礼貌原则 英语
商务英语写作中礼貌原则的应用
商务英语写作中礼貌原则的应用
在商务英语写作中，礼貌原则是非常重要的，以下是一些常用的礼貌原则的应用：
1. 使用礼貌的称呼：在写作中使用尊敬和礼貌的称呼是非常重要的，例如在称呼客户时可以使用"Dear valued customer"，在
称呼业务伙伴时可以使用"Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms."等等。
2. 表达感谢和请教：在商务写作中，表达感谢和请教是礼貌且重要的一部分。
例如，在信件的开头或结尾表达感谢，或不确定某个问题时请教对方的意见。
这样可以展示您的尊重和关注。
3. 使用恰当的语气和措辞：在商务英语写作中，使用恰当的语气和措辞非常重要。
要尽量避免使用过于直接或冷漠的措辞，而应该使用礼貌和委婉的措辞来传达自己的意愿和请求。
4. 遵守规定和约定：在商务英语写作中，遵守规定和约定是维系良好商业关系的关键。
无论是对于双方约定的付款时间，交货日期或其他商业协议，都应该遵守并相应地写明。
5. 考虑他人的权益和利益：在商务英语写作中，要尽量考虑其他人的权益和利益。
避免使用过于强硬或自私的语言，要尽量平衡彼此的利益，注重双方的关系和合作。
总之，在商务英语写作中，礼貌原则是建立和维护良好商业关系的重要一环。
遵循礼貌原则可以增加对方的尊重，加强沟通效果，并塑造出积极的商业形象。
合作原则、会话含义及礼貌原则
合作原则、会话含义及礼貌原则摘要：“合作原则”（cooperative principle）是美国哲学家Grice 提出的一套假想的原则，合作原则这条根本原则可以具体体现为四条准则，即数量准则，质量准则，关联准则和方式准则。
但是在实际的日常生活中人们并不总是遵循这四条准则，其实也就是因为对合作原则下的这四条准则的违反才产生了“会话含义”(conversational implicature)。
但是Grice 并没有解释人们为什么要违反“合作原则” （cooperative principle）。
在此之后，Leech 又提出了“礼貌原则”(politeness principle)，作为对合作原则的补充。
Leech 认为在日常会话中，人们往往因为遵守礼貌原则而违反了合作原则。
但是实际上，人们并不总是因为礼貌才违反合作原则的。
关键词：合作原则；会话含义；礼貌原则一．合作原则和它的四个准则合作原则（cooperative principle）是Grice1967年在哈佛大学的一次演讲中提出的，他认为，合作原则是一切成功的语言交际活动的基础，所以我们可以这样认为，所有参加交谈的人在他们进行交谈活动时采取的是合作的态度。
首先让我们来搞清楚什么是合作原则。
它是一套设想的准则，如果在交谈过程中交谈双方都希望更好的理解对方的话语意思，就得遵循合作原则，Grice把它具体化为四条准则。
质量准则（quality maxim）——也就是说要尽量说真话（1）不要说自己认为是不真实的话；（2）不要说缺乏足够证据的话例1：A：你认为他适合做这个工作吗？B：当然了，完全适合。
数量准则（quantity maxim）A：使自己所说的话达到现时的交际目的所要求的详尽程度；B：不能使自己所说的话比要求的更详尽。
也就是说，数量准则规定，我们向对方传递的信息只能是对方想得到的，不能多也不能少，不要说对方不想听到的。
例2：A：这学期你修了几门课程？B：五门。
英语语言礼貌原则作文
英语语言礼貌原则作文English:In the English language, there are several principles of politeness that are important to follow in order to communicate respectfully with others. One key principle is using appropriate forms of address, such as addressing someone by their preferred title or using polite pronouns like "please" and "thank you". Another principle is being mindful of others' feelings and avoiding rude or offensive language. It is also important to listen actively to others and show interest in their opinions and experiences. Additionally, being considerate of others' time and personal space is essential in demonstrating respect. Overall, by adhering to these principles of politeness in language, we can create a positive and respectful communication environment.中文翻译:在英语语言中，有几个礼貌原则是必须遵循的，以便与他人尊重地交流。
礼貌原则的英语
礼貌原则的英语Politeness principles are essential in our daily interactions with others. They help to create a respectful and harmonious environment in both personal and professional relationships. Here are some key politeness principles in English:1. Greeting people: It is important to greet people witha smile and a friendly "hello" or "good morning" when you meet them.2. Using polite language: Using "please," "thank you," and "excuse me" are simple yet powerful ways to show respect and consideration for others.3. Showing interest: Asking about someone's well-being, listening actively, and showing empathy are important ways to demonstrate care and respect.4. Respecting personal space: Giving others their personal space and not invading it without permission is a crucial aspect of politeness.5. Being punctual: Being on time for appointments or meetings shows respect for other people's time and demonstrates your reliability.6. Apologizing when necessary: If you make a mistake or unintentionally offend someone, it is important to apologize sincerely and take responsibility for your actions.7. Avoiding interrupting: Allow others to speak without interrupting them, and wait for your turn to express your thoughts.8. Using appropriate tone and body language: Maintaininga calm and respectful tone of voice, as well as positive body language, can help convey politeness in communication.中文：礼貌原则在我们日常与他人的交往中是至关重要的。
Leech礼貌原则在英语课堂教学的运用-4页精选文档
Leech礼貌原则在英语课堂教学的运用1. 引言邹金宏在《礼仪》中将“礼貌”定义为“人与人之间和谐相处的意念和行为,是言谈举止对别人尊重与友好的体现”。
作为润滑剂,礼貌削弱矛盾和冲突,调节人际关系。
教师在课堂教学中也应遵循礼貌原则,与语言教学有机结合起来,营造愉悦的教学环境,达到推动课堂教学、提高教学质量的效果。
2. 理论概述在H. P. Grice提出了语言交际的重要原则――合作原则(Cooperative Principle, 简称CP)之后,G. Leech认为其不足以概括语言交际的语用功能,于1983年在《语用学原则》(Principle of Pragmatics)中提出了礼貌原则(Politeness Principle,简称PP)。
得体准则(Tact Maxim):尽量减少别人吃亏,尽量多使别人得益;慷慨准则(Generosity Maxim):尽量少让自己得益,尽量多让自己吃亏;赞誉准则(Approbation Maxim):尽量少贬低别人,尽量多赞誉别人;谦虚准则(Modesty Maxim):尽量少赞誉自己,尽量多贬低自己;一致准则(Agreement Maxim):减少双方的分歧,尽量增加双方的一致性;同情准则(Sympathy Maxim):尽量减少双方的反感,尽量增加双方的同情。
以上六准则互相联系、互相制约。
得体与慷慨准则、赞誉与谦虚准则分别是一个问题的两个方面,谈如何对待别人和如何对待自己。
一致准则表明不宜直接表达不同的看法,同情准则强调注意表达与对方相同的心情。
从而使对方感到被尊重,获得对方好感,有助于实现交际的目的,促进交际成功。
3. 理论评价礼貌原则是语言语用研究的重大贡献,但本身仍有不足之处。
在实际交际中语境是决定礼貌原则的一个重要变量,语言形式不能孤立地决定言语行为是否礼貌,而是语言形式、语境、交际双方关系三者之间相互作用的结果。
在一定语境下的礼貌话语,在另一语境下就可能显得不够礼貌。
英语语言学中的礼貌原则概要
英语语言学中的礼貌原则概要Title: An Overview of the Politeness Principle in English Linguistics.In the realm of English linguistics, the politeness principle is a fundamental concept that governs effective and harmonious communication. This principle, first proposed by the British linguist Geoffrey Leech in his 1983 book "Principles of Pragmatics," outlines six key maximsthat guide our language use in social interactions. These maxims aim to minimize conflict and maximize understanding, fostering positive relationships and mutual respect.The first maxim is the Tact Maxim, which focuses on minimizing the cost to others and maximizing the benefitfor them. This principle encourages us to be considerateand respectful when communicating with others, avoiding any language that could potentially harm or offend. For example, when making a request, it is polite to phrase it in a way that minimizes the inconvenience to the listener, such asusing "could you please..." instead of "you must..."The second maxim is the Generosity Maxim, which calls for minimizing the benefit to oneself and maximizing the cost to oneself. This principle reflects a self-sacrificing attitude, where one is willing to incur a cost or inconvenience to themselves in order to accommodate others. When offering help or advice, it is polite to downplay the personal benefits one may gain from it, emphasizing instead the benefits for the other party.The third maxim is the Approbation Maxim, which aims to minimize dispraise of others and maximize praise. This principle encourages us to be generous with our praise and cautious with our批评, focusing on highlighting the positive aspects of others' actions and qualities. By doing so, we foster a positive and supportive communication environment.The fourth maxim is the Modesty Maxim, which calls for minimizing praise of oneself and maximizing dispraise of oneself. This principle promotes humility and self-deprecation, encouraging us to be modest about our own abilities and achievements. By downplaying our ownqualities and accomplishments, we avoid appearing boastful or arrogant, thus maintaining a harmonious social dynamic.The fifth maxim is the Agreement Maxim, which aims to minimize disagreement between parties and maximize agreement. This principle emphasizes the importance of consensus and mutual understanding in communication. By seeking common ground and avoiding contention, we can establish a sense of unity and cooperation that fosters positive relationships.The sixth and final maxim is the Sympathy Maxim, which calls for minimizing antipathy between parties and maximizing sympathy. This principle emphasizes the importance of empathy and compassion in communication, encouraging us to show understanding and compassion towards others' feelings and situations. By expressing empathy and understanding, we can create a supportive and compassionate communication environment that fosters trust and closeness.In conclusion, the politeness principle is a fundamental aspect of English linguistics that governs effective and harmonious communication. By adhering to the six key maxims of Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement, and Sympathy, we can minimize conflict and maximize understanding, fostering positive relationships and mutual respect. By practicing polite language use, we contribute to a more harmonious and understanding society.。
浅析礼貌原则在英语交际场景中的应用
浅析礼貌原则在英语交际场景中的应用作者：张雯雯来源：《智富时代》2018年第06期【摘要】本文针对中式英语不礼貌的问题，简单介绍了几种现有的相关理论并选择Leech 的“礼貌原则”（Politeness Principle）进行讨论。
文中通过例句介绍并分析了“礼貌原则”的六大准则及次准则，进而在此理论基础上提出了几种用英语进行交际时的实用技巧，意在为英语学习者在交际场景中运用“礼貌原则”提供指导。
【关键词】礼；礼貌原则；交际；准则；交际技巧一、引言中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称。
早在2000多年以前，《周礼》、《仪礼》和《礼记》就集中论述了我国古代“礼”的重要内容，被誉为“三礼”。
“三礼”集先秦以前典章制度之大成，不仅记载了夏、商、周三代人的各种行为规范，更汇总了修身、齐家、治国、平天下的全部要领。
由此可见，我国礼仪文化源远流长，是人际交往中非常重要的文化要素。
近年来，随着“一带一路”的持续推进，我国与国外的政治、经贸、教育、人文交往日益增多，对外交际愈加频繁：仅2017年，中国出国留学人数首次突破60万大关，持续保持世界最大留学生生源国地位；外贸进出口总值达到27.79万亿元人民币，持续增长；全国新设立外商投资企业35652家，实际使用外资8775.6亿元人民币，全年利用外资规模创历史新高。
在此大背景下，作为世界通用语言，英语在我国对外交往中发挥着不可替代的作用。
然而，很多外国友人认为中式英语“不礼貌”，这无疑影响了交际的顺利进行。
二、“礼貌”理论综述其实，有关言语交际的“礼貌性”，早在上世纪80年代就有学者进行了研究。
1978年，英国人类学家Brown & Levinson提出了“面子理论”（Face Theory），并将“面子”分为“正面面子”（Positive Face）和“负面面子”（Negative Face），探讨如何维持对方的“面子”；1983年，英国语言学家Leech提出了“礼貌性原则”，分析人际交往中策略、慷慨、赞誉、谦逊、赞同、同情六大准则；1992年，顾曰国在其论作《礼貌、语用与文化》中首次立足中国文化，总结了与汉文化有关的礼貌准则；21世纪初，英国语言学家Spenser-Oatey在上述“个体面子”的基础上增加了对群体、社会关系的考量，提出了以“面子、社会权利与义务和交往目的”为核心概念的关系管理理论（Rapport Management Theory）。
英语语言礼貌原则作文
英语语言礼貌原则作文## English Answer ##。
Politeness principles are a set of guidelines that govern how people communicate with each other in a respectful and considerate manner. These principles vary from culture to culture, but there are some general principles that are common to most cultures.One of the most important politeness principles is the principle of respect. This means that we should show respect for others, regardless of their age, gender, race, religion, or socioeconomic status. We should always address others politely, use respectful language, and avoid making offensive or derogatory remarks.Another important politeness principle is the principle of cooperation. This means that we should try to cooperate with others and make their lives easier. We should be willing to help others out, even if it means putting ourown needs aside. We should also be considerate of others' feelings and try to avoid doing things that might hurt or offend them.One final politeness principle that is worth mentioning is the principle of modesty. This means that we should not brag or boast about ourselves. We should also be aware of our own limitations and avoid making promises that wecannot keep.Politeness principles are important because they helpus to create a more harmonious and respectful society. By following these principles, we can show others that we care about them and that we want to make their lives easier.## 中文回答 ##。
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Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
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Speech-regulating
A: I can drop you in town if you like. B: It’s very kind of you, but it will cause you
Reminder
Tact Maxim > Generosity Maxim Approbation Maxim > Modesty Maxim
Submaxim-a > Submaxim-b
Illocutionary goals vs. social goals --- politeness Competitive acts: requesting, ordering, refusing, etc. Convivial acts: offering, inviting, thanking, etc. Collaborative acts: reporting, instructing, etc. Conflictive acts: threatening, cursing, etc.
----------------------------------------------I can offer you my car if you need it.
You can offer me your car because I need it
I can drop you in town if you like.
A: Oh no, I don’t think so at all - but since it’s such a big garden, of course, it must be quite a tremendous task to take care of it all by yourself; but even so, you certainly do manage to make it look nice all the time: it certainly is nice and pretty any time one sees it.
direct
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Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives)
a. Minimize dispraise of other b. Maximize praise of other
Maxim of modesty (in expressives and assertives)
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Minimize cost to self
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Politeness scale: Cost – benefit (have to do with content-regualting)
benefit to h
Have another sandwich. Enjoy your holiday. Look at that. Sit down. Hand me the newspaper. Peel these potatoes.
cost to h
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Politeness scale: Directness/optionality (have to do with manner-regualting)
a. Minimize cost to other b. Maximize benefit to other
Generosity Maxim (in impositives/directives and commissives)
a. Minimize benefit to self b. Maximize cost to self
What an awful meal you cooked! A:This is one of the best articles I’ve ever read. B:Yes, it’s brilliant, isn’t it?
我这个大老粗，不会说话。
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Leech’s Politeness Principle
B: Yes, it’s beautiful, isn’t it?
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A: My, what a splendid garden you have here - the lawn is so nice and big, it’s certainly wonderful, isn’t it?
B: Oh no, not at all, we don’t take care of it at all any more, so it simply doesn’t look as nice as we would like it to.
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Maximize benefit received
The Generosity Maxim (in commissives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Maximize benefit to other (including content- and manner-
friends. Let me put that way.
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Leech’s Politeness Principle
Sympathy Maxim
a. Minimize antipathy between self and other b. Maximize sympathy between self and other
Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
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Partial agreement / token agreement
A: That’s where you live, Florida? B: That’s where I was born. A: You hate your mom and dad.. B: Sometimes. A: Have you got friends? B: I have friends. So-called friends. I had
indirect
Could you possibly answer the phone? Would you mind answering the phone? Can you answer the phone? Will you answer the phone? I want you to answer the phone. Answer the phone.
some inconvenience, won’t it? A: No, not at all. I’m going in that direction. B: Thank you very much.
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Examples
Maxims of approbation and modesty
What a marvelous meal you cooked!
3
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and Maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.
You can drop me in town.
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Gu Yueguo (1990)’s revision:
The Tact Maxim (in impositives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Minimize cost to other (including content- and manner-
6
Examples
Maxims of tact and generosity
Take a seat. /Have a banana. Wait a second. Could you sharpen these pencils, please. (less polite) Could these pencils be sharpened, please. (more polite)
Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
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Politeness: Examples
Maxim of sympathy
I’m terribly sorry to hear about your cat. I’m delighted to hear about your cat.
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B: No. I’m afraid not, not at all ...
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When two maxims come into conflict, we have to allow one maxim to take priority over the other.
In the above example, the Japanese woman put Modesty Maxim at a prior position over Agreement Maxim, while English-speakers would be inclined to find some compromise between violating the Modesty Maxim and violating the Agreement Maxim.