got outside, the bus _h_a_d__
already ___le_f_t _. 3. When I got to school, I realized I _h_a_d__
To learn the sentences: By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at home.
To learn how to narrate past events.
When she got to school, she realized that she had left her backpack at home.
1b
Listen to Mary talking about her morning. Complete the sentences.
1. By the time I got up, my brother h_a_d___
2a
Listen to Mary continue her story. Number the pictures [1-4] in the correct
Байду номын сангаасorder.
3
1
4 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of
2b the verbs in brackets. Then listen again
The teacher looked at Mary angrily. ... The teacher looked at Mary in surprise. ... The teacher looked at Mary kindly. … The teacher looked at Mary seriously. …
A: What happened? B: Well, I …
By the time I …, … had …
Look at the pictures above and tell what happened to Mary this morning.
Mary _o_v_er_s_le_p_t_ yesterday. By the time she _g_o_t_ up, her brother _h_a_d__ already _g_o_tt_e_n_ in the shower. And by the time she _g_o_t outside, the bus _h_ad_ already _le_ft_. So she had to _r_u_n_ to school. When she got to school, she _r_e_a_li_ze_d_ she __h_a_d_l_ef_t_ her backpack at home.
人教版九年级英语
Unit 12
Life is full of the unexpected.
Section A 1a-2d
➢ Objectives
To learn the words and expressions : unexpected, by the time, backpack, oversleep, ring, give …a lift
___le_f_t_ my backpack at home.
1c Take turns being Mary. Look at the
pictures and talk about what happened this morning.
Pairwork
Sample dialogue: A: What happened ? B: I overslept. By the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.
I was late for work today. When I got up, I found my clock had rung. It was 7:00. When I went out, I found the bus had already left.
1a Look at the pictures. What happened
➢ Warming up
Do you remember any unexpected situation in your daily life?
What happened to the boy?
He broke his arm. He got an electric shock. Life is full of the unexpected.
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Life+is+full+of+the+unexpected 复习教学设计 人教版九年级英语全册

 Life+is+full+of+the+unexpected 复习教学设计 人教版九年级英语全册

Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected. (Period 7)单元复习课教材分析本单元话题是“难以预料的事情”(Unexpected events )。

本节课是本单元的第七节课,是一节复习课,主要活动包括单元词汇、短语、句型的复现,以及考点及语法的针对性练习和知识的迁移运用,旨在让学生在复习的过程中巩固与运用本单元重点知识。

教学目标学完这一课,学生能够掌握:1.词汇:Unit 12的重点词汇及核心考点;2.语法:过去完成时;3.交际功能:讲述过去发生的事情。

教学重点1.过去完成时;2.by the time、above、alive 等核心考点的用法;3.运用一般过去时和过去完成时写一篇关于自己幸运的或不幸的一天的短文。

教学难点1.过去完成时;2.运用一般过去时和过去完成时写一篇关于自己幸运的或不幸的一天的短文。

教学过程课堂导入让学生两人一组,谈论自己最近发生的意想不到的事情,然后教师请几名学生在全班面前分享自己的故事,检测学生对本单元的掌握情况。

知识探究Step 1: 话题梳理【教师活动】教师梳理本单元的话题及功能,然后组织“头脑风暴”,引导学生说出与本话题相关的词汇、句型,让学生基于前面复习的内容,整合本单元学习的重点知识,思考并构建单元知识的脑图。

教师逐步呈现脑图,补充总结。

【学生活动】梳理本单元重点知识,思考并构建单元知识的脑图,完成学习任务单中的课堂学习任务一。

Step 2: 考点突破【教师活动】教师组织梳理必过考点,让学生通过练习巩固以下核心考点,并以练习带动知识复现、复习和应用,使学生达到真正掌握知识点的目的。

(1)by the time(2)above(3)alive(4)show up(5)disappear【学生活动】完成学习任务单中课堂学习任务二的第1至5题。

Step 3:语法突破【教师活动】让学生通过练习掌握过去完成时,并以练习带动知识复现、复习和应用,使学生真正掌握这个语法点。

Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected单元检测(含解析)

Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected单元检测(含解析)

Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected单元检测(含解析)Unit12——2023-2024学年人教版英语九年级全一册单元检测一、单项选择1.—You always spend only a little time on your study. You really _____ me down.—I’m sorry, Mum. I won’t do that again.A. takeB. putC. letD. look2.—What should we do with the driver hurt in the car accident—Let him stay______. Help is on the way.A. calmB. silentC. lonelyD. still3.—Do you think the math problem was difficult—Yes. But I could ________ make it.A. hardlyB. easilyC. finallyD. nearly4.You should develop healthy eating habits _______ it is too late.A. afterB. becauseC. beforeD. while5.—It’s necessary and important for the students at school to join the Clean Plate Campaign. It’s good for them to form good habits.—Sure. We should try to _______ all the food that we’ve ordered.A. give upB. eat upC. turn upD. show up6.I_____ go home ______the concert was over.A. didn’t; untilB. wasn’t; tillC. don’t; untilD. won’t; till7.—How happy the grandparents are!—Yes, they______for fifty years.A. have been marriedB. have marriedC. How got marriedD. married8.A new bridge ______ in our city next year and it is over eight hundred meters long .A. buildsB. will be builtC. is builtD. will build9.Since we began to use the Internet, our lives _____ a lot.A.changeB.had changedC.will changeD.have changed10.—Do you often see Mr. Smith ______ on the playground—No! But he is often seen ______ Chinese Kungfu in the park.A. run, playB. run, to playC. running, playD. running, to play二、阅读理解AApril Fool's Day is supposed to be a day to play jokes on others in hopes of getting a good laugh and making one feel like a fool. However, the April Fool’s Day of 2023 was quite different for my mom and me.That day my friend Jimmy and I were playing a game. I had dropped down from a bar(横木)many times in the past without ever having a problem, but that day the simple act of dropping to the ground becamea nightmare(噩梦). I broke my armJimmy's dad heard my crying and rushed out to see what was going on. When he saw the problem,he quickly put me into his truck and went inside to telephone my mom and let her know he would take me to the hospital. As that day was April Fool’s Day, Mom was not buying it and really thought all that was a big joke. Mom was finally convinced by Jimmy's mom. When she saw me,she broke down in tears because she felt so bad—she simply believed that was just a big trick.I guess one could compare this to the story The Boy Who Cried Wolf. Since I had played bad tricks before, it was no wonder that my mom didn't believe it. I as well as my mom was made to look like a fool that day. We both learned a valuable lesson.1.What happened to the writer on the April Fool's Day of 2023A.He dreamed a terrible dream.B.He was hurt by Jimmy.C.He had an accident.D.He fooled his mom with his friend.2.Why did Jimmy's dad phone the writer's momA.Because he wanted to play a joke on her.B.Because he wanted her to go to the hospital to pay the money,C.Because he wanted to see how deeply she loved her son.D.Because he wanted to inform her of the accident.3.What does the underlined sentence “Mom was not buying it” meanA.She didn't believe what Jimmy's dad said.B.She would not like to pay the money.C.She had no preparation for the bad news.D.She thought her son deserved (应受)it.4.Why did the writer mention the story The Boy Who Cried WolfA.Because he thought it was his mom's fault.B.Because he had a lesson like that,C.Because he was proud of his story,D.Because he felt he was luckier than that boy.5.From the passage we can infer that .A.the writer’s mom didn’t care much about himB.the writer was a dishonest personC.the writer won’t play jokes as beforeD.the writer will lose interest in gamesBApril Fool’s Day is a holiday that is enjoyed all around the world. Although many countries and cultures celebrate the day at different times and in different ways, all of them enjoy playing clever pranks (玩笑)on their friends and family. Learning a few pranks for April Fool’s Day can help you get a few laughs, have a lot of fun, and make the most out of the holiday. Follow these tips:Tip 1 Take batteries (电池)out of remotes (遥控器).A simple trick you can play on your family members or housemates is to remove (拿开) the batteries from remotes. When they go to turn on the TV,nothing will happen,causing them to wonder what’s going on. For extra fun,try replacing the batteries with something silly like baby carrots or leaving a note that says "April Fool".Tip 2 Put up a "wet paint" sign.Putting up a “wet paint” sign can be a simple and effective prank. You can enjoy watching people try to avoid it wherever you’ve placed the sign. For extra fun, try putting it in busy places or areas where people have to walk. Stand by with some friends and share a few laughs together as you watch people go out of their way to avoid the “wet paint”.Tip 3 Stare up at the sky.If you are out in a public place on April Fool’s Day, you can try staring up at the sky. You don’t actually need to be looking at anything, but it can be funny to cause other people to look up at something that isn’t there. Try getting others to stare up at nothing with you, to make the prank more convincing.Tip 4 Use the classic whoopee cushion(放屁坐垫).Some pranks are considered classics and the whoopee cushion is one of them. You can try putting a whoopee cushion in someone’s chair,resulting in a funny and embarrassing sound when they sit down. Your friend will be confused and amused to find that you were the one behind this classic prank.Tip 5 Replace cookie filling(焰)with toothpaste(牙骨).Maybe you know someone who can't refuse cookies. You can try taking out the usual cream filling and replacing it with toothpaste to offer them a delicious prank on April Fool’s Day. Have fun watching their reaction to the new flavor.1.How many tips are mentioned in the passageA.Three.B. Four.C. Five.D. Six.2.What does the underlined word "them" refer toA.Tricks.B.Your family members or housemates.C.Pranks.D.Many countries and cultures.3.What can you try doing to offer them a delicious prank on April Fool's Day when you kno'v someone who can’t refuse cookiesA.Putting a whoopee cushion in his chair.B.Taking out the usual cream filling and replacing it with toothpaste.C.Staring up at the sky.D.Replacing the batteries with something silly like baby carrots or leaving a note.4.Which of the following is right according to the passageA.Trying getting others to stare up at something with you can make the prank more convincing.B.Many countries and cultures celebrate April Fool's Day at different times but in the same way.C.You can enjoy watching people try to avoid a "wet paint" sign wherever it is put.D.Some pranks are considered classics and taking the batteries out of remotes is one of them.5.What is the main idea of the passageA.How to celebrate April Fool's Day.B.How to play clever pranks on your friends and family.C.How to have a safe April Fool's Day.D.What to do on April Fool's Day.Humans’ Greatest AchievementsThe Earth is 4.5 billion years old, but the human race has lived on it for just 200,000 years. In that short time, we have achieved some amazing things.①__________ The list is almost endless. The invention of the airplane has changed our lives. The discovery of antibiotics (抗生素) has saved the lives of millions of people. Can you imagine living without electricity What about the printing press (印刷术) Without theprinting press, you wouldn’t be reading this. In the last 50 years, there have been great achievements in communication, such as radio, TV, computers, the Internet, and smartphones (智能手机). ②__________ What about the arts The arts have brought pleasure to many people, but are the Beatles and Bach more important than antibiotics ③__________ Finally, we must not forget humans’ early achievements.④__________We can’t imagine modern life without cooked food and cars.What are humans’ greatest achievements To answer the question, we need to decide what we mean by “great”.⑤__________Or is it just something that makes us say “Wow,” like the Great Wall What do you thinkA.Do you think it is difficult to have great achievementsB.Is it something that makes us rich or happy or save livesC.We enjoy these things every day because they are free to use.D.They used fire for cooking and heating and invented the wheel.E.Many of humans’ great achievements are in science and technology.F.And is Mickey Mouse as important an achievement as going to spaceG.We could probably live without them, but life wouldn’t be as interesting.四、根据汉语提示填空1.The little joke didn’t ______ _______ ________.(有一个幸福的结局)2.They _______ _______ ________ (卖光) all the CDs by the end of last week.3.He often _____ others ______ ______ (搭便车)for free when he goes to work.4.Our life ____ _____ ______(充满)chances, but there are also a lot of challenges.5.I hope all government__________(官员)can pay more attention to the education of young people.五、书面表达假如你是李华,请你根据下面的内容提示写一篇80词左右的文章,描述你的一次尴尬经历。

人教版九年级英语全册Unit 12 Life is full of unexpected全单元课件

人教版九年级英语全册Unit 12 Life is full of unexpected全单元课件
2. 到六点钟为止他们已经工作八小时了。 By six o’clock they _h_a_d__w_o_r_k_e_d____(work) for eight hours.
用法:
2. 过去完成时词可以表示过去某一时 刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这 一动作一直持续 或将继续下去。
1. 到了六点钟为止,他们已经工作了八小时了。
1. 她到家之前她的孩子已经睡着了。 When she got home her children, _h_a_d__s_le_p_t____(sleep). 2. 在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。 Before they arrived here, the film ___h_a_d____ already ___s_ta_r_t_e_d___ (start). 3. 到昨晚上,他已写完那封信。 By yesterday evening he _h_a_d__w_r_i_t_te_n_ (write) that letter.
3.到上个月中旬我们在北京住了有五年时间了。
By the middle of last month we ____h_a_d__l_iv_e_d___(live) in Beijing for five years.
The Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时
常用于: (1)含介词by到…为止, before 等时间短语的句中.
2a Listen to Mary continue her story. Number the pictures [1-4] in the correct order.
3
1
4 2
2b Fill in the blanks with the correct

人教版九年级英语全一册Unit12Lifeisfulloftheunexpected

人教版九年级英语全一册Unit12Lifeisfulloftheunexpected
-结合图片和真实语境,让学生理解并记忆词汇含义。
-通过让学生造句,巩固词汇运用。
2.讲解一般过去时态的用法,特别是动词过去式的变化规则。
-通过例句和表格形式展示动词过去式的变化规律,让学生观察、总结。
-设计练习,让学生在实际操作中掌握一般过去时态的用法。
(三)学生小组讨论
在本环节中,教师将组织学生进行以下活动:
针对以上情况,教师应关注以下几点:
1.注重分层教学,针对不同水平的学生设计难易适度的教学活动,使每个学生都能在课堂上得到锻炼和提升。
2.创设轻松、愉快的课堂氛围,鼓励学生积极参与,提高学生的口语表达能力和自信心。
3.加强听力训练,培养学生从语流中捕捉关键信息的能力,提高英语听力水平。
4.结合学生的生活实际,设计富有情境的教学活动,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高英语学习积极性。
2.学习并运用一般过去时态描述过去发生的事情,掌握动词过去式的变化规则。
3.能够理解并运用目标语言描述生活中意想不到的事情,提高英语口语表达能力。
4.学会通过听、说、读、写等方式获取和传递信息,提高英语综合运用能力。
(二)过程与方法
在本章节的学习过程中,学生将通过以下方法培养英语学习能力:
1.通过小组合作、讨论等形式,让学生在互动交流中掌握目标语言,培养合作精神。
-教师对学生的表演给予评价,指出优点和不足,并提出改进建议。
(五)总结归纳
在本环节中,教师将进行以下总结:
1.回顾本节课所学词汇、短语和一般过去时态的用法,帮助学生巩固记忆。
-通过问答方式检验学生对词汇和语法的掌握情况。
-梳理动词过去式的变化规则,提醒学生注意易错点。
2.鼓励学生运用所学知识描述生活中的意想不到,激发他们对英语学习的兴趣。

初中英语人教版九年级全册《Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpecte

初中英语人教版九年级全册《Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpecte

he_h_a_d__s_ta_y_e_d_u__p all night _f_r_ie_n_d__h_a_d_f_o_o_l_ed__h_i_m
studying for a math test.
What did we learn?
Result
Who
April Fool’s Days
What happened?
人教新目标版《初中英语》九年级
非常感谢收看
教学课件
Result
Dave A friend invited him to_a__ He found that his
c_o_s_t_u_m_e__p_a_r_t_y__. He was frienhda_d__fo_o_l_e_d__ him.
the only person_w_e_a_r_in__g_a_ He was really
When did it happen?
What happened?
Last week
My English teacher’s friend put a piece of paper on her back that said “ Who am I ?”
What’s the result of the joke? When she realized, all the students had known it. She was very embarrassed.
1. Do Ex.on P151 in the workbook. 2. Preview the next period:
1) Remember some new words and phrases.
2) Read 2b and fill in the chart on P106 in the workbook.

人教版九年级英语第十二单元知识点总结

人教版九年级英语第十二单元知识点总结

人教版九年级英语第十二单元知识点总结Unit 12: Life is Full of the UnexpectedIn this unit。

we XXX。

"unexpected" means something that is surprising or not expected。

We also learned about the phrase "the unexpected," XXX.In terms of grammar。

we focused on the past perfect tense。

This tense is used to describe an n that had already happened before another past n or time。

The structure of the past perfect tense is "had + past participle," and it can be used in both positive and negative XXX.To indicate the time frame of the past perfect tense。

we can use time ns like "by," "before," "when," or XXX。

For example。

"We had finished our homework before 10 o'clock," or "When I got there。

the train had already left."Overall。

this unit helped us better XXX.XXX XXX to those who have been injured in war。

人教版九年级英语全册Unit12Lifeisfulloftheunexpected

c.阅读练习:让学生阅读一篇关于意外事件的文章,提取关键信息,回答问题。
d.写作练习:根据所给情境,引导学生运用一般过去时态和所学词汇,编写一篇短文。
(五)总结归纳(500字)
1.教师引导学生回顾本节课所学内容,总结一般过去时态的用法和重点词汇。
2.教师强调学生在学习过程中应注意的问题,如动词过去式的变化规则、时态的正确运用等。
4.学生在阅读和写作方面,对长篇对话的理解和表达能力有待提高。教师应引导学生抓住对话中的关键信息,培养他们的阅读技巧,并在写作练习中注重培养学生的逻辑思维和语言组织能力。
5.学生在情感态度上,正处于青春期,对新鲜事物充满好奇,但同时也可能面临一定的心理压力。教师在教学过程中要关注学生的情感需求,创造轻松愉快的课堂氛围,帮助他们树立正确的价值观。
1.写作练习:请学生结合自己的生活经历,运用一般过去时态和所学词汇,编写一篇短文,描述一次难忘的意外事件。要求不少于80词,注意时态和语法的正确运用。
2.角色扮演:学生与家人或朋友一起,选择一个生活中的意外场景,进行角色扮演。要求运用所学词汇和短语进行对话,尽量将所学知识应用于实际情境中。
3.阅读拓展:阅读一篇关于生活中意外事件的英文文章,要求总结文章大意,并提取关键信息。同时,关注文章中使用的一般过去时态和词汇,加深对语言实际运用的理解。
1.学会接受生活中的意外,保持乐观、积极的心态,面对困难时能够调整情绪,寻求解决问题的方法。
2.学会关心他人,尊重他人,善于倾听他人的意见和建议,培养团队合作精神。
3.增强对英语学习的兴趣和自信心,认识到学习英语的重要性,为自己的未来做好准备。
4.了解并尊重不同文化背景下人们的生活方式和价值观,培养跨文化交际意识。
三、教学重难点和教学设想

人教版九年级英语第12单元知识讲解

人教版九年级英语第12单元知识讲解Unit 12Life is full of the unexpected词句精讲精练词汇精讲】1.by the end ofby the end of意为“到……末为止”,其后只能接时间,可用于将来时或过去完成时。

例如:We’re going to finish it by the end of this week.到本周末,我们将完成这项工作。

拓展】1) at the end of意为“在……末端,在……尽头”,可以表示时间,也可以表示地点。

例如:at the end of January在一月底(表示时间)at the end of the street在街道末端(表示地点)2) in the end意为“最后,终于”,相当于at last,finally,其后不能接of短语。

例如:XXX.最后,我们队战胜了他们队。

2.disappeardisappear是动词,意为“消失,消散”。

其反义词是appear,意为“出现”。

例如:Don’t disappear again.不要再突然消失了。

XXX.一些植物因滥捕而接近灭尽。

A woman appeared at the end of the street.一位妇女出现在街道的尽头。

3.go offgo off意为“收回响声”。

比方:My alarm clock XXX’t go off.我的闹钟没有响。

XXX alarm went off.警铃骤然响起。

拓展】1)go off还有“离开,出发”等意。

例如:Do go off the main road。

or you’ll be lost.不要分开XXX,不然会迷路的。

2)go off还透露表现“蜕变”。

比方:This milk has gone off.牛奶变坏了。

4.XXX offXXX off意为“起飞”。

例如:When will the plane take off?飞机什么时候起飞?拓展】1) XXX off还可作“脱下”讲,反义词组为put on,意为“穿上”。

九年级英语人教版全一册_Unit12_单元同步语法精讲精练

Unit 12Life is full of the unexpected.第三课时Section A(Grammar Focus-4c)—单元同步语法精讲精练概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。

它表示动作发生的时间是过去的过去。

结构①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词+其他.②否定句:主语+had not+过去分词+其他.③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词+其他?用法归纳①常与before,by,by the time,by the end of等引导的时间状语(从句)连用。

状语从句的谓语动词常用一般过去式。

eg:By the time I was six,I had started playing table tennis.到我六岁时,我已经开始学习打乒乓球了。

②表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。

与“for+时间段”连用,谓语动词用延续性动词。

eg:He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.当我们知道这件事时,他已经病了一周了。

③主句谓语动词为一般过去时(如said,asked,found,told,thought等),其后的宾语从句通常用过去完成时。

eg:Mr. Zhang said that he had lived in this city for ten years.张先生说他已经在这个城市住了十年。

④在含有定语从句的复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

eg:At that moment,I was replying to the e-mail that had arrived two days before.那时我正在回复两天前收到的电子邮件。

⑤在and或but连接的并列句中,如果前一个并列句为一般过去时,且后一个并列句中的动作早于前一个并列句中的动作,那么后一个并列句要用过去完成时。

人教版九年级全册 Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpectedSec

人教版九年级全册Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpectedSection B 2a-2d词汇教学案例九年级全一册Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.Section B 2a-2d一、话题:难以预料的事情(Unexpected events)二、教学内容:本单元以“意外事件为话题”,以“陈述过去事件”为交际功能,重点在这些语境中学习和运用礼貌、得体的语音言描述自己曾经经历过的事情。

2a-2e为本单元的重点阅读板块。

读前活动2a,要求学生回忆自己在愚人节与他人开玩笑或被他人愚弄的经历。

2b的语篇是一篇叙事性文章,讲述了四个与开玩笑有关的故事,前三个故事均发生在愚人节,第四个故事与愚人节没有关系,但却是闻名于世的著名恶作剧之一。

2 b练习要求快速阅读文章,匹配各段大意,培养学生通过快速阅读获取段落大意,培养学生通过快速阅读获取段落大意的能力。

2c需要学生细读文章,回答与文章细节相关的一系列问题,考查学生对阅读内容的理解。

2d要求学生用所给单词的正确形式填空,巩固本单元重点语法和词汇。

2e是一个开放性的活动,需要学生讲述自己的经历,全班投票选出最有趣的、最令人窘迫的或最有创意的故事。

2a-2e的设计从输入到输出、从控制性到开放性活动,层层递进,旨在引导学生从整体到细节分层阅读,提高阅读能力。

三、目标词汇:announce, spaghetti, hoax, sell out, discovery, lady, cancel, officer, believable, disappear, embarrassing, Italy, Mars.四、设计思路:愚人节虽然是西方的节日,但是学生对这个节日并不陌生,对愚人节的活动更加熟悉和感兴趣,所以本节课先在读前环节通过“Free talk”活动来导入阅读主题,让学生谈谈对愚人节的各种玩笑的看法,引起学生阅读文章的强烈兴趣,为学习目标词汇奠定基础。

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