对外经贸大学汉硕考研真题
勤思考研2021年对外经贸大学汉语国际教育硕士考研真题分析 0109
勤思考研对外经贸大学2021汉语国际教育硕士真题分析对外经贸大学2021年汉语国际教育硕士考研已经结束。
勤思考研汉硕团队从试卷结构、题型分布、分值详解等方式，为大家带来备考建议。
为了让同学们尽快看到分析，因为时间仓促，如果大家对于其中某些内容有疑问，欢迎大家积极反馈给我们；我们会尽快修订出最新版；一、试卷结构二、参考书单温馨提示：对外经贸大学没有官方指定参考书，根据题目以及以往考试情况，推荐参考书如下：【汉语基础】《现代汉语》黄伯荣、廖序东主编，高等教育出版社2011版；《语言学纲要》叶蜚声、徐通锵，北京大学出版社2005年版《古代汉语》（第一、二册）王力，中华书局1998年校订重排本【汉语国际教育基础】《中国文化要略》程裕祯外语教学与研究出版社《跨文化交际学概论》胡文仲外语教学与研究出版社1999年；《对外汉语教育学引论》刘珣北京语言文化大学出版社2000《教育心理学》陈琦、刘儒德三、试题分析及备考建议（一）总体难度及考查特色2021年对外经贸大学题目难度与2020年相比基本持平，属于中等难度。
根据回忆版试题来看，2021年专业一和专业二的题型和分值与往年相比没有变化，但是在考察的内容上稍有改变。
专业一语言学纲要的考察比重有所上升，如2019年出现了3道语言学纲要的名词解释，而2021年提高到5道。
专业二中教育心理学比重也略有提高，往年都是以选择判断等客观题形式考察，今年出现1道名词解释和1道简答题。
另外文化要略的考察在注重书本知识以外更看重学生课外文化知识的积累，如奥运会徽的篆刻、研墨方法、算盘等，希望大家复习时可以有选择地适当扩展。
今年对外经贸大学专业二依然是保留了1道案例分析和1道教案写作，考生在备考时两个题型都要有所准备。
最后，对外经贸大学的题目一直以来的特点就是题型丰富、分值小、题量大，备考时需要格外注意练习作答技巧。
同时，今年对外经贸大学考察的一些知识点，也在勤思对外经贸大学的冲刺模拟试卷中有所体现。
贸大翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题
A. 骚塞
B. 华兹华斯
C. 柯勒律治
D. 拜伦
23. 《仙后》（1590-1596）采用中古骑士传奇的体裁，以寓言为主要手法， 传达了正在兴起的清教主义的严峻的道德观。它的作者是：____。
A. 弥尔顿
B. 斯宾塞
C. 邓恩
D. 乔叟
24. 凯尔特人是_____的祖先。 A. 英格兰人、苏格兰和爱尔兰人 C. 英格兰、威尔士人和爱尔兰人
D.
刑法修正案
二、名词解释（10分） 26 日，俄罗斯国家杜马进行了一次不同寻常的讨论会，主题是为卡廷事件做出 一个历史性的结论。1940 年春，大约 2.2 万名波兰军人、知识分子、政界人士 和公职人员在前苏联卡廷森林、加里宁、哈尔科夫等地被苏联军队杀害。事后 苏军宣称屠杀是德国纳粹所为。这一事件随后被史学家称为“卡廷惨案”。 世界己进入后全融危机时期，我们面临的形势、肩负的责任决定了中美两国唯 有沟通才能增进互信，难有开展合作才能实现双赢.唯有加强协调才能化解挑 战，唯有继续同舟拭济才能使中美关系这艘大船乘风破浪，不断前行。中方强 调，中美不可能在所有问题上意见一致，关键是要遵循中美三个联合公报《中 美联台声明》确定的精神和原则，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益和重大关切，妥善 处理相互分歧和敏感问题，不断增强互信的基础，双方就能克服干扰和困难， 不断推动两国关系发展。
育明教育解析：翻译硕士考研大纲
考试科目：除去全国统考的政治外，备战 MTI 的同学们还有三门专业课需要复习：150 分的百科 知识与中文写作，100 分的基础英语，以及 150 分的英汉互译。
1.百科写作大纲
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考试目的 本考试是全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生的入学资格考试之专业基础课，各语种考生统一用汉 语答题。各招生院校根据考生参加本考试的成绩和其他三门考试的成绩总分来选择参加第二轮，即 复试的考生。 性质范围 本考试是测试考生百科知识和汉语写作水平的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括大纲规定的 百科知识和汉语写作水平。 基本要求 ①具备一定中外文化，以及政治经济法律等方面的背景知识。 ②对作为母语的现代汉语有较强的基本功。 ③具备较强的现代汉语写作能力。 百科写作书目 卢晓江，《自然科学史十二讲》，中国轻工业出版社(2007) 叶朗，《中国文化读本》， 北京： 外语教学与研究出版社 (2008) 杨月蓉，《实用汉语语法与修辞》，重庆：西南师范大学出版社(1999) 白延庆，《公文写作》，对外经贸大学出版社(2004) 专家解读：50 分的百科知识，大家不必一味地纠结于百科知识的“广” ，而应该“有针对性 地”复习。关于中文写作，是有一定的形式和规律可循的，在专业老师的指导下，练习、修改、再 练习，努力精益求精，即可面面俱到。 2.基础英语大纲 考试目的 翻译硕士英语作为全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)入学考试的外国语考试，其目的是考察考生 是否具备进行 MTI 学习所要求的外语水平。 性质范围 本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试。考试范围包括 MTI 考 生应具备的外语词汇量、语法知识以及外语阅读与写作等方面的技能。 基本要求 ① 具有良好的外语基本功，认知词汇量在 10，000 以上，掌握 6000 个以上(以英语为例)的 积极词汇，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。 ② 能熟练掌握正确的外语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。 ③ 具有较强的阅读理解能力和外语写作能力。 基础英语书目 姜桂华，《中式英语之鉴》，外语教学与研究出版社(2000)
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题分享与详解
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题分享与详解一、百科知识，解释划线词1.韩素音的著作《伤残的树》描写了一个世纪前，一位比利时女子被瓷器中的中国吸引，远嫁重洋，落户动乱、饥饿的四川。
半个世纪前，她的长着高鼻梁、黑眼睛的混血女儿，历时15年，用手中的笔，书写了一部给外国人看的家族史，这是一部纠结着血缘传承、习俗差异、民族矛盾的复杂家族史，更是一部扎根在自己家族，涉与曾国藩、义和团、袁世凯、基督教、共产党的波澜壮阔的民族断代史。
2.钱钟书先生的笔记中不仅包括了《诗经》、《论语》、《史记》、《全唐诗》、《全宋词》、《红楼梦》等经典，更大量涉与历代文人诗文别集、笔记小说、野史杂谈、尺牍日札。
多种形制、各类语体的读数笔记曾伴随钱钟书走南闯北，历经风雨，充分展现了钱先生的国学水平。
3.一方面，新兴市场国家，如金砖四国，希望注资IMF。
据消息人士称，IMF需要3500亿美元来帮助西班牙和意大利等国渡过债务危机。
但西方国家认为，这次注资不应该通过减少西方国家的投票权(增加新兴市场国家的投票权会降低西方国家的投票权)来损害西方国家的利益。
4.加拿大央行行长卡尼表示，希腊问题十分重要，但鉴于更大国际背景，欧洲问题严重性甚于希腊，G20峰会需要认真解决发达国家经济弱点。
5.参加德班气候大会的中国代表团官员8日表示，随着中国“十二五”期间加强控制温室气体排放，中国有望建立自己的碳排放交易系统(ETS)。
6，还有戛纳，欧元区，新闻界的“走，转，改”具体文段想不起来。
二、应用文写作应用文写作纪念辛亥革命一百周年征稿启事写清标题，正文，落款要求有四条1.征文目的，对象，用途，意义2.征文题材体裁字数3.征文起止日期评奖办法4.邮寄方式联系人地址5.不少于450字三、大作文写作：阅读下面一则故事，写一篇800字以上短文；题目：略谈说话的艺术美国的心理学家和人际关系大师卡耐基每个季度都要在纽约的一家大旅馆租用大礼堂用以讲授社交训练课程。
对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育专硕考研真题考研参考书
考研对所有人来说都是一个长期的战斗，在这么长的战线中，我没有疲劳导致我懈怠，最终成功上岸。
我本科毕业于某双非大学教育学，双非大学相较于“211”“985”大学没什么竞争力，教育学毕业想当老师考教师资格证也非常困难，我想要支援西部或落后地区的教育也要考试过关。
通过考试挑选人才这无可厚非，但是对于我压力十分巨大。
既然都是考试，不如考研，提升学历为将来的就业之路铺平一段道路。
而今中国的发展日新月异，中国与世界各国的交流也日益加深，我们不能总要用英语与人交流，通过中国的语言感知世界并让世界感受中国是必不可少的。
近些年考试的改革接连不断，我考的大学的出题风格越来越偏重于主观题，加重了对学生分析能力的考察，将书本知识与教学相结合成为了当下的热点。
去年我查阅了研招网上这所大学的录取人数，初试、复试科目和参考书目，每年拟招录20多人，分数也不低，所以想要报考的人慎重，多做权衡。
首先关于择校的问题，这所大学是全国重点的大学，属于“211工程”和世界一流学科建设高校。
学校以前是高级商业干部学校，于1951年建校。
与众多孔子学院合作，对日后的留学、就业都很有益。
其次专业问题，汉语国际教育专业通过培养具有汉语基础知识扎实，人文素养较高，对中国文学、中国文化的理解较为全面、有能够跨文化交际这方面的知识与能力的专业人才。
使得这些人才能够在国内外各种学校从事汉语教学的工作。
在各个职能部门与外贸机构还有新闻出版单位及企事业单位从事语言文化传播与交流相关的工作。
专业课有354汉语基础和 445汉语国际教育基础，复试跨专业的同学会加考语言学概论。
354汉语基础参考书有 1.《现代汉语》是由黄伯荣、廖旭东所著由高等教育出版社出版。
2.《语言学纲要》由叶蜚声、徐通锵所著由北京大学出版社出版3.《古代汉语》共有两册，选择校订重排本较好，由王力所著，中华书局出版 4.《现代汉语语法研究教程》是由陆俭明所著，由北京大学出版社出版 5.《对外汉语教学语法释疑201例》是由彭小川所著，由商务印书馆印刷6.《现代汉语800词》的增订版由吕叔湘所著，由商务印这7本书是几乎所有考汉语国际教育的人都要看到的书。
对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育考研真题
对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育考研真题汉语基础:名词解释:儿化，语法化，修辞，熟语，语言的谱系分析，共五个，各五分简答:举例说明组合和聚合，以正在和现在为例比较时间名词和时间副词，用替代法分析骆驼和驼绒，共三道，各五分词语辨析:曲解和误解，含糊和模糊，各五分层次分析:锻炼身体对身体很好，王老师把小明…汉语教育基础:名词解释:内在大纲与习得顺序，文化休克，常模参照模式，歧义容忍度，共四个，各三分五选三简答:第二语言教学新趋势，文化适应四个阶段，课堂纠偏的方法和看法，第一语言习得和第二语言习得的不同，对比分析的局限，各五分案例分析:汉语课堂上新手教师一些不当行为，30分文化部分:50分教育心理学:70分，重点要把握对。
专业课复习的方法对于报考本专业的考⽣来说，由于已经有了本科阶段的专业基础和知识储备，相对会⽐较容易进⼊状态。
但是，这类考⽣最容易产⽣轻敌的⼼理，因此也需要对该学科能有⼀个清楚的认识，做到知⼰知彼。
跨专业考研或者对考研所考科⽬较为陌⽣的同学，则应该快速建⽴起对这⼀学科的认知构架，第⼀轮下来能够把握该学科的宏观层⾯与整体构成，这对接下来具体⽽丰富地掌握各个部分、各个层⾯的知识具有全局和⽅向性的意义。
做到这⼀点的好处是节约时间，尽快进⼊⼀个陌⽣领域并找到状态。
很多初⼊陌⽣学科的同学会经常把注意⼒放在细枝末节上，往往是浪费了很多时间还未找到该学科的核⼼，同时缺乏对该学科的整体认识。
其实考研不⼀定要天天都埋头苦⼲或者从早到晚⼀直看书，关键的是复习效率。
要在持之以恒的基础上有张有弛。
具体复习时间则因⼈⽽异。
⼀般来说，考⽣应该做到平均⼀周有⼀天的放松时间。
四轮复习法第⼀轮复习：每年的2⽉̶̶8⽉底这段时间是整个专业复习的⻩⾦时间，因为在复习过程遇到不懂的难题可以尽早地寻求帮助得到解决。
这半年的时间相对来说也是整个专业复习压⼒最⼩、最清闲的时段。
考⽣不必要在这个时期就开始紧张。
对于跨专业的考⽣来说，时间安排上更是应当尽早。
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷_真题-无答案
2014年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分86,考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. 《论语》中的“诗可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨”，是我国最早的文学批评，对诗经价值的认识和诗歌创作的指导都具有重要意义。
A. 《学而》B. 《为政》C. 《阳货》D. 《雍也》2. 唐代诗人崔颢诗歌《黄鹤楼》中，“黄鹤一去不复返”的下一句是________。
A. 莫使金樽空对月B. 古来万事东流水C. 白云千载空悠悠D. 除却巫山不是云3. 北宋周敦颐的《爱莲说》中“出淤泥而不染”的下一句是________。
A. 满地黄花堆积B. 濯清涟而不妖C. 花之君子者也D. 可远观而不可亵玩焉4. 中国的小说源远流长，小说在唐代叫作________。
A. 传奇B. 话本C. 拟话本D. 小说5. 明代“台阁体”诗文的代表人物，正统年间“三杨内阁”指的是杨荣、杨溥和________。
A. 杨明B. 杨青玉C. 杨儒林D. 杨士奇6. 鲁迅发表的第一篇白话小说是________。
A. 《阿Q正传》B. 《狂人日记》C. 《孔乙己》D. 《药》7. 《你是人间四月天》是________的一本小说、诗歌、散文集。
A. 李清照B. 舒婷C. 林徽因D. 丁玲8. 以下革命军事题材小说中，富有浪漫主义传奇色彩的是________。
A. 《保卫延安》B. 《百合花》C. 《红日》D. 《林海雪原》9. “黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，我却用它寻找光明”出自顾城________。
A. 《黑眼睛》B. 《远和近》C. 《我是一个任性的孩子》D. 《一代人》10. 这个成语________出自《诗经．小雅》，意思是品德高尚的人就会有人敬仰他。
常与“景行行止”连用。
A. 百里挑一B. 上善若水C. 高山仰止D. 国士无双11. 成语“一字千金”与战国时期历史人物________有关。
A. 吕不韦B. 景文公C. 宋玉D. 尹文12. 易安居士是________。
2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc
2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：104.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：50，分数：100.00)1.《离骚》和( )中的《国风》并称为“风骚”，成为“文学”的代名词。
（分数：2.00）A.《春秋》B.《诗经》C.《周易》D.《礼记》2.中唐后期崛起两大诗歌流派，分别是以韩愈为代表的“韩孟诗派”和以白居易为代表的“元白诗派”。
请问，下列哪位诗人不属于“韩孟诗派”?( )。
（分数：2.00）A.柳宗元B.贾岛C.元稹D.姚合3.“身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通”是唐朝哪位诗人的名句?( )（分数：2.00）A.白居易B.李商隐C.王昌龄D.孟浩然4.《资治通鉴》是我国古代著名的历史著作，其作者是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.欧阳修C.司马光D.王安石5.“祸兮，福之所倚；福兮，祸之所伏”是( )的名言。
（分数：2.00）A.老子B.孔子C.墨子D.韩非子6.北魏贾思勰所著的( )一书，是我国古代重要的农学著作，共10卷，着重介绍了农林牧副渔各项技术知识，其中一些关于农学和生物学的知识在世界上保持领先地位达一千多年。
（分数：2.00）A.《农政全书》B.《齐民要术》C.《天工开物》D.《本草纲目》7.汉乐府民歌中，最长的叙事诗是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.《陌上桑》B.《孔雀东南飞》C.《长歌行》D.《木兰诗》8.汤显祖《牡丹亭》中的名句“良辰美景奈何天，赏心乐事谁家院”典出南北朝时期著名诗人( )的诗句“天下良辰、美景、赏心、乐事，四者难并”。
（分数：2.00）A.谢朓B.陶渊明C.谢灵运D.嵇康9.下列人物中，( )不属于儒家学者。
（分数：2.00）A.董仲舒C.周敦颐D.商鞅10.孙思邈被后人称为“药王”，其所著( )是一部临床实用百科全书。
（分数：2.00）A.《伤寒杂病论》B.《千金方》C.《黄帝内经》D.《本草纲目》11.《清明上河图》描绘的是( )前后的情况。
对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案解析
育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。
对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。
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对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士专业考研复习必备资料-育明考研考博一、对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士考研招生报考统计（育明考博辅导中心)
专业招生人数初试科目复试科目
汉语国际教育硕士
年份录取人数报考人数101思想政治理论
201英语一
354汉语基础
445汉语国际教育基础
①笔试语言学综合
②面试
2015年24人58人
2016年20人——
育明考研考博辅导中心张老师解析：
1、对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士专业考研的报录比平均在3:1左右（竞争较激烈）
2、以上数据录取人数包括推免人数2015年推免4人。
3、语言学综合复试笔试内容分配：现代汉语50%，对外汉语教学概论30%，古代汉语20%。
4、复试面试主要考核考生的综合素质、语言教学能力、外语口语能力及中华才艺等。
5、同等学力及跨专业复试时加试科目：语言学概论
6、初试公共课拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。
要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。
专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。
育明教育针对对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士考研开设的辅导课程有：专业课课程班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考研成功的基础保障。
（贸大汉语国际教育硕士考研资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：七七二六、七八、五三七）二、对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士考研复试分数线（育明考博辅导中心)
年份政治英语汉语基础汉语国际教育基础总分
2015年44分44分66分66分327分2016年45分45分68分68分325分
育明考研考博辅导中心张老师解析：
1、2015年是对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士第一年进行招生。
2、对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士专业学位2016年仅招收全日制脱产学习学生。
三、对外经济贸易大学汉语国际教育硕士考研专业课参考书（育明考博辅导中心)
育明考研考博辅导中心张老师解析：
1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
2、专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
四、汉语国际教育硕士专业学位研究生考试大纲
汉语基础考试大纲一、考试性质
汉语基础考试是汉语国际教育硕士生入学考试科目之一，是由汉语国际教育硕士专业学位教育指导委员会统一制定考试大纲，教育部授权的各汉语国际教育硕士生招生院校自行命题的选拔考试。
本考试大纲的制定力求反映汉语国际教育硕士专业学位的特点，科学、公平、准确、规范地测评考生的相关知识基础、基本素质和综合能力。
汉语基础考试的目的是测试考生的汉语语言学相关基础知识和汉语语言分析及运用能力。
二、评价目标
(1)要求考生具有较全面的汉语语言学基础知识。
(2)要求考生具有较高的汉语应用能力。
(3)要求考生具有较强的汉语语言分析能力。
三、考试内容
汉语基础考试由“汉语语言学基础知识ā、“汉语应用能力ā和“汉语语言分析”三部分组成。
一汉语语言学基础知识
汉语语言学基础知识部分测试以下内容ġ
科目名称书名作者出版社汉语基础《现代汉语》增订第四版2007年黄伯荣，廖旭东
高等教育出版社《古代汉语》1-2册1992年
王力中华书局《语言学纲要》1997年
叶蜚声，徐通锵
北京大学出版社汉语国际教育基础
《对外汉语教育学引论》2000年刘珣北京语言大学出版社《教育心理学》2005年陈琦，刘儒德
高等教育出版社《中国文化要略》2003年
程裕帧
外语教学与研究出版社
1.语言学基础
2.汉语概况
3.现代汉语语音
4.现代汉语词汇
5.现代汉语语法
6.汉字
7.古代汉语
二汉语应用能力
汉语应用能力考试测试以下内容ġ
1.辨音和标音能力
2.字形、字义辨别能力及汉字书写规范
3.词汇、语法规范
4.文言文阅读理解
三汉语语言分析
汉语语言分析考试测试以下内容ġ
1.语音分析
2.词义分析
3.语法分析
四、考试形式和试卷结构
一考试时间
考试时间为180分钟。
二答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
试卷由试题和答题纸组成。
答案必须写在答题纸相应的位置上。
三试卷满分及考查内容分数分配
试卷满分为150分。
其中汉语语言学基础知识80分，汉语应用能力40分，汉语语言分析30分。
四试卷题型比例
汉语语言学基础知识80分
填空题30题，每小题1分，共30分
判断题20题，每小题1分，共20分
选择题30题，每小题1分，共30分
汉语应用能力40分
语音能力题ď标注拼音题、选择题、判断题等Đ，共10分
汉字能力题ď改正错别字、汉字书写、选择题、判断题等Đ，共15分语法词汇规范ď选择题、判断题等Đ，共5分
文言文阅读题ď加标点、填空题、选择题等Đ，共10分
汉语语言分析30分
语音分析题ď填空题、选择题、判断题等Đ，共5分
词语辨析题，共10分
语法分析题辨别词、句子分析，共10分
病句修改题，共5分。