北师大版高中英语选修八Unit 22《Lesson 1 Global Warming》课件 Reading 2
Use the expressions in the box in the correct form to complete the sentences.
beyond our control, pump into, as a result of, in large quantities, refer to, speed up
people worldwide, the savings are significant.
Taking public transport like buses can reduce greenhouse gas emissions
And Taking train can also help a reduction of greenhouse gas.
pumped into
1 Water was
the fish pond from the
river. 2 We all need to
speed up
to finish in time!
3 There is nothing more we can do .the situation is now beyond our contr.ol
The Greenhouse Effect
Without this greenhouse heating, the Earth's average temperature would be only about -73 C
(-100 F); even the oceans would be frozen under such conditions,such as the Moon and the Mars.
to believe that
4 Global warming is mostly due to n activities.
to insist that
5 Global warming will cause dramatic climate changes including more frequent floods ,heat waves, and droughts. to warn that
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
Moon
Mars
What Are Greenhouse Gases?
Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occuring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases .
climate. to report that
2 Gases pumped into the Earth’s atmospere have been speeding up the process of global warming.
to claim that
3 Global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems facing the 21st century.
Paper recycling
your paper could become part of a road or race-track
using low-flow shower heads
replace
with
buying energy-efficient light bulbs
Vocabulary
4 As a result of of water.
the accident, she is now afraid
5 The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech.
6 The factory was producing greenhouse gases in large quantit.ies
Individual What difference can we make?
When faced with this question, as individuals should recognize that collectively we can make a difference.
Taking action on global warming (or climate change) is similar. In some cases, it only takes a little change in lifestyle and behavior to make some big changes in greenhouse gas reductions. For other types of actions, the changes are more significant. When that action is multiplied by the 1.3 billion people in the China. Or the 6 billion
Look at these sentences from the text and explain why the underlined verbs are not the same tense as the reporting verbs.
1 Recent report from the IPCC warned that global warming will cause dramatic climate changes.
Grammar : Reporting
What verbs are used in the text to report these statements?
Example 1 = to report that 1 Human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s
Buy the recycled products
The recycling symbol
Recycled products
Recycling the bottles
Your glass bottles could be recycled into house insulation, plastic bottles could be made into a cosy fleece jacket.
Owing to the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by modern industrial societies' widespread combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), the greenhouse effect on Earth may be intensified and long-term climatic changes may result.
timetable today?
I/He /She/They/We inquired if the bus service was running according to the timetable today.
10 use the following verbs to report the two dialogues.
2 OK, you are right,some poisionous chemical did escape into the atmospere.
They admitted that some poisonous chemicals had escaped into the atmosphere. 3 Why don’t you drop in tonight? He /She/They invited me to drop in tonight.
LESSON 1 GLOBAL WARMING
1 Global Warming
In groups discuss what you know about global warming. Look at the pictures to get ideas.
Traffic Jam
Factory
The Greenhouse Effect
Because it is in the future
北师大版高中英语选修8课件Unit 22 Environmental Protection 22.1(1)
难堪的地球母亲
Take.Take.Take.The relationship between a child and a mother always seems to follow such a pattern.Like a child endlessly asking,we humans,throughout history,have been continually demanding what we desire from nature.
4.加快速度
speed up
5.展望未来
look ahead
6.提及,参考
refer to
7.依次,轮流
in turn
8.把……加起来
add up
-12-
Warm-up & Lesson 1 Global Warming 一二三四五六
晨读晚诵
预习导引
核心归纳
9.at risk 有危险,处于危险中
10.a number of 一些,许多,大量的
一二三四五六
四、根据课文内容选择正确答案
1.The main purpose of the first paragraph is
.
A.to introduce the topic of global warming to the readers
B.to remind the readers of human activities in the past
-5-
Warm-up & Lesson 1 Global Warming
晨读晚诵
预习导引
核心归纳
单词注释 导读诱思
1.Choose two verbs to describe the relationship between a child and
北师大版高中英语选修8 Unit22 Lesson1 Global Warming参考教案
Unit22 Lesson 1 Global Warming参考教案Teaching aims:By the end of this lesson, students will1.have a better understanding of what global warming is2.know the serious consequences that global warming may cause3.realize the importance that we need to take actionTeaching methods:Prediction, pair work, fast reading, careful reading, group discussionTeaching aids:Some slides, a projector, a computerTeaching procedures:Step 1 pre-reading1. Lead- inUse some cartoons to lead to the topic--- Global Warming.Ask students how much information they know about global warming and which countries contribute more to global warming: developed countries or developing countries.2. PredictionEnable students to consider what they will talk about if they are to write a passage entitled “global warming”.3. Sub-title explanationWork out the meaning of the word “take”.Step 2 While-reading1.First reading (pair work)Go through the text quickly and grasp the general idea of each paragraph.2.Second readingRead the text carefully and answer the following six questions.1 What is global warming?2What’s the use of carbon dioxide according to the text?3 By how much has the global average temperature increased in the last 100 years?4 What human activities are causing global warming?5 What consequences will global warming cause?6 How can each of us help solve the problem of global warming?Step 3 Post-reading1. Listening (Listen to strengthen understanding)2. Blanks filling. Students are asked to fill in the blanks with some key words to retell the text. Step 4 Group discussionWhat’s your attitude towards plastic bags banning?What can we use without these free plastic bags?Step5 SummaryWhat do we learn from today’s lesson?What will we do to protect our environment in our daily life?Step 6 Homework1.Finish Exercise 5 on page 72.Preview Grammar--- Reporting。
北师大选修八 Unit 22 Lesson1 Global Warming
Task 1 Guessing game
Words about global warming! 8 points for Step1 16 points for Step2
Step1 Scan the text for these words and work out their meanings •
Reading for details ; Group Discussion and presentation
E.the effects (consequences)
of global warming
青云中学 罗喜红
STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT
• 提出问题(paragraphs1--2) • 分析问题(paragraphs3--4) • 解决问题(Paragraph5)
• ——说明文常见结构
Science or practice of farming
农业(学)
青云中学 罗喜红
5.The prisoner was condemned to death for killing six people.
be sentenced
宣判
6. At first, the two sides didn’t agree with each other. After 5 days’ negotiation ,they finally reached a consensus . 一致意见/共识 agreement
• • •
• A. the science of growing 1.consensus food and raising animals— farming 2.substitute • B. general agreement • C. a striking occurrence of two or more events at the 3.agriculture same time,apparently by chance 4.coincidence • D. to take the place of
北师大课标版高中英语选修8Unit 22 Lesson 1(共30张PPT)
to humans.
C. Greenhouse gases do more good than harm
to humans.
D. Proper greenhouse gases are quite
necessary to the earth.
2) Which of the following is NOT mentioned as
polar melting
skinny polar bear
Shrinking ocean
wildness
flooding
drought
Poverty
natural disasters volcanic eruptions Earthquakes
How much do you know about
global warming?
1. What is it?
2. What’s the impact of it? 3. What has caused it? 4. What can we do to slow it down?
p6 2
II. Match the meanings of following words.
the result of global warming?
A. Typhoons.
B. Serious diseases.
C. Polar ice melting. D. Heat waves.
p7 3
III. Answer these questions.
1. What is global warming? 2. What human activities are causing global
北师大版高中英语选修模块八 Unit22 Lesson1 Global Warming教案-新版
Unit22 Lesson 1 Global Warming教案Teaching aims:By the end of this lesson, students will1.have a better understanding of what global warming is2.know the serious consequences that global warming may cause3.realize the importance that we need to take actionTeaching methods:Prediction, pair work, fast reading, careful reading, group discussionTeaching aids:Some slides, a projector, a computerTeaching procedures:Step 1 pre-reading1. Lead- inUse some cartoons to lead to the topic--- Global Warming.Ask students how much information they know about global warming and which countries contribute more to global warming: developed countries or developing countries.2. PredictionEnable students to consider what they will talk about if they are to write a passage entitled “global warming”.3. Sub-title explanationWork out the meaning of the word “take”.Step 2 While-reading1.First reading (pair work)Go through the text quickly and grasp the general idea of each paragraph.2.Second readingRead the text carefully and answer the following six questions.1 What is global warming?2What’s the use of carbon dioxide according to the text?3 By how much has the global average temperature increased in the last 100 years?4 What human activities are causing global warming?5 What consequences will global warming cause?6 How can each of us help solve the problem of global warming?Step 3 Post-reading1. Listening (Listen to strengthen understanding)2. Blanks filling. Students are asked to fill in the blanks with some key words to retell the text. Step 4 Group discussionWhat’s your attitude towards plastic bags banning?What can we use without these free plastic bags?Step5 SummaryWhat do we learn from today’s lesson?What will we do to protect our environment in our daily life?Step 6 Homework1.Finish Exercise 5 on page 72.Preview Grammar--- Reporting。
新北师大版高中英语选修八unit 22《environmental protection》the second period优秀教案(重点资料).doc
安徽省滁州市第二中学高中英语Unit22 Environmental Protection The Second Period Lesson 1 Global Warming教案北师大版选修8Teaching goals 教学目标1. Target Language目标语言a. 重点词汇和短语consensus, beyond, relevant, refer, bounce, pin, coincidence, condemn, federal, reservation, sacrifice, advocate, recycle, substitute, beyond one’s control, take action, ahead ofb. 重点句子In the last few decades, scientists have reached consensus and reported that human beings are causing changes in the Earth’s c limate —something previously seen as beyond our control.2. Ability goals 能力目标Learn what global warming is and enable students to learn its causes and consequences.3. Learning ability goals学能目标By reading an article help students to learn how they can help solve the problem of global warming.Teaching important points教学重点What human activities are causing global warming and how we can help solve the problem of global warming.Teaching difficult points教学难点How we can help solve the problem of global warming.Teaching methods教学方法Listening, reading, discussing.Teaching aid 教具准备Multimedia computer.Teaching procedures & ways 过程与方式Step I Leading inIn this procedure students will talk about the causes and consequences of global warming. Begin the lesson by asking students to discuss the questions in before you startT: Yesterday we learned from the passage in Culture Corner that gases from burning coal and oil are the major causes of global warming. Did you make your survey on how students come to school?S1: I asked 40 students. Ten in the forty come to school by bus. Twenty-one ride bicycles. Eight of the forty take a car and only one walks to school....T: From the survey you made we can see most of students in our school take a green way to school. I’m glad we are not having so many cars. Because gases pumped into the atmosphere from cars will speed up global warming. Have you noticed that in 2006 we had a very warm winter? Experts say global warming has changed the climate in China. In this class we are going to learn more about global warming. We will read an article “Can we take the heat?”Before we start the text, please discuss the question in Before you start.Step II Before you startDiscuss the two questions in Before you start and work out the meanings of the given words. T: OK, open your books and discuss the question in Before you start on Page 6. Which countries do you think contribute more to global warming, developed countries or developing countries?Ss: Developed countries. Because they have more cars and factories and gases from cars and factories are the major cause of global warming.T: Good answer. Please scan the text for the given words in Ex2 and try to work out their meaning.While students are discussing the words, Teacher should walk around the classroom and give necessary help when needed.Several minutes later, ask students to present their answers either in English or Chinese. Students may even be encouraged to explain the meanings using pictures. Show the suggested answers on the PowerPoint.Step III Read to learnDeal with the reading part.ScanningAsk students to scan the text and find what exactly global warming is.T: What is the title of Lesson 1?Ss: Global Warming.T: Do you know what exactly global warming is? Please scan the text and find the answer in the text.Ss: Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature.T: Quite good! Then skim the text and find what human activities are causing global warming. S: As a result of increased industry, agriculture, the cutting down of forests, the increase in transport and the burning of fuels, nearly 6 tones of carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere every year for every one of the Earth’s 6 billion people. Over the last 100 years, the global average temperature has increased by 1°F. If we continue to produce carbon dioxide and other gases in such quantities, we are condemning life on Earth and should expect severe consequences.SkimmingShow the following form on the PowerPoint and ask them to work in groups and complete the form.Ask students to skim the text and then finish Ex3 on Page 7. Students may discuss the questions in groups.T: Look through the questions in Ex 3 on Page 7 first. Then skim the text to find the answers. Then check the answers with the whole class.Suggested answers:1. Global warming is an average increase in the Earth’s temperature.2. Increased industry, agriculture, the cutting down of forests, the increase in transport and the burning of fuels are causing global warming.3. By 1°F.4. Yes, they are. Because greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun in the Earth’s atmosphere. Otherwise the earth would be very cold and unsuitable for life.5. We can take public transport, recycling, using low-flow shower heads, buying efficient light bulbs to stop global warming.Step IV ExplanationDuring this procedure teacher will play the tape for students. Students will underline the difficult sentences. After listening to the tape, Teacher will explain the text and deal with language problems.T: After doing the comprehension of the text, let’s deal with some difficult language focuses. Now I will play the tape for you .Please make a mark where you have difficulties.After listening to the tape, explain the difficult sentences to students. Before explaining the difficult points, students are asked to refer to the notes to the text on page 114.T: Do you have any difficulties with the text？S1: Could you please explain the second paragraph to us?T: The second paragraph tells us the association greenhouse gases have with global warming. The “greenhouse effect”often gets a bad rap because of its association with global warming, but the truth is we couldn’t live without it. Life on earth depends on energy from the sun. About 30 percent of the sunlight that beams toward Earth is deflected by the outer atmosphere and scattered back into space. The rest reaches the planet’s surface and is reflected upward again as a type of slow-moving energy called infrared radiation.As infrared radiation is carried aloft by air currents, it is absorbed by “greenhouse gases”such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane, which slows its escape from the atmosphere.Although greenhouse gases make up only about 1 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere, they regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it in a kind of warm-air blanket that surrounds the planet. This phenomenon is what scientists call the "greenhouse effect." Without it, scientists estimate that the average temperature on Earth would be colder by approximately 30 degrees Celsius (54 degrees Fahrenheit), far too cold to sustain our current ecosystem.While the greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life on Earth, there really can be too much of a good thing.The problems begin when human activities distort and accelerate the natural process by creating more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than are necessary to warm the planet to an ideal temperature.Today, the increase in the Earth’s temperature is increasing with unprecedented speed. To understand just how quickly global warming is accelerating, consider this:During the entire 20th century, the average global temperature increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius (slightly more than 1 degree Fahrenheit).Using computer climate models, scientists estimate that by the year 2100 the average global temperature will increase by 1.4 degrees to 5.8 degrees Celsius (approximately 2.5 degrees to 10.5 degrees Fahrenheit).Now please read the first sentence in the second paragraph. What’s the function of that-clause? S1: It is an attributive clause modifying ‘an average increase’.T: Good! ‘that’refers to ‘an average increase in the Earth’s temperature’. From this sentence we can learn an average increase in the Earth’s temperature will cause climate changes. In the second sentence there is also an attributive clause caused by ‘which’. What does ‘which’refer to?S2: ‘Which’refers to greenhouse gases.T: Right! Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun in the Earth’s atmosphere. Without greenhouse gases, the earth would be very cold and impossible for life. Do you have any other questions?S2: No.T: There are many useful phrases in the te xt. Please sum up the phrases and then we will analyze the text.Step V PracticeDeal with Ex 5 on page 7. Ask students to do the exercises individually. While doing the exercises, remind students that they should pay attention to the correct form of the given words. Make necessary changes where needed. Then check the answers with the whole class.Step VI Analyzing the textHelp students analyze the structure of the text. Ask students to discuss in groups and later each group will speak out their opinions. After this, show the suggested answers on the PowerPoint. T: OK. Let’s read the text again. Please look at the structure of the text. You are given 5 minutes.…T: Please stop here. I’m glad you thought actively and had a heated discussion. What is its writing style?Ss: This text is an expository writing.T: What is the topic of the text? What is the text about?S1: Global warming.S2: The text introduces what global warming is.S3: Its causes and consequences.S4: And how we can help solve the problem of global warming.T: Quite good. How many parts consist of the a rticle? What’s the main idea of each part?S4: In my opinion the article is made up of four parts. In the first paragraph the author raises the question. In the second paragraph we can find its definition. And the third and fourth paragraphs tell us its causes and consequences. And the last part the author gives us some tips on how to solve the problem.T: Well done!If students have different opinions, Teacher may help them analyze the text.Show the following on the PowerPoint.Part1 (the first paragraph) Global warming could be one of the biggestenvironmental problems facing the 21st century.Part2 (Para.2) W hat global warming is.Part3 (Para.3-4) Its causes and consequences.Part4 (Para.5) Tips on how to solve the problem.T: After learning the tips on how to solve the problem, let’s discuss what we will do every day to help reduce greenhouse gases. Please make your voice heard and get involved in the discussion. After the discussion, please write your suggestions on a piece of paper and put it on your bulletin board so that you can share your ideas with the whole class.Step VII DiscussionDivide the students into different groups and discuss the questions of Ex 4 on Page 7. They are given several minutes to discuss. Each member is encouraged to think actively and participate in the discussion. Make sure all the students have their own opinions. Every group should have their secretary to write down the discussion. Then each group should pin the suggestions on the bulletin board so that everyone can read them and learn about others’good way to reduce green house gases.T: Please work in groups and express yourself freely. Because everyone has his or her own practical way, please share your ideas with your group members.…T: Before starting your discussion, please read the following.Show the following on the PowerPoint.The Top Five Global Warming Polluters!1.The United States2.China3.Russia4.Japan5.America’s Cars and Light TrucksChina to Invest $175 Billion in Environmental Protection Over Five Years China has created an “economic miracle”over the past two decades, air pollution is choking its cities, chemical spills are fouling its rivers and drinking water supplies, soil contamination is undermining its agriculture, and raw sewage is causing widespread disease. This environmental toll has led to internal riots, international protests, and the arrest and trial of a leading Chinese environmentalist.In 2006, China pledged to invest $175 billion by 2010 to control water pollution, improve air quality, increase solid waste disposal and reduce soil erosion —investments intended to pay economic as well as environmental dividends.A sample of Ex 4 on page 7Responsible ChoicesThe choices we make and the products we buy test our commitment to maintain a healthy planet. When we burn fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas to run our cars and light our homes, we pump carbon dioxide (CO) into the air. This thickens the heat-trapping blanket that2surrounds the planet, causing global warming.Choosing modern technology can reduce our use of fossil fuels and help protect the planet. These steps will help curb global warming, save you money, and create a safer environment for the future.Drive Smart!A well-tuned car with properly inflated tires burns less gasoline cutting pollution and saving you money at the pump. If you have two cars, drive the one with better gas mileage whenever possible. Better yet, skip the drive and take public transit, walk, or bicycle when you can.Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescents bulbs.Especially those burn the longest each day. Compact fluorescents produce the same amount of light as normal bulbs, but use about a quarter of the electricity and last ten times as long. Each switch you make helps clean the air today, curb global warming, and save you money on your electricity bill.Become a smart water consumer.Protecting forests is a big step on the road to curbing global warming. Trees "breathe in" carbon dioxide, but slash-and-burn farming practices, intensive livestock production, and logging have destroyed 90 percent of the native forests in the United States. And you can take action in your own back yard —planting shade trees around your house will absorb COand2, slash your summer air-conditioning bills.Reduce! Reuse! Recycle!Producing new paper, glass, and metal products from recycled materials saves 70 to 90that would result if the product came from percent of the energy and pollution, including CO2virgin materials. Recycling a stack of newspapers only 4 feet high will save a good-sized tree. Please...buy recycled products!Mount a local campaign against global warming.Educate your community about how it can cut global warming pollution. Support measures at the national, state, and local level that:Make automobiles go further on a gallon of gas;Accelerate the use of clean, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind;Increase energy efficiency and conservation;Preserve forests around the world.Step VIII HomeworkPick out the reporting verbs in the text.11。
北师大版高中英语选修八Unit 22《Lesson 1 Global Warming》课件 Reading 1
task 3 Post reading
1. Words and expressions I. Word building 1) danger n. → _e_n__d_a_n_g__e_r_（v.) courage n. → _e_n_c_o__u_r_a_g_e__（v.) case n. → __e_n_c_a__s_e_____（v.) 2) threat n. → _t_h_r_e_a_t_e_n___（v.) height n. → __h_e_i_g_h_t_e_n____（v.) length n. → __l_e_n_g__t_h_e_n___（v.) 3) botanical adj. _b__o_t_a_n_y______(n.)
4. Deforestation（采伐森林）, especially tropical forests for wood, pulp, and farmland 5. Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands
Global Warming effects: A Top 5 List
I own nothing _____________ the clothes on my
back.
beyond (except, but)
5. 是的。真巧在上海遇到你。
Yes. What a _c_o_i_n_c_i_d_e_n_c__e to meet you in
Shanghai.
6. 因为旱灾，我们没有足够的食物可吃.
unit 22
Environmental Protection
task 1 Pre-reading 1.Background knowledge
北师大版高中英语选修8 Unit22 Lesson1 Global Warming参考课件
Global Warming Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. When scientists talk about the issue of climate change, their concern is about global warming caused by human activities.
Factory
The Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60º F colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases.
北师大版高中英语选修八Unit 22《Lesson 1 Global Warming》课件 Language Points 2
返回
A．根据词性和汉语意思写出单词
1． trap vt.
使困住
2． consensus n.
一致的意见
3． beyond prep.
超出
4． coincidence n.
巧合
5． hurricane n.
飓风
6． reserve n．保护区；v.保留，预约→ reservation n. 保留，
返回
7．substitute [教材原句] After all, there's no substitute for our Earth. 别忘了，我们的地球是不可替代的。 (1)n.代替品，代用品
as a substitute (for ...) a substitute for sb./sth. be no substitute for
③sacrifice oneself / one's life for ... 为……而牺牲
④ sacrifice ... to do sth.
为做某事而牺牲……
(2)n.牺牲 ⑤Parents often make sacrifices for their children. 父母常常为子女作出牺牲。
⑤ by coincidence
由于巧合
返回
4．condemn vt.注定毁灭；宣判死刑；谴责；迫使(某人)陷 于不幸的境地 [教材原句] ... we are condemning life on Earth and should expect severe consequences. ……我们将毁灭地球上的生命，后果将非常严重。 ①She was condemned to a life of hardship in the past. 过去她不得不过着艰难的生活。
北师大高中英语选修八Unit22Lesson1教学课件
madeofcanruohanxing
英语：Unit22 lesson 1 教学课 件（北师大版选修8）
Lesson 1 Global
Warming
Appreciation of a
film trailer
Words preview
consensus beyond claim relevant ray bounce pin
n. 一致的意见 prep. 超出 vt. 声称 adj. 有关的 n. 光线 vi. 反弹 vt. 固定
Words preview
agriculture coincidence condemn drought federal reservation sacrifice
n. 农业 n. 巧合 vt. 宣判死刑,注定毁灭 n. 旱灾 adj. 联邦的 n. 保留,存疑 vt., vi. 牺牲,献出
_p_r_e_v_io_u__sl_yseen as _b_e_y_o_n_d_o_u__r_c_o_n_t_r_o_l .
beyond 在那边/超出……的范围
This book on literature is beyond our reach. This bicycle is beyond repair.
2. They claim that gases pumped into the Earth’s atmosphere by the factories and vehicles have been speeding up the process of global warming and affecting our climate. What is the function of the underlined part “pumped…vehicles”?