词类转译
06词类转译法

翻译技巧 4 词类转译法英 英语 语与 与汉 汉语 语的 的一 一个 个显 显著 著差 差异异: 英语呈静态;汉语呈动态从词汇用法上,英语中常用抽象名词、动词的同源名词、同源形容词、副词及介词等来表达动 态含义。
而汉语的动词由于无形态变化,若要表示动作意义,往往只能采用动词。
Don’t believe him. You should know he is a good kidder .I’m doubtful whether he is still alive .Mother is on the telephone with father .词 词类 类转 转译 译法 法定定义 在翻译时, 由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异, 在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文 必须改变词类,这就叫词类转移法 (C C o o n n v v e e r r s s i i o o nn ) , 又叫转换法,转译法。
Conversion of parts of speech is frequently and flexibly used in translation. Whether or not it is to be used seems not to be determined by the original, instead, it is determined by the target language, whose advantages must be taken and will be taken to the full by converting parts of speech of certain words.一、词类的转译(一) 英语名词的转译1 1. 英语名词—〉汉 汉语 语动动词 名词化 (n n o o m m i i n n a a l l i i z z a a t t i i o o n n) 成为英语使用中的普遍现象,构成了静态为主的语言特征。
词类转译

3. 词类转译——汉译英的词类转换
二、汉译英的词类转换
1. 动词转译为名词
3 词 类 转 译
1 控制人口和发展经济是我们当前的首要任务。 Population control and economic development are the two most important tasks of our present time.
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• In some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce. (1999年真题) • 在某些社会,不能生育(或不能生男孩) 会对婚姻产生威胁,并成为离婚的一个 现成理由。
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• • • • • •
She is a lover of calligraphy. Hin-smoker. He is a great drinker. My students are good singers. He was a regular visitor. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?)
wind.
红军冒着刺骨的寒风奋勇前进。
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在汉译英时可以把动词转换为介词: • 许多学生反对他。 • Many students are against him. • 他用手指在墙上写下了自己的名字。 • He wrote down his own name on the wall with his finger.
5)After careful consideration of your proposal, I regret to say that we are unable to accept it. 我们仔细考虑过你的建议。不过很遗憾,我得说我们 不能接受。
词类转换翻译技巧详解

词类转换翻译技巧详解词类转换翻译技巧详解想要学好考研英语怎么能不知道词类转换的翻译技巧呢?下面就让店铺为大家详解一下吧。
词类转换就是把英语中的某种词性,转换成汉语中的另外一种词性来表达的翻译技巧。
由于英汉语言的差异,在翻译时,需要进行此类的转换,本文重点介绍以下四种常考的词类转换技巧:1.名词转换成动词在翻译的过程中,会遇到大量由动词派生的名词或具有动作意义的名词,这些词在翻译时可以转译成汉语的动词。
【真题例句】He disclaimed the possessionof any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley.【解析】此处涉及到抽象名词具体化以及名词的词类转换。
此处possession为名词,翻译中为了符合汉语表达习惯,翻译成动词。
【参考译文】他说自己并不像著名的`赫胥黎那样拥有极好的理解力和敏锐的洞察力。
2.动词转换成名词英语中有许多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在翻译时往往不容易找到相应的动词,这时可以将其转译为名词。
The giraffe is characterized by its very long neck.【参考译文】长颈鹿的特点是脖子很长。
3. 形容词转译成动词在英语中,形容词常常与系动词搭配构成“系表结构”。
“系表结构”做谓语,从而使这些形容词具有了动作的意味,翻译的时候需转换为动词。
这些形容词包括表示知觉、思维、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词。
常见的与思维和知觉相关的形容词有:aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等;与情感相关的形容词有:glad,pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful, grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry等;与欲望相关的形容词有:desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous等。
词类转译法

词类转译法(转译为动词) 词类转译法(转译为动词)
…Tom looked his good-bye at the Tom goodgarden. garden 汤姆看了看园子,跟它告别。 He cast a disdainful glance at the prisoner. 他轻蔑地瞄了一眼那个囚犯。 She gives me a joyous grin. 她开心地对我笑了笑。
词类转译法(转译为动词) 词类转译法(转译为动词)
Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 不敢肯定… Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 沙德那时已受挫折。 I was grateful to John for bringing the books. 非常感谢约翰… The student is not content with his progress.
词类转译法(转译为动词) 词类转译法(转译为动词)
… believed,a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself. …认为,要成功禁止鸦片买卖,必须得先 把鸦片销毁。 Deng Xiaoping at the 11th Party Congress said,there must be less empty talk and more hard work. 邓小平在“十一大”上说,必须要少说 邓小平在“十一大”上说,必须要少说空 工作。 话,多做工作。
翻译理论与实践
词类转译法 conversion
词类转译

英语属印欧语系,汉语属藏族语系。
英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面有许多不同,在大多数情况下英译汉时很难将两种语言的词汇和结构一一对应。
为了使译文符合汉语习惯,翻译时不必拘泥于原文表层结构,可以在忠实原文意义的前提下将原文中某些词的词类成分转换为汉语的其他词类或成分。
下面是几个涉及词类转换的实例。
例2 This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high- energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使农业难以以高能量消耗这种美国耕作形式继续下去了,而这种耕作方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
(副词particularly、名词energy转为形容词,形容词possible转为名词,介词with转为动词。
)英译汉中的词类或句子成分转换情况:1、英语名词转译成汉语的动词、形容词或副词。
在现代英语中,名词使用的范围比较广,不仅常用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语,还可以用作定语或状语。
英语中许多名词含义灵活,翻译时需要从其基本意义出发,联系上下文加以灵活处理。
一般说来,具有动作意义的名词或含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译为汉语动词;由形容词派生的名词和一些加不定冠词作表语用的名词往往可以转译成形容词。
有些意义抽象的名词或名词短语与句子其他成分之间存在一定的逻辑关系时,可以根据其意义转译成汉语副词或相应的状语从句。
例如:1) A glance though his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
《词类转译》课件

基本概念
1 词性、词类的定义
解释词性和词类的概念和 定义
2 词性标注、词性标注
集的介绍
介绍词性标注及其相关标 注集
3 中文和英文中常见的
词性分类
对中文和英文中常见的词 性分类进行对比和分析
词类转译方法
1
基于规则的方法
讨论基于规则的词类转译方法
2
基于统计的方法
探讨基于统计的词类转译方法和技术
2 评价指标在词类转译中的应用
探讨评价指标在词类转译任务中的重要性和应用方式
总结与展望
1 词类转译的现状和挑战
总结当前词类转译的进展、存在的问题和挑战
2 未来发展方向
展望词类转译在自然语言处理中的未来发展方向和趋势
参考文献
《词类转译》PPT课件
这是一份《词类转译》的PPT课件,旨在分享词性标注在自然语言处理中的重 要性和应用。通过本课件,您将深入了解词类转译的基本概念、方法、应用 以及未来发展方向。
引言
什么是词类转译
介绍词类转译的定义和作用
为什么需要词类转译
探讨词类转译在自然语言处理中的重要性
词类转译在自然语言处理中的应用
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基于深度学习的方法
介绍基于深度学习的词类转译方法和算法
词类转译的应用
词性标和信息提取任务中的重要 作用
词性标注在机器翻译、问答系统中的应用
说明词性标注在机器翻译和问答系统等领域的应用 场景
评价指标
1 准确率、召回率、F1 值的定义
解释准确率、召回率和F1值的定义和计算方法
词类转换L2(3).

他们在工作中非常注意理论联系实际。 In their work, they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice. 徐悲鸿画马,画得特别好。 Xu Beihong’s drawing of horses are exceptionally good.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
切割金属时,可以看到光亮的表面,但是立刻 就变成了灰色。 When metals are cut, the shining surface is visible, but it turns grey almost immediately.
获悉贵国遭受地震,我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake. 委员会怀疑他的资格。 The committee was doubtful of his qualification. 我们绝不满足于现有的成就。 We are not content with our present achievements.
3 汉语动词转化为英语介词或介词词组: 与汉语相比,英语介词较多,往往具有动词特 征; 介词词组往往可以用来英译一些汉语连动式结 构!
那男孩肩上扛着枪在装士兵。 With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier. 他们吃的是简陋的饭菜,住的是寒冷的洞穴, 在昏暗的灯光下长时间地工作。 They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
8.词类转译

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8. 词类转译——汉译英的词类转换
2. 名词转译为动词
1) 结婚戒指是夫妇结合的象征。 A wedding ring symbolizes the union of husband and wife. 2) 工厂必须把增加产量作为自己的目标。 The factory must aim at an increase in production.
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8. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
2. 动词转译为名词
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注,是她所有著作的特征。 2) She personifies beauty and grace.
她是美丽与优雅的化身。
B. 名词转用的动词 1) You can see what a Dodo looked like from the picture. 你可从照片中得知渡渡鸟的模样。 2) These exercises are designed to strengthen the muscles. 这些锻炼的目的是为了增强肌肉。
1) We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
我们已经把使用和发明工具,从区分动物和人类行为的方法 中排除出去了。 2)Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape quickly. 还有一种对付敌人的方式是,要么防卫可靠,要么能够迅 速逃跑。
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“来啦!”她蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台
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阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。 12
The country has refused to heed the legitimate appeal of the United Nations for co-operation.
该国无视联合国要求合作的正当呼吁。
英语和汉语比较起来,汉语中 动词用得比较多。
往往在英语句子中只用一个谓 语动词,而在汉语中却可以 几个动词或动词性结构连用。
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Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.
住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头 打水。
参加推销员培训就会确保她在学业完成以后 能找到工作做。
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③ Adjectives into verbs
英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形 容词,在系动词后用作表语时,往往可转译成 动词。如:confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.
我恐怕不能教你游泳。我觉得我弟弟比我教
得好。 23.03.2022
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For Westerners in China, the
application; solution; establishment
2. Nouns implying an action
sight; thought; glance
3. Nouns with a suffix---er(or)
swimmer; chain-smoker
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他打算赶集买头牛帮他种地挣够钱娶媳妇。
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Nouns into verbs Prepositions into verbs Adjectives into verbs Adverbs into verbs
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① Nouns into verbs
1. Nouns derived from a verb
The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.
她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 Diligence and intelligence are of
considerable importance to your success. 勤奋和才智对于获得成功是颇为重要的。
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The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理
人才。
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② Prepositions into verbs
"Coming!" Away she skimmed over the lawn, up
the path, up the steps,
across the veranda, and
into the porch.
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The image must be di源自ensionally correct.
图形的尺寸必须正确。
The paper said editorially that McMillan has stolen the western leadership during Dulles’ absence.
和儿子谈话时,老人是年轻人过去做错事的原谅 者。
23.03.2在022 和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了儿子过去做的错3 事。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经发现为宇宙探索的应用。
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
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4 Types of Conversion
1. Converting into Verbs 2. Converting into nouns 3. Converting into
adjectives 4. Converting into
adverbs
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1. Converting into Verbs
你非常明智,没有试图让大会讨论这些问 题,而认为应在其它场合解决。
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2. Converting into nouns
① Verbs into nouns ② Adjectives into nouns
③ Adverbs into nouns
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①Verbs into nouns
◆Nouns derived from an adj. ---likeliness; flexibility
◆Nouns with an indefinite article used as a predicate
---a failure; a success
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Examples
23.03.d202i2fferences in syntactic structures an2d
Examples
His drawing of monkey is exceptionally good.
他的猴画特别好。
他尤其擅长画猴。
他画猴子画得特别好。
Talking with his son,the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrongdoings.
establishment of an effective
team of managers means
attracting -- and retaining both
expatriate and local management
talent.
对于在中国的西方人来说,建立一支有 效的管理人员队伍意味着要同时吸引并
这条大街向西而去,跨过一座大桥,延伸下 坡后又上坡,经过了几家店铺和肉市,又越 过了几幢平房,最后在一片开阔的绿草坪前 突然到了尽头。
Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through.
He admires the President‘s stated decision to fight for the job.
他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示 钦佩。
He is going to the market for an ox, which would help him with the work in the fields so that he could earn enough money for a wife.
这家报纸的社论说,麦克米兰公司在杜勒斯卧 病期间窃走了西方领导权。
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3. Converting into adjectives
① Nouns into adjectives
② Adverbs into adjectives
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①Nouns into adjectives
Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich, loved and protected the poor.
罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人,热爱并 保护穷人。
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Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.
② Verbs derived from a
Formalintoyunhas always
characterized their
relationship. 他们之间的关系,有一个特点,
就是以礼相待。
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To them, he personified the absolute power.
That day he was up before dawn.
那天天还没亮他就起来了。 The meeting will be over
before we arrive if we don’t hurry. 23.03.2022 如果不快点的话,不等我们到那儿,17
Wisely, you made no attempt to have these problems discussed by the General Assembly, believing that they should be dealt with elsewhere.