考研英语长难句解析

长难句：1. The words used by the speaker may stir up激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起unfavorable reactions in the listener which interfere vi. 干涉；妨碍；打扰vt. 冲突；介入with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-r e c e p t i o n s y s t e m b r e a k s d o w n.

结构剖析：本句有分号分为两部分，其中第一部分的主干是The words.... may stir

up unfavorable reactions....., which引导的定语从句which interfere

with his comprehension修饰reactions.(这点很重要,注意理解)过去分词used by the speaker作words的后置定语，介词词组in the listener作reactions的后置定语

参考译文：说话者使用的词可能会引起听话者不愉快的反应，这种反应干扰听话者的理解，因此，二者之间的传输-接受系统就中断了

interfere with干扰，干涉；妨碍；触动或弄坏；乱动；与……抵触

长难句：The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, as if

their immune systems-the self-protecting mechanism against diseases-had crashed.

结构剖析：本句是一个主从复合句，逗号前为主句，后面的as if引导一个状语从句，使用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；破折号之间的部分the self-protecting mechanism against diseases作破折号前的immune systems的同位语。

核心词汇：

develop患(病) (develop还有别的意思，总结下吧)

mechanism机制

参考译文：老鼠的血液出现了细菌感染(学习这句话的翻译技巧，develop的翻译)，好像它们的免疫系统-对抗疾病的自我保护机制-已经垮掉了。

长难句：They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific

functions in the body.

结构剖析：本句是由and连接的并列句，其中第一部分的主干为They are different,后面的in that their elements are arranged differently为状语，修饰different.注意：in that后面常引导从句，与in that一起作状语。

核心词汇： in that体现于，因为

specific具体的，特定的

element元素，因素

参考译文：它们之前的不同之处在于各自元素的排列不同，而且每种维生素在人体内承担一种或一种以上的具体功能。

长难句：The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain

globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.

结构剖析：本句的主干是The phenomenon provides a way,后面的for companies to remain globally competitive修饰a way,作定语。while之后的现在分词结构avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens...作状语，其中avoiding 的逻辑主语是前面的

companies (考虑下) avoiding带两个宾语，一个是market cycles,另一个是the growing burdens...,而过去分词结构imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans又作the growing burdens的定语。

核心词汇：phenomenom现象

impose强加,征税 globally在全球,就全球而言 pension养老金,年金 market cycle市场周期

学习任务：1. avoding的逻辑主语是什么？

2.请翻译这句长难句~

参考译文:这一现象给公司提供了一种方式,使它们既能够保持全球竞争力,又能避免市场周期与就业法规、医疗成本和养老金方案等造成的不断加重的负担。

长难句：Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was marked by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have

actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. 结构剖析：本句的主干是Specialists in history and economics, have shown two things,冒号后面的部分为两个that分别引导的两个从句，它们是 ________的同位语，对其进行具体说明。

核心词汇： be marked by特点是，以....为特点

worsen恶化 industrialization工业化 populace民众,百姓；全体居民

本期任务：1. that引导的两个从句是 ________的同位语？

参考译文：历史和经济方面的专家指出了两点：一是1650至1750之间的时期确实是非常贫困，二是工业化肯定并未恶化、而是可能实际改善了大多数人的生活条件。

长难句: He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old

agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.

结构剖析:本句的主干在冒号前: He must use this surplus in three ways,冒号之后的部分包含三个as引导的并列结构,作状语,其中第三个as结构的核心部分是as a

commodity...,后面的which引导的定语从句which he must sell...修饰commodity,其中介词结构in order to...作定语从句的状语.

核心词汇： surplus剩余，过剩；a.过剩的，剩余的

replace替换 sow播种 implement工具；v.执行 insurance保障，保险

fertilizer肥料，化肥 unpredictable无法预测的 feed提供(养料等) commodity 商品

参考译文：他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的商品以替换就农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。

长难句：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.

结构剖析：本句的主干是 ________,其中the Lord Chancellor为主语的同位语，说明主语的身份， that引导一个定语从句，修饰a draft bill,而这一定语从句的位于部分是由and连接的两个部分构成，其中第二部分will strictly control the amount

of publicity中的宾语amount of publicity后面带有that引导的定语从句that can be given to a case before a trial begins.

核心词汇：tighten加紧，收紧 draft草案；草稿 press新闻界 bill法案；账单introduce提出，引进；介绍 publicity公开宣传，曝光

本期任务：1.本句的主干是什么？

2.翻译本长难句

本句的主干是：Lord Irvine... will introduce a draft bill.....

参考译文：为了大大加紧对新闻界的法律控制，大法官欧文勋爵将提出一项法律草案，其中将建议规定向证人付费属于违法行为，并将严格控制媒体在案件审理之前对案件的曝光程度。

长难句：Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament.

结构剖析：本句是一个复合句，开始是主干Publication of the letter came...., two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest...为状语，修饰主句的谓语came;后面的when引导一个时间状语从句when he said....,修饰前面从句中的谓语部分caused a storm of media protest,其中said后面是一个宾语从句：主语是the interpretation of privacy controls,过去分词结构contained in European legislaion作privacy controls的定语，相当于定语从句which

were contained in European legislation;谓语是would be left to jugdes rather than to Parliament

核心词汇： publication发表，出版 privacy隐私

a storm of media protest暴风雨般的媒体抗议 legislation立法 protest抗议be left to被交给，留给

本期任务：翻译本长难句~

参考译文：欧文勋爵说对于欧洲立法中包含的隐私控制的解释权将交给法官而不是议会时(注意rather than的翻译)引起了媒体的一片抗议。两天后，这封信便发表了。

长难句：As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical.

结构剖析：本句开始是as引导的一个状语从句，后面的主句是一个强调句： it was not until the 19th century that...,被强调的部分是not until the 19th century;在that引导的从句中，主干为the newspaper became the dominant

pre-electronic medium,现在分词结构作状语，修饰从句的主干。本句的难点是三个结构：not until (直到...才) in the wake of (在...之后) in the company of (伴随、陪伴)

核心词汇： dominant主要的、占主导地位的

in the company of伴随、陪伴 in the wake of在....之后

periodical期刊 pamphlet宣传册

参考译文：正如前面所讨论的，直到19世纪，报纸才继宣传册和书籍之后，伴随着期刊的出现，成为电子媒体出现之前的主要媒体。

长难句：It was during the same time that the communications

revolution speeded up, beginning with transport, the railway and leading on through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures into the 20 th-century world of the motor car and the airplane.

结构剖析：本句是一个强调句It was during the same time that...,被强调的部分是during the same time; that引导的从句中，主干是the communications revolution speeded up,现在分词结构beginning with... and leading on through... into (从...开始，接着是.....,直到.....)作状语，说明通信革命的发展过程。

核心词汇： communications通信 lead on继续发展 speed up加快，加速

2.用begin with... lead on through... into...造句

参考译文：就在这段时期，通信革命加快了步伐，从运输-铁路开始，接着是电报、电话、无线电和电影，直到20世纪出现汽车和飞机的世界。

It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the 20th century, followed by the invention of

integrated circuit during the 1960 s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.

结构剖析：本句的主干是It is generally recognized, however, that...., it

是形式主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语，其中the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century.... radically changed the process

是主句，过去分词followed by....作定语，修饰前面的introduction of the computer,相当于which was followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960 s,而although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent,是状语从句，表示让步关系。

核心词汇：radically根本地；激进地 impact影响，冲击

参考译文：然而，人们一般认识到20世纪初计算机的出现，接着是60年代集成电路的发

明，从根本上改变了这个过程，尽管其对传媒的影响还未立即显现出来。

长难句：The communications revolution has influenced both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but

there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications.

结构剖析：本句是一个主从复合句，由but分为两部分，其中but之前的部分结构复杂：主

语是The communications revolution,谓语是has influenced,宾语包含两部分，

一个是名词词组both work and leisure;一个是从句how we think and feel

both about place and time.

核心词汇：leisure休闲，闲暇 implication影响；暗示 controversial有争议的

参考译文：通信革命影响了我们的工作和休闲，也影响了我们对时空的思考方式和感觉。但是对这一革命在经济、政治、社会和文化方面的影响，人们还有争议。

长难句：Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole

host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.

结构剖析：本句开始是表示原因的从句Because they are adjusting to...,后面是主句teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence...; confidence之后是that引导的定语从句，修饰confidence; that是定语从句的主

语， comes from achieving success and knowing that...是谓语部分，其中knowing后面的that引导一个宾语从句that their accomplishments are

admired by others,作knowing的宾语。

核心词汇：adjust to适应 self-conscious (有)自我意识的

a (whole) host of大量，众多 confidence自信

intellectual智力的，知识的 accomplishment成绩，成就

参考译文：因为这些青少年正在适应他们变化的身体和大量新的智力和情感方面的挑战，他们的自我意识特别强烈，需要自信-这种自信来自取得成功，来自知道自己的成绩受人羡慕.

长难句：However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in

which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.

结构剖析：本句的主干是the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that...,核心结构是so... that...;在that引导的从句中，主干是it would be wise to plan activities,后面的in which there are more winners than losers是一个定语从句，修饰先行词activities,而句末的三个并列的动名词结构publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork和sponsoring book

discussion clubs是对前面activities的具体说明，其中publishing

newsletters后面的介词结构with many student-written book reviews作newsletters的定语。

核心词汇：newsletter刊物；内部通讯 artwork艺术品

review评论；复习 sponsor发起；赞助

参考译文：然而，典型的青少年生活方式中已经充满了如此多竞争，以至于策划一些活动，在活动中让胜者多败者少是明智的，例如：出版学生刊物时多发表一些学生写的书评，展示学生创作的艺术品，发起读书讨论俱乐部。

1.Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency

(crimes committed by young people) focus either on the

individual or on society as the major contributing influence. 2.

Theories centering on the individual suggest that children

engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned

criminal behavior through interactions with others.3. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit

crimes in response to their failure to rise above their

socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle一class values. 结构剖析：

本段话有三个长难句，我分别标识成1，2，3.第1个长难句是35期内容。第2个长难句的主干是Theories... suggest that... or that...,主语是Theories,后面的分词结构centering on the individual作主语的定语；谓语是suggest,带有两个宾语从句，都由that引导；其中第一个宾语从句是一个复合句，包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。

第3个长难句的主语是Theories ，现在分词结构focusing on the role of

society作主语的定语，谓语是suggest ，带有that引导的宾语从句that children commit crimes ... ，后面的两个介词结构in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status与as a rejection of middle-class values作前面commit crimes的状语，表示青少年犯罪的原因。as的意思是"作为"。

核心词汇：

center on集中于 previous以前的 engage in从事 misdeed错误行为，不端行为criminal犯罪的；n.罪犯 interaction相互影响，相互作用；交往

penalize惩罚 comnllt crune犯罪 rise above超越

in response to作为对... ...的反应 status地位；身份

failure不能；失败 rejection排斥，拒绝

参考译文：许多有关青少年犯罪(年轻人所犯的罪行)原因的理论或是从个人方面，或是从社

会方面去追根溯源。从个人方面寻找原因的理论表明，青少年犯罪是因为对他们以前做错的事惩罚不够，或是他们与别人相互影响，从而学会了犯罪行为。从社会作用方面寻找原因的理论表明，青少年犯罪是对他们不能提升自己的社会经济地位所做出的一种反应，或是对中产阶级价值观念的一种排斥。

长难句：1. The American economic system is organized around a

basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

2.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of

individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

结构剖析：1.本句是一个复合句，主干为The American economic system is organized around a ... economy ，其中economy后面的which引导一个定语从句in which consumers largely determine ，修饰economy ；这个定语从句的主语

是consumers ，谓语是determine ，后面的宾语从句what shall be produced是

determine的宾语；what shall be produced后面的分词结构by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者决定应该生产什么产品的方式；句末的定语从句that they want most修饰goods and services 。注意：本句的意思围绕主干中的表语economy 展开，所以阅读时要先抓主干，再理枝叶，层层分析，直到完全理解。

3.本句是一个强调句，主干是It is ... that ... ，被强调的部分有三个：the

demand of individual consumers, the desire of businessmen to

maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes ，其中coupled with和and起连接作用。在that引导的部分中，

determine作谓语，后面的两个从句what shall be produced和how

resources are used to produce it都是determine的宾语。

核心词汇:

organized around以... ...为中心；围绕* * ...而组织

orient以... ...为方向；为... ...定位

largely主要地 private-enterprise私人企业的

marketplace市场 market-oriented以市场为导向的

coupled with加上；与... ...相结合 maximize使... ...最大化

desire欲望 resource资源；应付办法

add to增加，添加，补充add up to合计，总计

参考译文：1.美国的经济体系是围绕一个以私有企业和市场导向为主体的经济组织的。在这

一体系中，消费者主要通过在市场上花钱购买那些他们最想要的产品和服务来决定厂家应该生

产什么样的东西。

4.因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求，加上商人追求利润最大化的欲望和消

费者个人对收入最大化的欲望，一起决定了厂家应该生产什么和如何利用资源来进行生

产。

长难句：1. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity

results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

5.In the American economy, the concept of private property

embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private

individual.

结构剖析：1.本句是一个复合句，开始是if引导的一个条件从句，主语是动名词短语producing more of a commodity ，谓语是results in ，宾语是reducing its cost ；主句的主干是this will tend to increase the supply ... ，supply

后面的分词结构offered by seller-producers后置作supply的定语，而句末的which引导一个非限定性定语从句，其中which指的是它前面的整个主句的内容。

6.本句的主干为The concept embraces not only ... but also ... ，其中

but also certain rights后面的部分including the right to deternune the price of a product or to make a free contract with an other

private individual修饰certain rights ，补充说明其范围。

核心词汇:

commodity商品 lower降低 result in导致 property财产；性质

ownership所有(权)，所有制 embrace包括；接受；拥抱 productive resources

生产资料

ahead of time提前 all at once突然，同时，一起

参考译文：1.另一方面，如果大量生产某种商品使其成本降低，这就会使销售一生产商提供

的供给增加，从而使价格下降，并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。

7.参考译文：在美国经济中，私有财产这一概念不仅包含生产资料的所有权，还包含某些

权力，比如产品价格的决定权，以及和其他个人自由签订合同的权利。

长难句： 1. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

8.In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting

instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

结构剖析：1.本句的主干在破折号之前，破折号之后的部分解释前面的educational opportunity for all children的具体内容，其中whether引导的让步状语从句使用了虚拟语气(在虚拟语气中用be是美国英语的用法)。to the limits of的意思是"达到... ...的极限"。

9.本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs ，现在分词结构

adapting ... to ... ，to ... (使... ...适应... ...)作状语，其中又包含两个定语从句：who are exceptional (修饰children)和who cannot

profit substantially from regular programs (修饰those ，指

children) ，而第二个定语从句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。

核心词汇:

imply暗示 to the limilts of one 's capacity达到自已潜能的极限

in response作为反应 profit from从....获益 modify改变

substantially ，真正地，实质地 adapt.... to使... ...适应

and then而且，其次，于是，然后

and yet可是，然而

anything but除....以为任何事(物)，根本不

参考译文：1.这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会-每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。

10.作为反应，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应异常儿童的需要，能够适应那

些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。

1.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on.有一点我觉得应该在此

提及。

2.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in

itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even

a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly

persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.

结构分析：本句的主干是破折号之外的部分，破折号之间的部分是补充说明，阅读时可以先跳过去。注意：本句使用了虚拟语气，得出的结论是广告会很乏味，这说明条件部分的假设-广告只限于提供信息这一点不能成立。作者的态度一般与虚拟语气中的表达相反，那么由此可见作者认为广告不能只是提供信息，还应该劝说消费者。

参考译文：假如广告只限于提供信息-这一点本身也很难做到，假如不是完全做不到的话，因为即使是一件衬衫的颜色的选择这样一个细节也隐含着劝说的意味-它就会变得之分枯燥，没有人关注了。

注意：be confined to局限于 subtly微妙地，巧妙地

1.As family move away from their stable community, their friends

of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be

trustworthy and reliable. 结构分析：这是一个复合句，开始是as引导的状语从句，后面是主句，包含两个以and链接的分句，第一个分句是informal flow of

infomation is cut off,第二个分句是with it the confidence that

infomation will be available when needed and will be trustworthy

and reliable,其中confidence后面是that引导的同位语从句。形式上这第二个分句只是一个名词性词组，但可以看成一个省略句，省略了cut off (如果完整，应该是the confidence that infomation will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable is cut off with it)。

注意：with it中的it指的是前一个分句the informal flow of infomation整个

句子；with it是句子中的状语，应该放在句末，这里之所以要将它提前，是为了避免头重

脚轻。

参考译文：随着家庭搬离他们原来稳定的社区、多年的朋友和大家庭，非正式的信息流通就被

切断了，随着而去的是认为信息在需要时就能获得并且可信可靠的信心。

核心词汇：

extended family大家庭，扩大的家庭(与祖父母、已婚子女共居的数代同堂家庭)

cut off切断 trustworthy值得信赖，值得信任

2.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the

development of technologies which enable the storage and

delivery of more information with greater speed to more

locations than has ever been possible before.

结构分析：本句是一个倒装句，主语和表语互换了位置，主语the development of technologies,系动词是is ，表语是coupled with the growing quantity of information。后面的which引导的定语从句修饰technologies ，其中又有一个比较结构，比较的一方是现在，另一方是has ever been possible before,比较的内容是information、speed和location等方面，表达的意思是"现在信息的数量和信息能够达到的地点比以前要多，而传输的速度比以前要快，这些都是因为科学技术的发展。"

参考译文：与信息量的不断增长相伴随的是技术的发展，这些技术使人们可以比过去存储更多

的信息，以更快的速度向更多的地方发送更多的信息。

coupled with加上；与......相结合

1.While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding

whether your education, your experience, and other

qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and

abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably

connected manner.

结构分析：这是一个并列句，包含两个分句。第一个分句的主干是your could-be

employer is deciding whether ... ，其中whether引导一个宾语从句whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay

him to employ you ；第二个分句的主干是your "wares" and abilities must be displayed ...。

注意：pay sb. to do sth.对......有利

Wares (求职者的)资历或能力

参考译文：与你谈话时，可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经历和你的其他

资历是否在雇佣你以后会给他带来好处。你的"商品"和能力必须有条不紊地、合理连贯地展

示出来。

2.Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.

注意：and连接两个祈使句。

参考译文：仔细观察，认真倾听，然后运用自己的判断能力。

1.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by

engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family

firms in the second and third generation after the energetic

founders.

结构分析：本句是一个并列句，以and连接；第一个分句的主干是The change met the technical requirements ... ，后面的介词结构by engaging a large professional element作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式；第二个分句的主干是(The change) prevented the decline in efficiency ，后面的that引导的定语从句修饰decline in efficiency 。

参考译文：通过雇佣大量的职业人才，这一变化满足了新时代的技术要求，防止了效率下降-

在过去，这种效率下降经常使家族公司在充满活力的创业者之后的第二代或第三代毁掉全部财

产。

Meet满足Commonly经常Decline in efficiency效率下降

Spoil the fortunes毁掉财产 engage element雇佣人才

Energetic founders充满活力的创业者

2.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry

greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as

a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible

wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;

and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

结构分析：本句的主干是... manipulation ... increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class ... ，后面的an element是shareholders的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth作element的定语。

注意：(1) large和impersonal同时修饰manipulation

(2) irresponsible wealth指的是股东们拥有公司的财富，但并不参与公司的具体经营管理，也不承担任何经营管理责任。

(3) element同上句用法类似，也是指这里提到的"人"。

参考译文：对于资本与企业进行如此大规模的非个人操纵，极大地增加了股东作为一个阶层的数量与重要性-他们在国民生活中代表着不负责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者的责任相分离，差不多也与企业的管理责任同样无关。

Impersonal非个人的，客观的Manipulation控制，操纵

Capital资本As a class作为一个阶层National life国民生活

Detach (from)使分离，使分开，拆开

1.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct

relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the

employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

结构分析：本句是一个并列句，两个分句由表示转折关系的but连接。第一个分句的主干是The paid manager... was in more direct relation with...,其中acting

for the company作manager的定语。第二个分句的主干是he had seldom... knowledge of the workmen... ，其中which引导的定语从句which the

employer had often had...修饰前面的knowledge ，介词结构under the more patriarchal system of the old family business...作状语，而passing

away后置作old family business的定语。

参考译文：拿薪水的经理代表公司，与工人和工人的需求的关系更直接，但即使是他也很少像消失之中的老式家族企业的家长制的雇主那样熟知工人的个人情况。

act for代理，代表 patriarchal家长式的，族长的，父权制的

2.Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the

country's excellent elementary shools; a labor force that

welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal,

"spatial" thinking about things technological.

结构分析：本句的主干是I would single out... ，主干前面的部分Among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语动词single out之后以分号隔开的各个名词词组都是single out的宾语，都是句首所说的shaping factors ，其中a labor force之后的that引导一个定语从句，修饰labor force,而最后一个因素之前有词组above

all ，说明这是最重要的因素，也就是文章的主题。句末的形容词technological后置作things的定语。

参考译文：在众多促成因素中，让我挑选的话，我会选下列这些因素：美国优秀的小学；欢迎新技术的劳动力；给发明者以奖励的制度；最重要的是美国人在技术性问题方面的非语言的"空间"思维天赋。

shape使形成，塑造 single out选出，跳出 practice制度premium奖品，额外津贴 spatial空间的，有关空间的

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