挖掘机 外文翻译 外文文献中英翻译
挖掘机英语、工程机械英语(常用中英文对照)(挖掘机资料)
2. 行走（Travel）：控制行走装置，使挖掘机在地面移动。
3. 回转（Swing）：控制回转机构，使挖掘机旋转。
4. 工作装置操作（Working Device Operation）：控制工作装置，进行挖掘、装载、卸载等作业。
5. 停机（Stop）：关闭发动机，使挖掘机停止工作。
2. 租赁费用：根据挖掘机型号、租赁期限、作业量等因素确定。
3. 维护服务：提供定期检查、保养、维修等服务。
4. 故障处理：快速响应故障报告，及时排除故障。
5. 零部件供应：提供原厂零部件供应，确保维修质量。
6. 技术支持：提供技术咨询服务，解决操作难题。
十一、挖掘机市场分析与竞争策略
1. 市场需求：分析挖掘机在不同领域的需求量，预测市场趋势。
4. 公路养护（Road Maintenance）：如道路修补、清理等。
5. 城市建设（Urban Construction）：如市政工程、园林绿化等。
6. 灾后救援（Disaster Relief）：如地震、洪水、泥石流等灾害后的救援工作。
挖掘机英语、工程机械英语(常用中英文对照)(挖掘机资料)
五、挖掘机的技术参数
挖掘机英语、工程机械英语(常用中英文对照)(挖掘机资料)
1. 挖掘机：Excavatorom
4. 斗杆：Stick
5. 驾驶室：Cabin
6. 发动机：Engine
7. 液压系统：Hydraulic system
8. 轮胎：Tire
9. 液压油：Hydraulic oil
5. 最大挖掘半径（Maximum Digging Radius）：挖掘机在标准工况下能够达到的最大挖掘半径。
挖土机英语作文
挖土机英语作文The excavator, also known as a digger or a backhoe, is a heavy-duty construction machine that is used for digging, lifting, and moving large amounts of earth, rocks, and debris. It is one of the most essential machines in the construction industry and is widely used in various applications such as mining, building construction, and road construction.The excavator has a long boom arm with a bucket at the end that can be rotated 360 degrees. The bucket is attached to the arm with a hydraulic system that allows it to move up and down and open and close. The excavator is operated from a cab located on top of the machine that provides a clear view of the work area.The excavator has a wide range of applications in the construction industry. It is used to dig trenches, foundations, and holes for buildings and other structures. It is also used to remove earth and rocks from construction sites and to load them onto trucks for transport. In addition, the excavator is used to clear land forconstruction projects and to demolish old buildings and structures.The excavator is also used in the mining industry to extract minerals and ores from the ground. It is used to dig large open-pit mines as well as underground mines. The excavator is ideal for mining operations because of its ability to dig deep into the earth and its powerful hydraulic system that can lift heavy loads.The excavator is also used in the agricultural industry to dig irrigation canals and to prepare land for planting. It is used to dig trenches for drainage systems and to remove rocks and debris from fields. The excavator is also used to clear land for new agricultural projects and to demolish old buildings and structures on farms.The excavator is a versatile machine that can be equipped with various attachments to perform different tasks. For example, it can be equipped with a hydraulic hammer or a concrete breaker to break up concrete and other hard materials. It can also be equipped with a grapple or a clamshell bucket to pick up and move large objects.The excavator is an expensive machine to purchase and maintain. It requires regular maintenance and repairs to keep it in good working condition. The hydraulic system is particularly important and requires regular servicing to prevent leaks and other problems.In conclusion, the excavator is an essential machine in the construction industry. It is widely used in various applications and is capable of performing a wide range of tasks. The excavator is a versatile machine that can be equipped with various attachments to perform different tasks. It is a powerful machine that requires regular maintenance and repairs to keep it in good working condition.。
机械英语_挖掘机
Hydraulic Excavators液压挖掘机7．1Overview概述7.1.1 Basic Concept 基本概念An excavator is an engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm (boom, stick), bucket and cab mounted on a pivot (a rotating platform) atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. Their design is a natural progression from the steam shovel.挖掘机是一种由铰接臂杆（动臂和斗杆）、铲斗和安装于履带或轮式底盘上的转盘（一种旋转平台）所组成的工程机械（车辆）。
挖掘机是在蒸汽铲的基础上自然发展起来的。
The history of heavy excavating machinery began in 1835 when the dipper shovel was invented to excavate hard soil and rock and to load trucks. Of course, with the invention of gasoline-and diesel-powered vehicles, construction equipment became even more adaptable. Most construction equipment is powered by diesel engines, although electric-power, battery power, and propane tanks are used on specialized equipment.重型挖掘机的历史始于1835年，当时发明了拉铲式挖掘机用于开挖坚硬的土石方及装载卡车。
介绍挖掘机的英语小作文
介绍挖掘机的英语小作文Excavator Introduction。
Excavators are heavy construction equipment that are used for various purposes such as digging, demolition, mining, landscaping, and more. They are also known as diggers, backhoes, or mechanical shovels. Excavators come in different sizes and types, ranging from small compact models to large hydraulic machines.The basic structure of an excavator consists of a cab, an arm, a boom, and a bucket. The cab is the operator's compartment, which is located on top of the machine and provides a clear view of the working area. The arm is the part of the excavator that extends out from the cab and is used to control the movement of the boom and the bucket. The boom is the long arm that extends from the cab and is used to reach high places or dig deep holes. The bucket is the part of the excavator that is used to scoop up dirt, rocks, and other materials.Excavators are powered by either diesel or electric engines, and they use hydraulic systems to operate the arm, boom, and bucket. The hydraulic system consists of a pump, a motor, and a series of hoses and valves that control the flow of fluid to the different parts of the machine.Excavators are used in a variety of industries, such as construction, mining, forestry, and agriculture. They are often used to dig foundations for buildings, clear land for new construction projects, and excavate mines and quarries. They can also be used to remove trees and other vegetation, grade land, and build roads and bridges.In conclusion, excavators are versatile machines that are used for a wide range of purposes. They are essential tools in the construction, mining, and forestry industries, and they have revolutionized the way we build and develop our communities. With their powerful engines and hydraulic systems, excavators are capable of performing some of the most challenging tasks in the world of heavy machinery.。
英语介绍挖掘机作文
英语介绍挖掘机作文Title: Introduction to Excavators。
Excavators, also known as diggers or hydraulic excavators, are heavy construction equipment used primarily for digging and moving large amounts of earth, soil, debris, and other materials. They are essential machines in various industries such as construction, mining, forestry, and demolition. In this essay, we will delve into the functionalities, components, and significance of excavators in modern construction and engineering projects.At the core of an excavator lies its hydraulic system, which powers its movements and functions. The hydraulic system comprises hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic motors, hydraulic pumps, and hydraulic fluid. These components work together to provide the excavator with the strength and precision needed to perform various tasks efficiently.The main parts of an excavator include the boom, arm,and bucket. The boom is the large, telescopic arm that extends from the excavator's chassis and provides vertical movement. Attached to the end of the boom is the arm, which controls the horizontal movement and positioning of the bucket. The bucket, typically made of hardened steel, is the attachment used for digging, scooping, and lifting materials.Excavators come in various sizes, ranging from compact mini-excavators suitable for small-scale projects to large hydraulic excavators used in major construction endeavors. The size of the excavator depends on the specific requirements of the project, including the depth and scope of excavation, accessibility of the site, and environmental constraints.One of the key advantages of excavators is their versatility. They can be equipped with different attachments to perform a wide range of tasks beyond excavation, including demolition, landscaping, material handling, and forestry work. Common attachments include hydraulic breakers for breaking concrete and rock, grapplesfor handling bulky materials, and augers for drilling holes.The operation of an excavator requires skill and precision. Operators control the excavator using joysticks and pedals located in the cab. Modern excavators are equipped with advanced technology such as GPS systems and onboard computers, which enhance accuracy, efficiency, and safety during operation.Excavators play a crucial role in various stages of construction projects. During site preparation, excavators are used to clear land, remove obstacles, and excavate trenches for foundations. In building construction, theyare employed for digging footings, backfilling, and lifting heavy materials. In road construction, excavators are usedto excavate ditches, grade surfaces, and install drainage systems.In addition to construction, excavators are widely used in mining operations for extracting minerals and ores from the earth. Their powerful digging capabilities make them indispensable in open-pit mining, quarrying, and dredgingoperations. Excavators are also utilized in forestry operations for clearing land, harvesting timber, and constructing logging roads.In conclusion, excavators are versatile and indispensable machines in the field of construction and engineering. Their ability to perform a wide range of tasks with precision and efficiency makes them invaluable assetsin various industries. As technology continues to advance, excavators will likely evolve to become even more efficient, environmentally friendly, and safer to operate, further cementing their status as essential equipment in modern construction projects.。
描写挖掘机施工的英语作文
描写挖掘机施工的英语作文Excavation: The Foundation of Modern Construction.In the realm of civil engineering, excavation marks the genesis of countless infrastructure projects, laying the groundwork for towering skyscrapers, sprawling highways, and subterranean marvels. It involves the intricate removal of earth, rock, or other materials from a designated area, creating a void essential for the construction ofstructures or the installation of underground utilities.Types of Excavations.The scope of excavation projects varies widely, each requiring specialized techniques and equipment. Common types include:Cut-and-fill excavation: Involves removing and transporting soil or rock from higher elevations to fill lower areas, creating a level surface for construction.Trench excavation: Consists of digging narrow, deep trenches for the placement of pipelines, cables, or foundations.Basement excavation: Removes soil and rock to createan underground space below a building, providing additional living area or storage.Tunnel excavation: Involves the creation of underground passages for transportation, utility lines, or drainage systems.Excavation Methods.The choice of excavation method depends on the soil conditions, project scale, and environmental considerations. Primary methods include:Mechanical excavation: Utilizes heavy machinery suchas excavators, backhoes, and bulldozers to remove soil and rock in large volumes.Hydraulic excavation: Injects high-pressure water jets into the excavation area, breaking down soil and pumping it out as slurry.Blasting: Uses explosives to fracture rock and remove large quantities of material in restricted areas.Hand excavation: Utilizes manual labor with hand tools such as shovels, picks, and crowbars for small-scale excavations in sensitive or confined spaces.Excavation Planning and Safety.Proper planning is paramount for successful excavation projects. Factors to consider include:Soil analysis: Conducting geotechnical studies to determine soil composition, moisture content, and bearing capacity.Site layout: Determining the location of excavation,spoil disposal areas, and access routes for equipment and materials.Shoring and bracing: Designing and installingtemporary structures to prevent excavation walls from collapsing.De-watering: Managing groundwater infiltration through pumping or drainage systems to maintain excavationstability.Safety is of utmost importance in excavation operations. Workers must adhere to strict safety protocols, including:Wearing proper personal protective equipment (PPE)such as hard hats, gloves, and safety glasses.Maintaining a safe distance from excavation edges and operating machinery.Inspecting equipment regularly and reporting any defects or malfunctions.Following established excavation procedures and adhering to hazard control measures.Environmental Considerations.Excavation projects can have significant environmental impacts. To mitigate these impacts, contractors implement measures such as:Erosion and sediment control: Using sediment barriers, silt fences, and mulches to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation in waterways.Air quality management: Employing dust suppression techniques such as water spraying or chemical treatment to minimize particulate emissions.Noise attenuation: Utilizing noise barriers, blankets, or enclosures to reduce noise levels generated by excavation equipment.Waste management: Disposing of excavated soil and rock in designated areas and recycling materials whenever possible.Conclusion.Excavation, the art of removing earth for construction purposes, is a fundamental aspect of modern civil engineering. It requires careful planning, sophisticated techniques, and diligent safety measures to create the foundation for countless infrastructure projects. By understanding the types of excavations, methods, planning considerations, safety protocols, and environmental implications involved, we can appreciate the complexity and importance of this essential construction process.。
挖掘机外文翻译外文文献中英翻译
挖掘机外文翻译外文文献中英翻译Excavator Translation: English Translation of Foreign LiteratureAbstract:The translation of foreign literature plays a significant role in acquiring knowledge and broadening horizons. In this article, we will explore the translation of foreign literature related to excavators. By analyzing various examples, we aim to provide an insightful understanding of the translation process and techniques involved in conveying the essence of foreign texts to the target language.1. IntroductionThe field of construction machinery presents numerous challenges when it comes to translation due to the technical nature of the content. Translating related literature helps engineers and professionals gain access to international best practices, safety guidelines, and advancements. One of the key areas within construction machinery is excavators, which serve as the focus of this article's English translation of foreign literature.2. Historical Background and EvolutionBefore delving into translations of foreign literature, it is essential to understand the historical background and evolution of excavators. The first excavators can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Greeks. Through detailed research and analysis, these ancient excavation methods have gradually evolved into the sophisticated machinery used today.3. Translation Techniques for Excavator-Related TerminologyTranslating technical terms accurately is crucial in preserving the integrity and clarity of the original text. When it comes to excavators, some terms might not have a direct equivalent in the target language. In such cases, the translator must employ various techniques like borrowing, calque, explanation, or using a closest possible translation. Balancing accuracy and readability is a crucial aspect of this translation process.4. Examples of Translated Excavator LiteratureTo demonstrate the translation techniques mentioned earlier, several examples will be provided in this section. These examples will range from user manuals, safety guidelines, to technical specifications and advancements. Through examining these examples, readers will gain insight into the specific challenges faced during translation and the strategies usedto overcome them.5. Cultural Considerations in Excavator TranslationsIn addition to technical accuracy, cultural considerations play a vital role in translating excavator literature. Different cultures may have varying perceptions and terminologies related to construction machinery. Translators need to be aware of cultural nuances to ensure that the translated materials are not only accurate but also culturally appropriate for the target audience.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the translation of foreign literature on excavators is of great importance in the field of construction machinery. By accurately conveying the technical details, safety guidelines, and advancements fromforeign texts, engineers and professionals can broaden their knowledge and stay updated with international practices. The translation process involves employing various techniques and considering cultural aspects. As a result, it is crucial for translators to possess both technical expertise and cultural sensitivity when undertaking such translations.Through this article, we have explored the significance of excavator translation, the challenges faced, and the techniques employed. It is the bridge that connects language barriers, facilitates learning, and fosters advancements in the field.。
掘进机在采矿和隧道中的应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料Application of tunneling machine in mining and tunnelBoring machine for convenient mining hard rock and provides a unique capability. Therefore, widely is applied in underground, mining and tunneling. In the successful use of the tunnelling machine a a decisive issue is improve machine productivity and reduce the mining cost of reliability analysis. This article presents and discusses the Colorado School of geomechanics research recently completed work for mining in the history of the use of data as a dynamic performance model. This model is from different roadheader under various geological conditions of work based to an extensive collection of data. This article also discussed the development and content of the database The prediction of cutting rate and energy consumption of the boring machine is the program.At present, the mechanical mining system broad use in mining and civil construction, and the main trend is to improve productivity and reduce the cost, the main benefit is to reduce land possession of; at the same time, enhance the safety of workers. These are mainly depending on machine performance of a substantial increase in, the reliability has caused the expansion of mining market and the level of workers has been improved.Boring machine is a kind of widely used in underground soft rock tunneling machine, especially for those sedimentary rocks. They used in the production and development of soft rock mining industry, especially used in coal mines, mines. In the municipal construction, often used in soft ground pipeline digging. And TBM application ability is widely can be basically any structure and section size of mining, regardless of roadway section has more complex can satisfy people's needs. Therefore, people have unanimously welcomed.In addition to the high flexibility and adaptability, boring machine also amaximum cost is low, good economy, general of roadheader have great power, but it is controlled by electromagnetic convenient. Therefore, compared with other machine, it can better dig into hard rock and crushed, such as continuous mining and mining.Today, in the science and technology rapid development, people design the roadheader performance and other aspects have made great progress, they have far more than the coal mining, the main change in recent 50 years. The machine weight and size than the previous increase a lot, cutting head power increased, the supporting rod, rake mechanism and control system have been greatly improved. High efficiency cutting head design, high cutting rate cut tooth development, high pressure water jet assisted cutting, electric hydraulic integration, the larger the place was the use of automatic control system and According to the different geological conditions of indirect control, so these all make the cutting capacity of the machine, work efficiency, power and so on have been greatly improved.中文译文掘进机在采矿和隧道中的应用掘进机为方便的挖掘硬岩而提供了一个独特的能力。
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挖掘机臂液压系统的模型化参量估计摘要首先介绍了液压挖掘机的一个改装的电动液压的比例系统。
根据负载独立流量分配（LUDV ）系统的原则和特点，以动臂液压系统为例并忽略液压缸中的油大量泄漏，建立一个力平衡方程和一个液压缸的连续性方程。
基于电动液压的比例阀门的流体运动方程，测试的分析穿过阀门的压力的不同。
结果显示压力的差异并不会改变负载，此时负载接近2.0MPa。
然后假设穿过阀门的液压油与阀芯的位移成正比并且不受负载影响，提出了一个电液控制系统的简化模型。
同时通过分析结构和承重的动臂装置，并将机械臂的力矩等效方程与旋转法、参数估计估计法结合起来建立了液压缸以等质量等为参数的受力平衡参数方程。
最后用阶跃电流控制电液比例阀来测试动臂液压缸中液压油的阶跃响应。
根据实验曲线，阀门的流量增益系数被确定为2.825×10-4m3/(s·A)，并验证了该模型。
关键词：挖掘机，电液比例系统，负载独立流量分配（LUDV ）系统，建模，参数估计1 引言由于液压挖掘机具有高效率、多功能的优点，所以被广泛应用于矿山，道路建设，民事和军事建设，危险废物清理领域。
液压挖掘机在施工机械领域中也发挥了重要作用。
目前，机电一体化和自动化已成为施工机械发展的最新趋势。
因此，自动挖掘机在许多国家逐渐变得普遍并被认为重点。
挖掘机可以用许多控制方法自动地控制操作器。
每种使用方法，研究员必须知道操作器结构和液压机构的动态和静态特征。
即确切的数学模型有利于控制器的设计。
然而，来自外部的干扰使得机械结构模型和各种非线性液压制动器的时变参数很难确定。
关于挖掘机时滞控制的研究已经有人在研究了。
NGUYEN利用模糊的滑动方式和阻抗来控制挖掘机动臂的运动，SHAHRAM等采取了阻抗对挖掘机远距传物的控制。
液压机构非线性模型已经由研究员开发出来了。
然而，复杂和昂贵的设计控制器限制了它的应用。
在本文，根据提出的模型，根据工程学和受力平衡，挖掘机臂液压机构模型简化为连续均衡的液压缸和流动均衡的电液比例阀；同时，确定了模型的参量的估计方法和等式。
2 挖掘机机械臂概述液压挖掘机的挖掘研究结果如图1。
在图中，F c表示液压缸，动臂的重力，斗杆，铲斗的重力等在B点合力，其方向是沿着液压缸AB方向；F c可分解成F c1和F c2，他们的方向分别为垂直于和平行于O1B ，加速度a c的方向与F c是相同的，并且a c也可以分解成a c1和a c2；G1，G2和G3分别是动臂，斗杆和铲斗的重心；m1，m2，m3是它们各自的质量且能通过实验给定（m1=868.136kg，m2=357.115kg and m3=210.736kg）；O l，O2和O3是铰接点；G1´，G2´和G3´分别是G1，G2和G3在X 轴上的投影。
挖掘机的臂被认为是一个三个自由度的的机械手（三个测斜仪分别装在动臂，斗杆和铲斗上）。
在跟踪控制实验中，其目标轨迹是根据挖掘机机械手运动学方程确定的。
然后，动臂，斗杆和铲斗的动作有操作员控制。
为了适应自动控制，普通液压控制挖掘机应改造电动液压控制挖掘机。
基于SW E-85型原有的液压系统，把先导液压控制系统更换为先导电液控制系统。
新改进的液压系统如图2所示。
在这系统中，因为动臂，斗杆和铲斗具有相同的特点，将动臂的液压系统作为一个例子。
在先导电液控制系统中，先导电液比例阀是在原始的SX-l4主要阀门基础上增加比例泄压阀衍生出的并且用电子手柄替代液压手柄。
挖掘机的改装系统仍是具有良好的可控性的LUDV系统（图3 ）。
在图3中，y 是可移动的活塞的位移；Q1和Q2分别代表流进和流出液压缸的流量；p l，p2，p s 和p r分别表示汽缸的有杆腔和无杆腔，系统和回油路的压力；A1和A2分别表示汽缸的有杆腔和无杆腔的面积；x v代表阀芯的位移；m代表加载的负载；图1 挖掘机工作装示意图图2 挖掘机液压系统示意图图3 改造后LUDV液压系统示意图3 模型的电液比例系统3.1 电动液压的比例阀门动力学特性在本文中，电液比例阀包括比例减压阀和SX-14主要阀.传递功能从输入液流的阀芯位移可如下：X v(s)／I v(s)=K I／(1+b s) (1) 其中X v是x v的拉普拉斯变换值，单位为m；K I是电液比例阀获得的液流，单位为m/A；b是一阶系统的时间常数，单位为s；I v=I(t)-I d，I(t)和I d 分别表示比例阀门的控制潮流和克服静带的各自潮流，单位为A。
3.2 电动液压的比例阀门的流体运动方程在本文中，实验性机器人挖掘机采取了LUDV系统。
根据LUDV系统的理论，可以得到流体运动方程：=∆=112p wx c Q v d ρ 222p wx c Q vd ∆=ρ= 其中p ∆是负荷传感阀门的压力差，单位为 MPa ；c d 是径流系数，单位为m 5／(N·s)；w 是管口的面积梯度，单位为 m 2／m ；ρ是油密度，单位为 kg/m3；1p ∆和2p ∆分别为二个管口压力，单位为 MPa ；当挖掘机流程没有饱和时，p ∆是一几乎恒定。
在本文中，其值由实验测试得到。
在图4中，p s ，p 1s,和p ∆分别表示系统压力、负荷传感阀门压力和它们的压力差；压力系统的实验曲线显示三种不同的压力值。
虽然p s 和p 1s 随着荷载而改变，但是他们的区别不会随着荷载而改变，其值接近对2.0MPa 。
因此，对横跨阀门的流量的作用p ∆可以被忽略。
假设，流过阀门的流量与管口阀门的大小成比例，并且荷载不影响流量。
那么方程(2)能被简化为：Q 1=K q x v (t),I(t)≥0 (4) 其中K q 是阀门流量系数，单位为m 2/s ；并且ρ/2p w c K d q ∆=图4 动臂移动压力曲线图3.3 液压缸的连续性方程一般来说，工程机械不允许外泄。
当前，外在泄漏可以通过密封技术控制。
另一()0)(/21<--t I p p wx c r v d ，ρ压力0)(2≥∆t I p wx c v d ，ρ ()0)(/22≥--t I p p wx c r v d ，ρ0)(2<∆t I p wx c v d ，ρ(3) 时间方面，由实验证明了挖掘机内部泄漏是相当小的。
因此，液压机构内部和外在泄漏的影响可以被忽略。
当油流进汽缸无杆腔并且进入到有杆腔内时，连续性方程可以写成：c p V y A Q β/1111••+=c p V y A Q β/2222••-= 其中 V 1 和V 2 分别表示流入及流出的液压缸液体的体积，单位是m 3；c β是有效体积模量（包括液体，油中的空气等），单位是N/m 2。
3.4 液压缸力的平衡方程据推测，液压缸中油的质量可以忽略，而且负载是刚性的。
那么可以根据牛顿的法律得到液压缸的力量平衡等式：c c F y B y m A p A p ++=-•••2211 (6) 其中B c 是黏阻止的系数，单位是 N·s/m 。
3.5 电动液压的比例系统简化的模型方程(4)—(6)在拉伯拉斯变换以后，简化的模型可以表达为：()()()[]()21201a s a s a s s sF b s X b s Y c f v +++= (7) 其中Y 是y 拉伯拉斯变换得到的；()122211/A A V A K b qc +•=β；b f =V 1V 2；a 0=V 1V 2m ； a 1=B c V 1V 2；()2212122A V A V a c +=β。
4 参量估计从塑造的过程和方程(7)中可以得到在确切的简化的模型中与结构，运动情况以及挖掘机动臂的体位有关的所有参量。
而且，这些参量是时变。
因此要得到这些参量的准确值和数学等式是相当难的。
要解决这个问题，本文提出了估计方程和方法来估算模型中的这些重要参数。
4.1估算液压缸负载 液压缸臂上的负载（假定没有外部负载）由动臂，斗杆和铲斗上的负载组成。
在图1中，动臂，斗杆和铲斗分别绕着各自的铰接点旋转。
因此他们的运动不是沿着汽(5)缸的直线运动，也就是说他们的运动方向与方程（5）中的y 的方向是不同的。
因此方程（6）中的m 不能简单的认为是动臂，斗杆和铲斗质量的总和。
考虑到机械手的坐标轴心O 1，机械手的转矩和角加速度可考虑如下：βsin 111B O c B O c l F l F M == B O c B O c l a l a 11sin 1βω== 其中的M 和 ω分别是工作装置对O 1的转矩和角加速度。
B Q l 1是点O 1到点B 的长度；由转动定律M=J ω可得：B O c B O c l Ja l F 11/sin sin ββ=，即：B O c c l J a F 12/= (9) 其中的J 是工作装置指向O 1的等效转动惯量，单位是kg ·m 2;并且写成如下式子： 312111233222211G O G O G O l m J l m J l m J J +++++= (10)J 1, J 2 和 J 3分别是动臂，斗杆和铲斗对各自的中心的惯性力矩；它们的值可以通过模拟动态模型得出J 1=450.9N ·m ，J 2=240.2N ·m ，J 3=94.9N ·m 。
比较方程（9）和F c =ma c ，可以得出点B 的等效质量：B O l J m 12/= (11)4.2 液压缸负载的估算工作装置对于O 1等效力矩等式为：'''++=3121111321sin G O G O G O B O c gl m gl m gl m l F β (12)其中''2111,G O G O l l 和'31G O l 分别表示O 1点到 G 1´ ，G 2´和 G 3´三点的距离；那么反力负荷为：()βsin 1312111321B O G O G O G O c gl m gl m gl m F '''++= (13)4.3增益系数阀流量的估计流量传感器可以测量泵的流量。
用于这项工作的仪器为多系统5050型。
动臂液压缸流量的阶跃响应在电液比例阀控制下的结果如图5所示。
同时，该曲线验证等式(11) 。
根据实验曲线和等式(1)和(4)可确定K q K l 的范围。
那么根据图4中的数据我们可得出：K q K l =2.825×10-4m 3/(s ·A) 。
(8)图5 动臂液压缸流量的阶跃响应在电液比例阀控制下的曲线图5 结论（1）电液控制系统的数学模型是根据挖掘机的特点发展起来的。
假定流过阀的流量与阀口大小成正比，并忽略液压系统的内部和外部泄漏影响。