国际经济学第五章作业 内容
第五章作业内容
1、假设挪威与瑞典相互贸易，挪威出口鱼，而瑞典出口沃尔沃汽车。
假定两国的消费偏好相同，但是生产可能性边界不同：挪威由于有较长的沿大西洋的海岸线，因此捕鱼效率高；瑞典的资本相对丰裕，故而汽车的生产效率高。
据此，根据标准贸易模型论述这两国的贸易利益。
2、在第一个问题的贸易情景中,由于过度捕鱼,挪威现在捕获的鱼量低于前些年。
这一变化不仅引起了挪威潜在产鱼数量的减少，而且导致了国际市场上鱼的相对价格的上涨。
a. 分析过度捕鱼导致挪威福利的下降。
b. 如果过度捕鱼可以提高挪威的福利水平，这将是如何实现的呢？
3、在某些情况下，相对供给和价格的变动之间可能没有联系。
例如：如果生产要素在部门之间完全不可流动，生产可能性边界就会成为直角形状，两种产品的产出也不取决于它们的相对价格。
在这种情况下，贸易条件的改善是否会提高一国的福利水平？请画图进行分析。
4、与供给方面要素不可流动性相当的就是需求方面的产品不可替代性。
试想一个国家的消费者购买的产品的比例是固定的。
例如，不论两种产品的相对价格是多少，每买1磅粮食就买1码棉布。
画图分析贸易条件的改善是否会提高这个国家的福利水平。
5、日本原本出口制造品进口原材料如石油、粮食。
分析以下情况日本贸易条件的变化。
a、中东战争使石油供应紧缺；
b、韩国扩展了汽车的生产能力，并在美国和加拿大进行销售；
c、美国的工程师建立了核反应堆以代替石油燃料发电厂；
d、俄罗斯农业歉收；
e、日本降低牛肉和柑橘的进口关税。
6、互联网使得诸如编程及技术支持等服务贸易增加,并且使得服务相对于制造品的价格下降。
印度尤其被认为是技术性服务的出口者，这曾经是美国的出口强项。
把制造品和服务看成可贸易品，为美印经济建立标准贸易模型，分析引起服务外包的可出口性服务的相对价格下降会降低美国的福利，而增加印度的福利。
7、A国和B国有两种生产要素——资本和劳动，用于生产两种产品——X和Y。
两国的技术水平一样，X是资本密集产品，A国是资本充裕的国家。
分析下列情形中，两国贸易条件和福利的变化：
a.A国的资本存量增加
b.A国的劳动供给增加
c.B国的资本存量增加
d.B国的劳动供给增加
8、经济增长有可能改善一国的贸易条件，也有可能使之恶化。
为什么大部分经济学家认为福利恶化型增长在现实中是不太可能的？
9、从经济的视角看，印度与中国具有一定程度的相似性，都是低工资大国，具有相似的比较优势模式。
近些年都相对更加融入了国际贸易中。
中国先开放，现在印度也正对外开放，这对中国的福利有何影响？（提示：考虑对世界经济增加一个类似于中国的新经济体）
10、在实际生活中，许多外来援助是被“捆绑”住的。
也就是说，援助往往带有条件，要求接受国将援助用于购买援助国的产品。
例如，法国为非洲的一项灌溉计划提供资金，条件是水泵、管道和建筑设备必须优先从法国购买。
这种援助条件对收入转移问题的分析有什么影响？从援助国的角度来看，这种条件有意义吗？你能设想出一种援助条件恶化接受国福利的情形吗？
11、假定一个国家对出口产品进行补贴，而另一国家对这种产品征收高关税来抵消补贴产生的影响，从而使另一个国家的产品相对价格不发生变化。
在这种情形下，两国的贸易条件如何变化？两国的福利有何变化？另一方面，假定另一国针锋相对的对自己的出口产品进行补贴，其结果与上述情况有什么不同？请对比分析。
如有侵权请联系告知删除，感谢你们的配合！。
国金5章
5.1 产出、汇率和资产市场均衡
外汇市场实现均衡的条件
E −E R=R + E
e *
货币市场实现均衡的条件
M = （R, Y） L P
s
5.2 推到AA曲线
在给定的实际货币供给、外国利率和预期未 来汇率的情况下，对于一个任意的产出水平Y， 都有一个唯一的满足利率平价条件的汇率E与 之对应。
5.3 使AA曲线移动的因素
EP D = C Y ） I + G + CA （ + （ , Y d） P EP* d D = D Y ， ，I，G） （ P
d *
2.1 实际汇率和总需求
前文已述：
q ↑→ CA = EX − IM ↑ q ↓→ CA = EX − IM ↓
所以，实际汇率上升（本国货币实际贬值），总 需求D增加。
课后习题
1 2 3 4 5
9、货币政策和财政政策的永久性变动 、
本节讨论货币政策和财政政策的永久性变动 对一国产出、汇率的短期和长期影响。 e 假设经济最初处于长期均衡状态， E =E, R=R* 永久性变动会影响到长期汇率E，长期汇率E e 会影响到预期汇率E ，进而对短期的汇率产 生影响
9.1 货币供给的永久性增加
MS的永久性增加，会使AA曲线向上移动。 MS的永久性增加，会产生贬值预期，Ee上 升，也会使AA曲线向上移动。 所以货币供给的永久增加比货币供给的暂时 增加的影响更大。
e
7.2 暂时性的扩张性财政政策
扩张性的财政政策可以通过增加政府开支、 消减税收或者两者并用的方式来实现。 同样的，由于政策是暂时性的，人们对于汇 e 率的预期E 不变，短期内价格水平P和P*不 变。 以上政策都会刺激社会总需求的增加，DD曲 线向右移动。
国际经济学第五章
第二节 产品周期理论 与技术差异类似，技术变化也是国际贸易的 一个重要决定因素，即所谓的技术差异的动态 因素。从这一角度出发，一些有关技术变革与 国际贸易的理论产生出来。其中，由经济学家 维农（Raymond Vernon）首次提出的产品周期 理论，就是关于技术变化在国际贸易中作用的 一个重要理论。
3． 结论： ． 结论： （1） 重叠需求是国际贸易产生的一个独立条 件。 （2） 如果各国的国民收入不断提高，则由于 收入水平的提高，新的重复需要的商品便不 断地出现，贸易也相应地不断扩大，贸易中 的新品种就会不断地出现。
4． 关于重叠需求理论的意义及其适用性 ． （1） 重叠需求理论从需求的角度阐述了部门内发贸易 发展的原因，因而是对古典贸易理论的补充。 （2） 林德的重叠需求理论对于解释二次世界大战以后 迅速发展的发达国家间，特别是产业内贸易做出了巨大 贡献。 （3） 重叠需求理论与要素禀赋理论各有其不同的适用 适用 范围。概括而言，要素禀赋理论主要解释发生在发达国 范围 家与发展中国家之间的产业间贸易 产业间贸易（Inter-industry 产业间贸易 trade），即工业品与初级产品或资本密集型产品与劳动 密集型产品之间的贸易；而重叠需求理论则适合于解释 发生在发达国家之间的产业内贸易 产业内贸易（Intra -industry 产业内贸易 trade），即制造业内部的一种水平式贸易。
需求、 第五章 需求、技术变化与国际贸易
本章简介 二十世纪六、七十年代，国际贸易理论的发展进入一 个相对平缓时期，要素禀赋理论已经日臻完善，在国际贸 易理论中占据着绝对统治地位。但这些理论在对贸易问题 的解释方面还存在着一些问题。 1． 无论是古典贸易理论，还是要素禀赋理论，都是从 供给方面来探讨国际贸易的基础，即从技术差异、要素禀 赋差异等供给方面的因素来解释比较优势的决定，而关于 需求方面因素对国际贸易的决定作用则并未涉及。 2． 基于生产理论的国际贸易理论模型，比较注重于静 态分析，总是假设供给方面条件一成不变。而现实中，这 些国际贸易的重要决定因素总是随着时间的发展而不停地 演变，有鉴于此，一些学者脱离贸易理论发展的“主航 道”，从其他方面，来探讨国际贸易的新基础。
国际经济学第五章特定要素与国际贸易
第五章特定要素与国际贸易在微观经济学中，关于供给面的分析通常分为短期分析和长期分析两种。
短期和长期并不是完全按时间长短划分的，而主要视生产要素的流动性而定。
在长期条件下，假设生产要素是同质的。
由于同质性，不同部门中的生产要素可以互相使用。
另外，在长期条件下，厂商所使用的所有生产要素投入量都可以自由调整。
也就是说，长期条件下生产要素在不同部门间可完全自由流动。
因此，从这个意义上讲，前一章所介绍的要素禀赋理论实际上是一种长期分析，是在长期条件下，从供给方面来探讨要素禀赋与国际贸易间的关系。
要素禀赋理论出现之后，随着时间的推移，经济学家又将短期因素引入到要素禀赋理论框架中，进一步丰富了原有的理论。
本章着重介绍要素禀赋理论的短期分析——特定要素模型。
在国际贸易理论中，特定要素模型主要用于解释在短期内国际贸易对收入分配的影响。
与前面的要素价格均等化理论相比，特定要素模型关于国际贸易对收入分配影响的分析更接近于现实，可以更好地解释贸易保护主义的存在根源。
第一节特定要素模型的假设一、特定要素的含义关于要素禀赋理论的短期分析是由保罗·萨缪尔森（Paul Samuelson）罗纳德·琼斯（Ronald Jones）在20世纪70年代初提出的。
要素价格均等化理论假设生产要素可以在一国的不同部门自由流动，而在国家之间不可以流动。
尽管在长期内会发生要素投入在产业之间的流动，但在短期内是无法实现的。
例如，实物资本纺织机等只能用于特定的用途，它不能被立即被用于汽车的生产。
所谓特定的要素是指短期内不能够流动的要素。
这里仍然假设生产要素只有资本和劳动两种。
在短期内，通常，我们视资本为特定要素在短期内是固定不变的，即在不同部门间不能自由流动。
而劳动为非特定要素，在不同的部门可自由流动。
但资本的特定性只是一种暂时现象，不会长久存在。
当时间足够长时，所有部门的资本都可以调整。
例如，纺织行业的资本可经加速折旧转化为货币资本，然后转向汽车行业再进行固定资产投资。
05《国际经济学》第五章
一、商品价格与要素价格 二、短期与长期的比较 本章总结
End
11
一、商品价格与要素价格（一）
国际贸易会提高贸易国出口部门特 定要素的实际收入，降低与进口相竞 争部门特定要素的实际收入，而对可 自由流动要素的实际收入的影响则不 确定。可自由流动要素的实际收入是 否提高取决于要素所有者的消费结构。
End
6
三、特定要素模型的均衡解
WX
VMP′LX 图5—1 VMPLY F WY
VMPLX
WF W′ W OX LX
E′
E
W′ W OY End
7
L
L′
LY
特定要素模型的说明（一）
上图是一个上端开口的埃基沃斯方框。方框 底边的长度表示劳动总量L，其他两边分别表 示X、Y部门中的劳动价格或报酬。 在完全竞争条件下，两个部门的要素报酬分 别为： wX = PX×MPLX， rX = PX×MPKX wY = PY×MPLY， rY = PY×MPKY
End
4
二、特定要素模型的基本假设
特定要素模型的基本结构与要素禀赋理论相比， 除了关于要素流动的假设条件不同外，其他方面 基本相同。由于本章的目的主要是解释短期内国 际贸易对一国收入分配的影响，所以，这里仅以 一国为例，模型不涉及其他国家。模型的基本假 设包括： （1）X、Y两种产品生产都使用资本和劳动； （2）规模收益不变； （3）劳动是同质的，可在两个部门间自由流 动；
End
13
商品价格与要素价格（三）
（一）劳动实际报酬的变化
由于两个部门的资本是固定不变的，所以，当PX上 升导致X部门的劳动投入量增加时，X部门的边际劳动 生产率将下降，而Y部门由于劳动投入量减少，边际劳 动生产率则上升。这意味着w/PX下降，w/PY上升。也 就是说，贸易后该国的工资水平将提高，但提高的幅 度小于X商品价格的上涨幅度。所以，对于劳动者来说， 若其全部收入均来自于工资，则其实际收入水平在贸 易后是否提高取决于其消费结构。如果劳动者的消费 偏好于X商品，则其实际生活水平可能会下降；如果劳 动者的消费偏好于Y商品，则其实际生活水平可能上升。 End
国际经济学英文版上册第八版章节练习第五章
International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model1) The concept "terms of trade" meansA) the amount of exports sold by a country、B) the price conditions bargained for in international markets、C) the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports、D) the quantities of imports received in free trade、E) None of the above、Answer: C2) A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier、B) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier、C) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier、D) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier、E) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve、Answer: B3) Tastes of individuals are represented byA) the production possibility frontier、B) the isovalue line、C) the indifference curve、D) the production function、E) None of the above、Answer: C4) If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA) all countries would be better off、B) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve、C) the terms of trade of food exporters improve、D) the terms of trade of all countries improve、E) None of the above、Answer: B5) If P C/P F were to increase,A) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports、B) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced、C) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports、D) Both A and C、E) None of the above、Answer: B6) If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA) have no effect on that country's economic welfare、B) increase the country's economic welfare、C) decrease the country's economic welfare、D) change the terms of trade、E) None of the above、Answer: C7) Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A) this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade、B) this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade、C) this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade、D) this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade、E) None of the above、Answer: A8) Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA) this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB) this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC) this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD) this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE) None of the aboveAnswer: D9) When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA) biased growth、B) unbiased growth、C) immiserizing growth、D) balanced growth、E) imbalanced growth、Answer: D10) Export-biased growth in Country H willA) improve the terms of trade of Country H、B) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO、C) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner)、D) improve the terms of trade of Country F、E) decrease economic welfare in Country H、Answer: D11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade、B) improve the U.S. terms of trade、C) leave the world terms of trade unaffected、D) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries、E) None of the above、Answer: B12) If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA) increase production of its import competing good、B) increase consumption of its export good、C) increase the quantity of its imports、D) experience an export-biased shift in its production possibility frontier、E) None of the above、Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income- to France、If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biased toward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA) the world's relative price for food remains unchanged、B) the world's relative price for food increase、C) the world's relative price for food decrease、D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise、E) None of the above、Answer: B14) During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased toward manufacturesand away from food、The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food、From this information, we would expect to have observedA) falling terms of trade for the less developed countries、B) improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries、C) no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries、D) a decrease in the relative price of food、E) None of the above、Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth、B) a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth、C) a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector、D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth、E) None of the above、Answer: A16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA) positive terms of trade、B) deteriorating terms of trade、C) improving terms of trade、D) immiserizing terms of trade、E) None of the above、Answer: C17) If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA) the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports、B) the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports、C) the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports、D) the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports、E) None of the above、Answer: C18) If the U、S、Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade、B) improve the U.S. terms of trade、C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients、D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients、E) None of the above、Answer: A19) If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms of tradeand its economic welfare、Discuss、Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes、For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a major growthin its components manufacture sector、Since Japan is internationally a large country in these markets,this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's)、However, such abias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade、At an extreme, Japanmay become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods、If the result is a lessening ofspecialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfare associated withgains from trade、If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs (a possibility)this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relatively long periodof time、20) At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer to Francein the form of reparations、Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely、However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand for Germany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated in theTreaty of Verssaille、Explain、21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA) have no effect on terms of trade、B) improve the terms of trade of all countries、C) improve the terms of trade of the United States、D) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade、E) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States、Answer: C22) If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA) have no effect on its terms of trade、B) improve its terms of trade、C) deteriorate its terms of trade、D) decrease its marginal propensity to consume、E) None of the above、Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA) have no effect on its terms of trade、B) improve its terms of trade、C) deteriorate its terms of trade、D) decrease its marginal propensity to consume、E) None of the above、Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners、B) harm Slovenia's real income、C) improve Slovenia's real income、D) improve the real income of its trade partners、E) None of the above、Answer: D25) An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff、Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade、A productionsubsidy for the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade for the country、Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect、This analysis seems to contradict the first sentence in this paragraph、Discuss this paradox、Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade、An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade、26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the figure above、If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B、Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth、This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade、The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus, worsen its real income、However, thegrowth itself acts in the opposite direction、27) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the figure above、If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade、If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all、In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income、。
国际经济学习题及答案2
Ⅱ
80 E E’
70
B M
20
10 ＰB=ｌ
2、答案提示：
当发生规模报酬递增时，产量增长比率大于要素投入增长比率。在规模报酬递增条件下，生产可能性曲线凸向原点，如图所示，沿MN曲线由N移向M，曲线斜率越来越小，表明随着X产品产量的增加，X产品的机会成本减少。
为突出规模报酬递增对贸易的意义，假定A、B两国的要素禀赋、生产技术和消费偏好完全相同。封闭条件下，A、B两国的生产可能性曲线与社会无差异曲线重合，均在E点生产和消费，且两国商品价格同等于Pd，按照传统贸易理论，两国不存在互利贸易的基础。开放条件下，在规模报酬递增的情况下，A国在增加X产品产量的同时，其生产成本趋于降低，生产点从E移向M，直至在M点实现完全专业化生产，同时以高效率产出的X对外进行交换。B国则同样可以借助规模经济所带来的效率在N点完全专业化生产Y产品。又因两国需求一致，故双方按照国际价格Pw(M和N的连线)进行交换，消费点移至代表更高福利水平的E1，A国用Q1M的X产品换取Q1E1的Y产品，B国用Q1’N的Y产品换取Q1E1的X产品，互利贸易得以展开。当贸易实现平衡时，Q1M＝Q1E1，Q1’N＝Q1E1。
由此可以看出，除了第一个假定在性质上基本介于外部性模型和R&D 模型之间外，卢卡斯模型与“干中学”模型和罗默模型并没有本质的不同。
国际经济学英文版上册(第八版)章节练习第五章
精选文档International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5The Standard Trade Model1)The concept "terms of trade" meansA)the amount of exports sold by a country.B)the price conditions bargained for in international markets.C)the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports.D)the quantities of imports received in free trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C2)A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA)the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.C)the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.D)the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.E)the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3)Tastes of individuals are represented byA)the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line.C)the indifference curve.D)the production function.E)None of the above.Answer: C4)If P C /P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA)all countries would be better off.B)the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.C)the terms of trade of food exporters improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries improve.E)None of the above.Answer: B5)If P C /P F were to increase,A)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.B)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.C)the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.D)Both A and C.E)None of the above.Answer: B精选文档6)If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA)have no effect on that country's economic welfare.B)increase the country's economic welfare.C)decrease the country's economic welfare.D)change the terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C7)Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade.B)this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade.C)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade.D)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: A8)Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB)this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE)None of the aboveAnswer: D9)When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA)biased growth.B)unbiased growth.C)immiserizing growth.D)balanced growth.E)imbalanced growth.Answer:D10)Export -biased growth in Country H willA)improve the terms of trade of Country H.B) trigger anti -bias regulations of the WTO.C)worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).D)improve the terms of trade of Country F.E)decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D精选文档11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA)worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B)improve the U.S. terms of trade.C)leave the world terms of trade unaffected.D)worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.E)None of the above.Answer: B12)If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA)increase production of its import competing good.B)increase consumption of its export good.C)increase the quantity of its imports.D) experience an export -biased shift in its production possibility frontier.E)None of the above.Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income - to France. If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biasedtoward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA)the world's relative price for food remains unchanged.B)the world's relative price for food increase.C)the world's relative price for food decrease.D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.E)None of the above.Answer: B14)During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observedA)falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.B)improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.C)no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.D) a decrease in the relative price of food.E)None of the above.Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.B)a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.C)a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.E)None of the above.Answer: A精选文档16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA)positive terms of trade.B)deteriorating terms of trade.C)improving terms of trade.D)immiserizing terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C17)If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA)the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.B)the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.C)the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.D)the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.E)None of the above.Answer: C18) If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B) improve the U.S. terms of trade.C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.E) None of the above.Answer: A19)If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a majorgrowth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan is internationally a large country in thesemarkets, this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's). However,such a bias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme,Japan may become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods. If the result is alessening of specialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfareassociated with gains from trade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs(a possibility) this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relativelylong period of time.20)At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand forGermany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated inthe Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.精选文档21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of all countries.C)improve the terms of trade of the United States.D)cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C22)If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.B)harm Slovenia's real income.C)improve Slovenia's real income.D)improve the real income of its trade partners.E)None of the above.Answer: D25)An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A production subsidyfor the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade forthe country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. This analysis seems tocontradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade.精选文档26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier inthe figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B.Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus , worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.27)Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in thefigure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country ?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade. If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income.。
国际经济学 第五章 规模经济与产业内贸易理论
本章结构
❖ 外部规模经济与国际贸易
规模经济的含义 内部规模经济与国际贸易 外部规模经济与国际贸易
❖ 不完全竞争与国际贸易 （产业内贸易）
垄断竞争市场与差异产品下的产业内贸易 寡头垄断与国际贸易：同质产品产业内贸易
绪言：新贸易理论的兴起
二、外部规模经济的基本原理
外部规模经济：主要来源于行业内企业数量的增加所引起的产业 规模的扩大。由于同行业内企业的增加和相对集中，在信息收集、 产品销售等方面的成本会降低。
成本
长期平均成本曲线
成本下降 规模报酬递增
成本不变 规模报酬不变
成本上升 规模报酬递减
规模经济
规模不经济
产量
(diseconomies of scale )
图 5－4 企业的长期平均成本与规模经济
规模不经济的原因：波特在《竞争优势》提到，规模大到一定程度将会产生规模不经济， 如工厂员工过多会产生强大的工会，将会使劳工成本上升，而且规模大时管理费用也要增 加。在一些行业，如高档时装，因为稀缺才贵，规模就不经济了。所以并非规模大成本就
三、不完全竞争(Imperfect Competition)、价格歧视与国际贸易
一、以比较优势原理为核心的传统贸易理论，已不能解释 战后以来国际贸易发展中的一些新现象：
❖ 自20世纪60年代以来，约2/3甚至更多的世界贸 易是发生在技术、资源和偏好均比较相似的发达 国家之间，而发展中国家与发达国家之间的贸易， 以及发展中国家之间的贸易，在世界贸易中所占 的比重则不足三分之一。
❖ 发达国家之间的贸易主要以制成品贸易为主，其 中大部分贸易发生在机械、运输设备等行业内部， 即，发达国家之间的贸易以产业内贸易为主，而 且这种类型的贸易主要集中于一些制造业部门 。
国际经济学作业及答案
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
第二章古典贸易理论1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y 621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A BX Y 10455答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
国际经济学第五章作业 内容
第五章作业内容1、假设挪威与瑞典相互贸易，挪威出口鱼，而瑞典出口沃尔沃汽车。
假定两国的消费偏好相同，但是生产可能性边界不同：挪威由于有较长的沿大西洋的海岸线，因此捕鱼效率高；瑞典的资本相对丰裕，故而汽车的生产效率高。
据此，根据标准贸易模型论述这两国的贸易利益。
2、在第一个问题的贸易情景中,由于过度捕鱼,挪威现在捕获的鱼量低于前些年。
这一变化不仅引起了挪威潜在产鱼数量的减少，而且导致了国际市场上鱼的相对价格的上涨。
a. 分析过度捕鱼导致挪威福利的下降。
b. 如果过度捕鱼可以提高挪威的福利水平，这将是如何实现的呢？3、在某些情况下，相对供给和价格的变动之间可能没有联系。
例如：如果生产要素在部门之间完全不可流动，生产可能性边界就会成为直角形状，两种产品的产出也不取决于它们的相对价格。
在这种情况下，贸易条件的改善是否会提高一国的福利水平请画图进行分析。
4、与供给方面要素不可流动性相当的就是需求方面的产品不可替代性。
试想一个国家的消费者购买的产品的比例是固定的。
例如，不论两种产品的相对价格是多少，每买1磅粮食就买1码棉布。
画图分析贸易条件的改善是否会提高这个国家的福利水平。
5、日本原本出口制造品进口原材料如石油、粮食。
分析以下情况日本贸易条件的变化。
a、中东战争使石油供应紧缺；b、韩国扩展了汽车的生产能力，并在美国和加拿大进行销售；c、美国的工程师建立了核反应堆以代替石油燃料发电厂；d、俄罗斯农业歉收；e、日本降低牛肉和柑橘的进口关税。
6、互联网使得诸如编程及技术支持等服务贸易增加,并且使得服务相对于制造品的价格下降。
印度尤其被认为是技术性服务的出口者，这曾经是美国的出口强项。
把制造品和服务看成可贸易品，为美印经济建立标准贸易模型，分析引起服务外包的可出口性服务的相对价格下降会降低美国的福利，而增加印度的福利。
7、A国和B国有两种生产要素——资本和劳动，用于生产两种产品——X和Y。
两国的技术水平一样，X是资本密集产品，A国是资本充裕的国家。